国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部1994年度委主任基金、学部主任基金资助项目和专项基金资助项目

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部１９９４年度委主任基金、学部主任基金资助项目和专项基金资助项目项目名称负责人专业职务所在单位１委主任基金资助项目（１项）温带森林生态经济管理系统优化模式示范区丁宝永教授东北林业大学研究２学部主任基金资助项国（７项）蛋白...     

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部1995年度委主任基金、学部主任基金和专项基金资助项目

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部１９９５年度委主任基金、学部主任基金和专项基金资助项目项目名称负责人所在单位１委主任基金（２项）藏族与汉族的遗传距离的探讨莫鑫泉中国科学院发育生物学研究所恐龙遗传物质（ＤＮＡ）研究陈章良北京大学２学部主任基金（２项）１...     

加强科学基金管理 提高科学基金资助效益

中国农业大学西校区（原北京农业大学）是一所全国重点农业院校,拥有一支较强实力的基础性研究科研队伍。1991～1996年间,学校共承担国家自然科学基金资助项目288项（自然科学基金重大、重点项目10项;面上项目267项;新农药专项基金3项;国家优秀中青年科学基金1项;国家杰出青年科学基金7项）;获准经费3100万元以上。随着各类基金项目和经费的逐年稳中有升,为基金管理工作增加了压力和难度,也提出更高的要求。为此,我们从学校的工作实际出发,对如何做好科学基金管理,提高科学基金的使用效果进行了有益的尝试。1注重创新、强化管理…     

2011年度与昆虫学相关的国家自然科学基金资助项目统计与分析

<正>2011年度,国家自然科学基金委员会共资助各类与昆虫学相关的项目275项,资助金额为13766.1万元。其中:国家杰出青年科学基金1项、重点项目5项、自由申请项目136项、地区科学基金项目24项、国际(地区)合作与交流项目10项、青年科学基金项目98项、专项基金项目1项。2011年度资助项     

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《生物化学与生物物理学报》喜获2004年度国家自然科学基金重点学术期刊专项基金项目资助(项目批准号：30424817)．资助期限两年,2005至2606年。     

国家自然科学基金委员会优秀中青年人才专项基金试行办法(1992年8月1日委务会议通过)

1 国家自然科学基金委员会(以下简称科学基金委员会)为促进优秀中青年科学人才的成长,特设立优秀中青年人才专项基金,鼓励优秀中青年科学家在无须事先提出项目建议的情况下申请资助,进行创新性研究。 2 优秀中青年人才专项基金从基金中列支,年度金额由科学基金委员会委务会议(以下简称委务会议)决定。     

国家自然科学基金委员会资助项目类型和范围

国家自然科学基金委员会的资助项目分为面上项目、重点项目、重大项目、专项基金、国际合作与交流项目等。 1 面上项目 1.1 自由申请项目全国各部门、各地区、各单位的科技工作者均可根据《项目指南》自由选题,按规定程序提出申请。自由申请项目是国家科学基金资助工作的主体,每年集中受理、评审一次。占各     

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部1995年度资助项目介绍

国家自然科学基金委员会生命科学部１９９５年度资助项目介绍１９９５年度生命科学部共受理全国７４７个单位,申请面上基金项目８３２１项和新医药、新农药专项基金１８项,占全委面上项目申请的３９．７％,较１９９４年增长幅度为９．４７％。增长较多的项目类别是自由...     

景观格局的影响——以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例

国家重点基础研究发展计划资助项目（2009CB825105）;中国科学院研究生科技创新与社会实践资助专项（2009）;中国科学院“西部之光”人才培养计划资助项目(XBBS200903)     

关于中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会卢立康唑临床研究专项基金项目申请的通知

卢立康唑是新近研发的强效抗真菌药物,具有皮肤贮留性好、抗菌谱广、抗菌活性强、复发率低等优点,2005年在国外上市后,已被广泛应用于治疗各种浅部真菌病。该药自2013年在国内上市销售以来,获得了全国各地临床医师的认可。为与广大临床医生携手促进我国医学真菌学事业的发展,充分发挥专项资金的使用效益,积累更多的卢立康唑的临床资料,使更多患者受益。由中国中西医结合学会皮肤性病专业委员会组织设立的“卢立康唑临床研究专项基金”（以下简称“专项基金”）面向社会公开招标。有关事项通知如下。     

Trawl selectivity‐induced evolution effects on age structure and size‐at‐age of largehead hairtail (Trichiurus lepturus) Linnaeus, 1758 in the East China Sea,China

Increasing evidence has demonstrated that the life history traits of fishes have changed in many exploited populations, caused principally by intense fishing mortality and size‐selectivity of the fishing gear. Broad and intensive trawl fishing over an extended period has the enormous potential to change the biological characters of exploited fish populations. An individual‐based model was developed to explore the interactions between trawl fishing and evolutionary changes in length‐at‐age and age structure of an exploited fish population. A perennial fish population was simulated with a multiple age structure in the model to examine the effects of long‐term trawl fishing on hairtail, Trichiurus lepturus, in the East China Sea. The results revealed that distribution of the body length‐at‐age and the age structure of the fish population were irreversibly changed under long‐term trawl fishing. The simulated results confirm that the length‐at‐age is increasing shorter, the younger individuals dominate, the influence of trawl selectivity on the biological traits of the fish population is highly significant, and that these changes have potentially evolutionary consequences on the fish body length‐at‐age.     

环境因子对东海区帆式张网主要渔获物渔获量影响

帆式张网渔业是东海区重要的渔业捕捞方式之一．利用广义加性模型(GAMs)定量研究了海表水温、渔场水深、渔场位置和潮汐(农历日期)等环境因子对东海区帆式张网主要渔获物渔获量变动的影响．结果表明,海表水温和渔场水深是影响带鱼、小黄鱼和鲳鱼单位努力渔获量(CPUE)的主要因子,且各因子的影响程度不尽相同,多呈非线性相关关系．从模型的拟合结果来看,海表水温对带鱼的影响最大,其次是水深,渔场位置和潮汐的影响很小．渔场水深对小黄鱼的影响最大,海表水温、渔场位置和潮汐的影响比较接近．渔场水深和海表水温是影响鲳鱼单位努力渔获量的主要环境因子,影响程度比较接近．     

浙江南部近海小黄鱼资源分布及其与环境因子的关系

根据2015—2016年浙江南部近海4个航次的底拖网资源调查数据,利用广义可加模型分析了调查期内小黄鱼资源的分布特征及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明:浙江南部近海的小黄鱼资源主要集中在鱼山渔场,夏季为小黄鱼资源的高产期,站点平均资源密度达到500.74 kg·h^-1·km^-2.不同季节影响小黄鱼资源密度及其分布的环境因子各不相同.其中,环境因子对秋季小黄鱼资源密度的影响效果并不显著.春季,小黄鱼主要分布于水深较浅的高盐水域;夏季,水温和盐度均与小黄鱼资源密度呈负相关关系,小黄鱼主要分布于中温高盐的鱼山海域;冬季,水温与资源密度呈正相关,小黄鱼栖息于水温适宜的外侧站点水域.总体上,小黄鱼资源的分布特征符合其洄游习性,但个别环境因子与资源密度的关系难以解释,仍需进一步研究.研究结果有助于了解浙江南部近海小黄鱼群体的生活习性,以及对小黄鱼资源的养护和管理.     

Age,growth, mortality and population structure of silver croaker Pennahia argentata (Houttuyn, 1782) and red bigeye Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier, 1829 in the north‐central Taiwan Strait

The main objectives of this study were to estimate the age, growth, mortality and population structure of silver croaker Pennahia argentata (Houttuyn, 1782) and red bigeye Priacanthus macracanthus Cuvier, 1829 and to explore the factors causing the fluctuation of the fish populations and the ecological parameters. The two species were randomly sampled, with 80~120 individuals of each species captured every month from a single trawler fishery (mesh size 250 mm), March to November 2006, in the north‐central Taiwan Strait. A total of 994 speciments of silver croaker and 851 speciments of red bigeye were collected. Compared with previous studies, the mean length and weight, mean age, the minimum size at first sexual maturity, the asymptotic length (L_∞) and weight (W_∞) of the two species has decreased in recent decades, indicating that the populations were younger, smaller and earlier in sexual maturity. Meanwhile, the growth coefficient (K) increased, the mortality coefficients (Z, F, M) were higher, and the exploitation rate (E) indicated overfishing. Fishing is a key driving force that can cause abundant fluctuations and changes in ecological characteristics in these two demersal fishes in this area. Accordingly, the traditional fishery management approach, such as the reduction in fishing effort, coupled with the Ecosystem‐based Fishery Management (EBFM) should be implemented to achieve sustainable demersal fisheries.     

Genetic divergence and historical demography in the endangered large yellow croaker revealed by mtDNA

Due to high level of fishing, many marine fish species are in danger of becoming extinct. The large yellow croaker, Larimichthys crocea, was once an important commercial marine species in China. At present, this croaker is seldom captured in the wild. In this work, mitochondrial DNA data was obtained from five populations of the yellow croaker from the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea to investigate their genetic divergence and demographic history. Results of phylogenetic analysis suggest two genetic lineages for this croaker, although the divergence was relatively shallow. This might reflect the effects of glacial isolation on population structure. Furthermore, our Bayesian based approach showed that the effective population size for both genetic lineages experienced recent sharp decline. This study provides new insights into the genetic divergence and historical demography of this croaker. Strict measures must be taken to protect this species.     

Distribution of recreational boating across lakes: do landscape variables affect recreational use?

1. Because people impact lake ecosystems, it is important to consider factors influencing the human use of freshwater resources. We investigated the influence of the landscape position, as well as lake area, recreational facilities, and distance to highways and urban centres, on lake use by boaters in the Northern Highland Lake District of Wisconsin, U.S.A.
2. In aerial surveys of ninety-nine randomly selected lakes, we did not see boats on over half of the lakes. Of the lakes with boats, we found a strong correlation between the number of boats and lake area. Recreational boats tended to be found on large, accessible lakes with good boating facilities. Boats were not seen on small, stained lakes with few recreational facilities.
3. Regression models showed that lake size and landscape position explained 63% of the variability in the average number of boats per lake and landscape position explained 24% of the variability in boat density on all ninety-nine lakes. Social variables representing the quality of boating facilities and the perception of good fishing explained 70% of the variability in number of boats per lake and 54% of the variation in boat density on all lakes. A combined model using both physical and social variables increased the explanatory power for both number and density. Lake use by boaters was correlated with landscape position, the quality of fishing and the availability of recreational facilities. When the analysis was restricted to the forty-six lakes where boats were found, only the availability of recreational facilities proved a significant predictor of boat density.
4. Our results suggest that lake choice by recreational boaters may be best predicted by a combination of the location of a lake in a regional hydrologic landscape, and considerations of available facilities and perceptions regarding fishing.     

Demographic analyses of the dusky shark, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carcharhinus obscurus,</Emphasis> in the Northwest Atlantic incorporating hooking mortality estimates and revised reproductive parameters

Demographic analyses were conducted for the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, in the Northwest Atlantic. Fishery-independent, fishery-dependent, and previously published data were used to estimate age specific by-catch mortality and reproductive cycle for incorporation into the analyses. Correspondence analyses were conducted for viability (dead or alive), shark length, month, soaktime, and region. Dead sharks were associated with small size, long soak times, and the spring season, while live sharks were associated with large size and shorter soak times. Data on reproduction suggested a 3-year reproductive cycle consisting of a 2-year gestation period and a 1-year resting period. Litter sizes ranged from 3–12 embryos. Decreasing age-specific fishing mortality and a 3-year reproductive cycle were used in age structured life tables which incorporated stochasticity in life history parameters through Monte Carlo simulation to estimate annual population growth. Demographic analyses showed that the dusky shark population would decline even at low levels of fishing mortality despite low natural mortality for neonates. The demographics of this species make it among the most vulnerable to excessive fishing mortality, and suggest stringent regulatory measures may be required to recover collapsed populations.     

Biology and fishery of the lobster Panulirus gracilis in Playa Lagarto, Guanacaste, Costa Rica

Panulirus gracilis is a high valuable lobster species with considerable captures along the tropical Pacific coast. In this study, I present some biological and fishery parameters described after a sample of 843 lobsters, landed in Playa Lagarto from November 2007 to October 2008. From landing records, a total of 74.9% of lobsters were below the minimum legal catch size (80 mm CL). Carapace lengths were in the range of 42.8 and 143.6 mm for males and 115 and 35.8 mm for females. The size structure showed a wide overlapping of population segments, and a trend to increase with depth, where lung diving and "hooka" diving operations take place. Sex ratio was 1.36 M:H. The relationship between weight and LC revealed that females are heavier than males of the same size, and this difference was significant (p < 0.05). The von Bertalanffy growth parameters for males and females respectively (K = 0.45-0.38, LC(infinity) = 166.9-121.7) showed accelerated growth compared to other species. Males observed a higher growth rate than females. Furthermore, natural mortality (M), total mortality (Z) and fishing mortality (F) was higher in males (0.49-2.34-1.92) than in females (0.47-1.82-1.42). Recruitment was continuous for both sexes during the year, with an elevated intensity of 18.5% in July. Under the current fishing regime the population could be at risk of collapse, as indicated by the high exploitation rate (E) 0.80     

Effects of resources and mortality on the growth and reproduction of Nile perch in Lake Victoria

1. A collapse of Nile perch stocks of Lake Victoria could affect up to 30 million people. Furthermore, changes in Nile perch population size‐structure and stocks make the threat of collapse imminent. However, whether eutrophication or fishing will be the bane of Nile perch is still debated. 2. Here, we attempt to unravel how changes in food resources, a side effect of eutrophication, and fishing mortality determine fish population growth and size structures. We parameterised a physiologically structured model to Nile perch, analysed the influence of ontogenetic diet shifts and relative resource abundances on existence boundaries of Nile perch and described the populations on either side of these boundaries. 3. Our results showed that ignoring ontogenetic diet shifts can lead to over‐estimating the maximum sustainable mortality of a fish population. Size distributions can be indicators of processes driving population dynamics. However, the vulnerability of stocks to fishing mortality is dependent on its environment and is not always reflected in size distributions. 4. We suggest that the ecosystem, instead of populations, should be used to monitor long‐term effects of human impact.     

The fishery of the Comoros,with comments on its possible impact on coelacanth survival

Synopsis The traditional methods of deepsea handline fishing in the Comoros are described. The main target species is the oilfish Ruvettus pretiosus, and the coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae is caught as a bycatch. In recent years motorised dugout canoes as well as outboard- and inboard-powered boats have been introduced into the fishery, and more efficient fishing tackle has become available. The more modern gear is intended for use on pelagic fishes and has added a new dimension to the fishery. Traditional handline fishermen are not considered to be a threat to the coelacanth, but the fishermen equipped with motorised boats and modern tackle would constitute a real threat if they direct their efforts on inshore reefs.