中国陕西诺(虫责)种团(襀翅目,卷(虫责)科)一新种记述

记述宁夏卷1新种,即龙潭诺Rhopalopsole longtana sp.nov.,并讨论了其与近似种的区别。模式标本保存在中国农业大学博物馆。龙潭诺,新种Rhopalopsole longtana sp.nov.(图1～8)新种与秦岭诺R.qinlinga Sivec&Harper,2008近似,肛侧突大型,具强骨化的刺突,同属于陕西诺种团。二者的主要区别在于:新种雄虫第9背板后缘中部有1隆起的横脊和三角形刺突,其两侧各有1个向后延伸的叶状突,肛上突端部三角形。而秦岭诺雄虫第9背板无刺突,后缘略平直,肛上突端部圆钝。正模♂,宁夏泾源龙潭,2008-07-05,刘经贤采。词源:新种种名以采集人的姓氏命名。     

中国华襀属一新种记述（襀翅目：襀科）

记述中国襀科 Perlidae 华襀属 Chinoperla 1 新种:勐满华襀 Chinoperla mengmanensis sp. nov.。本新种与其他华襀属种类的区别在于:第9背板前缘中部骨片短小且强骨化,呈倒V形;半背片细长,紧挨第 9 背板中部骨片;阳茎部分骨化,阳茎囊未完全翻出,但是明显呈三叶,背外侧两叶完全覆盖小棘刺,中叶呈球形囊泡,无棘刺。模式标本保存于扬州大学昆虫标本室。     

河南新(虫责)属(襀翅目,(虫责)科)一新种记述

记述采自河南的1新种,河南新Neoperla henana sp.nov.,并讨论了其与近似种的区别。模式标本保存在河南科技学院标本馆。河南新,新种Neoperla henana sp.nov.(图1～5)新种腹部第7背板隆突和第8背板的骨化突特征与师周新Neoperla magisterchoui Du,2000近似。二者的主要区别在于:新种雄虫阳茎囊略长于阳茎管,阳茎管端部有1对膜质突起。而师周新雄虫阳茎囊长度约为阳茎管的两倍,阳茎管端部有两对膜质突起。正模♂,河南南阳老界岭,2008-07-02,李卫海采,副模1♂,同正模。词源:新种以标本的模式产地命名。     

缅甸克钦琥珀白垩纪石蝇(襀翅目: 襀科)新属种记述

文中简述了襀翅目缅甸琥珀研究概况,并基于一件保存较好的雌虫标本,报道了襀翅目襀科新属种Burperla decolorata gen. et sp. nov.。该化石具有以下重要特征:体较长,体色浅,触须与触角较长, RP脉末端接近翅端部,下殖板宽大、圆形,后缘中部突出。这些形态特征显著区别于襀科的其它化石及现生类群。     

中国新(帻)属(襀翅目,(帻)科)一新种记述

记述采自台湾1新种,赛氏新(赜)Neoperla siveci sp.nov.,并讨论了其与近似种的区别.模式标本保存分别在中国农业大学昆虫博物馆和河南科技学院标本馆.赛氏新(帻),新种Neoperla siveci sp.nov.(图1～4)新种腹部第7背板隆突和第8背板的骨化突特征与邵氏新(赜)Neoperla sauteri Klapalek,1912非常近似.二者的主要区别在于:新种雄虫阳茎囊非常短,约为阳茎管的1/5,阳茎囊腹面刺较少,顶端略直;而邵氏新(赜)雄虫阳茎囊长度略短于阳茎管,阳茎管囊腹面刺较多,端部呈钩状.正模♂,台湾屏东石门村,2010-11-08,杨定采.副模1 ♂,同正模.词源:新种种名源自襀翅学家Ignac Sivce博士的姓氏.     

中国植种蝇属（双翅目：花蝇科）四新种和二新记录

采用甘肃和陕西省的花蝇科植种蝇属四新种和二新记录,分别为瘦林植种蝇Botanophila angustisilva sp.nov.,分布于陕西省周至厚畛子,甘肃省县邱家坝,该种近似林植种蝇Botanophila silva(Suwa 1974),但新种雄前中鬓1－2对,背侧片无小毛;前缘刺缺如：股节和胫节黄色;第五腹板侧叶基半部具4－5根栉状粗鬓,其端半部具两根长鬓,肛尾叶和侧尾叶均细长,肛尾叶正中突较长等不同,龟叶植种蝇Botanophila chelonocerca sp.nov.,分布于甘肃省舟曲沙滩林场,康县清河,宕昌黄家路林场,该种近似于棘腹种植蝇Botanophila spinisternata (suwa,1974),但新种雄性触角芒为羽状,侧彦为触角宽的2倍,足全黑,后胫前背鬓2,肛尾叶的正 较长,末端呈菱形,侧尾叶较宽,端部圆,且向前方弯曲等不同,妙钳植种蝇Botanophila sanctiforceps sp.nov.,分布于甘肃省县邱家坝石崖子梁,该种近似于苦荬植种蝇Botanophila sonchi (hardy,1872),但新种雄颊高为眼高的1／7,前中鬓呈体毛状;前缘基鳞黑色;肛尾叶的正中突分叉等不同,拟暗植种蝇Botanophila subobscura sp.nov.,分布于甘肃省县邱家坝石崖子梁,该种近似于暗植种蝇Botanophila obscura (Zetterstedt 1845),但新种雄下眶鬓6－7对;背侧片具毛;第五腹板侧叶基部外侧具许多长鬃毛,肛尾叶正中突较长,同其下方的正中突略等长,肛尾叶后面的小叶和基缘均呈角形,侧尾叶后面观较宽,侧观观其端半部较长,后阳基侧突无毛等不同,中国新记录种为端栉植种蝇Botanophila guinlani(Ackland 1967),分布于云南省泸水片马;圆门植种蝇Botanophila rotundivalva(Ringdahl 1937),分布于陕西省留坝大洪渠,模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所。     

海南岛纺蚋亚属和蚋亚属二新种记述(双翅目,蚋科)

记述海南岛蚋属2新种。琼州纺蚋Simulium(Nev—ermannia) qiongzhouense sp．nov．和天池蚋Simulium(Simulium) tianchi sp．nov．。琼州纺蚋与其近缘种的主要区别是生殖腹板后缘具明显的中突和中骨骨化部末端分叉;天池蚋的主要特征是蛹鳃器基部具坑状器,与其近缘种的主要区别是雌虫足的颜色,雄虫生殖腹板和中骨的形状,蛹腹节7～9背板具栉刺列和幼虫肛鳃每叶分5个副叶。     

青海省原金蝗属一新种(直翅目,斑腿蝗科)

记述采白青海省昂欠县原金蝗属l新种,昂欠原金蝗Eokingdonella angqianensis sp.nov.,新种近似于龙胆原金蝗Eokingdonella gentiana(Uvarov,1939),其主要区别为:1)雄性腹部末端背板小尾片极小,三角形;2)雄性肛上板狭长.顶狭圆;3)雄性尾须不到达肛上板顶端;4)后足股节下侧基2/3红色.端1/3黑色.模式标本保存于青海师范大学生命与地理科学学院动物标本窜.     

云南蝗虫一新属新种：直翅目：斑腿蝗科

本文记述采自云南省瑞丽地区蝗虫新属龙川蝗属Longchuanacris gen.nov.及新种巨尾片龙川蝗 L.macrofurculus sp.nov.该新属近似于 Pseudogerunda Bey-Bienko.主要区别为前胸背板侧片后缘极凹入;前翅到达第一腹节背板的后缘;后足股节下膝侧片顶刺状:后足附节第3节长度为第1、2节长度之和;雄性腹部末节背板具尾片。     

中国瘤(虫责)属一新种记述(襀翅目:(虫责)科)

记述采自中国陕西佛龙的瘤(虫责)属Tyloperla 1新种:双凹瘤(虫责)Tyloperla bihypodroma Du, sp. nov.,该种与尖突瘤(虫责)Tyloperla attenuata很相近,但前者第8背板近后缘形成1个隆起脊、其中部有1凹陷,后者则在背板中部形成1近圆形的隆起、其上的锥状感觉器比前者多;前者第9背板中央微凹、其前缘骨化明显、极小的锥状感觉器稀少,后者中部有1丛明显的锥状感觉器;前者翅透明,后者翅微烟褐色.新种的模式标本保存在扬州大学昆虫标本馆.     

Correspondence of environmental tolerances with leaf and branch attributes for six co-occurring species of broadleaf evergreen trees in northern California

 For the angiosperm dominants of northern California’s mixed evergreen forests, this study compares the display of photosynthetic tissue within leaves and along branches, and examines the correspondence between these morphological attributes and the known environmental tolerances of these species. Measurements were made on both sun and shade saplings of six species: Arbutus m e n z i e s i i (Ericaceae), C h r y s o l e p i s c h r y s o p h y l l a (Fagaceae), L i t h o c a r p u s d e n s i f l o r u s (Fagaceae), Quercus c h r y s o l e p i s (Fagaceae), Quercus w i s l i z e n i i (Fagaceae), and Umbellularia c a l i f o r n i c a (Lauraceae). All species had sclerophyllous leaves with thick epidermal walls, but species differed in leaf specific weight, thickness of mesophyll tissues and in the presence of a hypodermis, crystals, secretory idioblasts, epicuticular deposits, and trichomes. The leaves of Arbutus were 2 – 5 times larger than those of C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s and Umbellularia and 4 – 10 times larger than those of both Quercus species. Together with differences in branch architecture, these leaf traits divide the species into groups corresponding to environmental tolerances. Shade-tolerant C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia had longer leaf lifespans and less palisade tissue, leaf area, and crown mass per volume than the intermediate to intolerant Arbutus and Quercus. Having smaller leaves, Quercus branches had more branch mass per leaf area and per palisade volume than other species, whereas Arbutus had less than other species. These differences in display of photosynthetic tissue should contribute to greater growth for Quercus relative to the other species under high light and limited water, for Arbutus under high light and water availability, and for C h r y s o l e p i s, L i t h o c a r p u s, and Umbellularia under limiting light levels. Accepted: 22 March 1996     

Taxonomic review of the genus Lymantria (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Lymantriinae) in Korea

A taxonomic review of the Korean Lymantria Hübner, 1819 was conducted. A total of nine species of five subgenera with two unrecorded species are listed: Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar Linnaeus 1758, L. (P.) xylina Swinhoe 1903, L. (Lymantria) monacha (Linnaeus 1758), L. (L.) minomonis Matsumura 1933 (new to Korea), L. (L.) similis monachoides Schintlimeister 2004 (new to Korea), L. (L.) lucescens (Butler 1881), L. (Nyctria) mathura Moore 1865, L. (Collentria) fumida Butler 1877, and L. (Spinotria) bantaizana Matsumura 1933. Lymantria (Lymantria) minomonis and L. (L.) similis monachoides are newly added to the Korean fauna. Lymantria (L.) minomonis was found only on Bogildo Island of Jeollanam‐do in the southern part of Korea, and L. (L.) similis monachoides was collected in central Korea. Lymantria (Porthetria) xylina and L. (Collentria) fumida were not examined in this study, and it is considered that the previous records were due to misidentification or they are only distributed in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. We provide diagnoses of two unrecorded species and adult habitus and genitalia photos of the Korean Lymantria species.     

橡胶树橡胶生物合成调控相关基因表达丰度比较

蛋白质是构成生命系统的基本元件之一,是大部分生物学功能的执行者。蛋白质丰度与其生物学功能息息相关,其丰度受基因表达过程中各环节严格精密的调控。其中,蛋白质丰度与其相应mRNA丰度存在较强的相关性,蛋白质丰度差异的40%可由mRNA丰度来解释。茉莉酸信号途径调节巴西橡胶树中的天然橡胶生物合成,但相关基因彼此间的表达丰度差异尚待阐明。该文比较了S/2D d3割胶制度下,15个橡胶生物合成调控相关基因COI1、JAZ1、JAZ2、JAZ3、MYC1、MYC2、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5、GAPDH、HMGR1、SRPP、REF、HRT1、HRT2以及2个常用内参基因18S、ACTIN1在10个橡胶树种质胶乳中的表达丰度差异;将ACTIN1的表达丰度设定为1,以此为标准计算出样品中其他基因的表达丰度。结果表明:相同个体中不同基因的转录丰度差异明显,不同个体中相同基因集的丰度大小排序存在一定差异;同一基因在不同个体中的转录丰度差异明显,这16个基因的最大丰度分别是最低丰度的9.43、6.04、10.02、12.29、18.82、9.22、38.46、112.83、121.36、15.34、19.09、13.54、10.05、19.80、24.83、11.82倍,他们的变异系数分别为73.05%、55.19%、69.09%、67.37%、66.59%、53.87%、83.25%、122.02%、166.34%、59.89%、70.59%、75.67%、74.20%、68.34%、84.23%、78.59%;总的来说,在群体水平上,16个基因的转录丰度从高到低依次为18S SRPPHMGR1REFMYC2/HRT1COI1MYC1/MYC4GAPDH/JAZ1/MYC5JAZ2HRT2/MYC3/JAZ3,他们的群体平均丰度依次为ACTIN1的28 382.26、43.64、11.39、7.16、5.47、5.10、1.07、0.75、0.74、0.45、0.42、0.33、0.12、0.06、0.06、0.04倍。值得注意的是,无论在个体水平还是群体水平上,18S的丰度毫无疑问是最大的,在mRNA中,SRPP的丰度最大,JAZ1大于JAZ2和JAZ3,MYC2大于MYC1、MYC3、MYC4、MYC5,HRT1大于HRT2。综上结果表明,结构基因和功能基因的丰度高于调控基因。在基因相对表达分析中,常对目的基因和内参基因作均一化处理,从而掩盖了不同基因间的真实丰度差异,因此,在基因表达分析中,既要关注基因的相对表达量,也要关注基因间的丰度差异,这有助于更全面地理解基因的功能。     

Geschlechtliche organisation,fortpflanzungsverhalten und ursachen der sexuellen vermehrung von Stenostomum sthenum nov. spec. (Turbellaria,Catenulida)

Certain temperatures and H-Ion concentrations are necessary for the development of male and female reproductive organs. The differentiation of the reproductive system from undifferentiated cells conforms precisely with data on other species of Stenostomum.

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Abkürzungen in den Abbildungen b Bindegewebszelle - c Cilien - cy Cytoplasma - d Darm - de Ductus ejaculatorius - dl Darmlumen - do Dotter - dr Drüsenzellen - lr Lÿckenraum - m Mundöffnung - n Nucleolus - np Nephroporus - o Ovar - p männlicher Genitalporus - pa parenchymatischer Raum - pf periembryonale Flüssigkeit - dse dorsale Epidermis - e dorsolaterale Epidermis - ed extraembryonaler Dotter - ee Epidermiseinstülpung - eh Epidermis +Hautmuskelschlauch - em Embryo - ex Exkretvakuole - f Freßzelle - g Gehirn - ga Gehirnanlagen - gr Granula - h Hautmuskelschlauch - hz Hüzllzelle - kl Versehlußkegel/Klebkegel - in indifferente Zelle - k Kern - kdr Klebdrüsenzelle(n) - kk kollabierter Kanal - kö Körnerkolbenzelle - kp Kopulationsorgan - ku Kufen - kw Körperwand - l Lichtsinnesorgan - li Linsenkörper - lk lichtbrechende Konkremente im Darmgewebe - ph Pharynx - phr Pharynxregion - pr Zentralkanal des Protonephridialsystems - ps Präspermatide - pu Punktfeld - q Zellquartett - r Riechgruben - rh Rhombuszellenband - rhb Rhabditen - rm Radiärmuskelzelle - rhs Rhabditenschleim - rs resorbierende Darmzelle(n) - s Schale - sc Spermatocyten - se Sekretgang - t Tastborste - ta Auflösungsprodukte des Hodens - te Hoden - to Terminalorgane(e) - tz Teilungszone - v Vakuole - w vermutliches Rudiment des weiblichen Genitalporus     

Weitere Untersuchungen an xenoplastischen Neuralchimären von Triton und Bombinator

Ohne ZusammenfassungVerzeichnis der Abkürzungen Ao Aorta - Asp Arteria spinalis ventralis - Aw Aortenwurzel - Bg Bindegewebe - Bl Blut - Bo Bombinator pachypus - Ch Chorda - Deg Degeneration - En Entoderm - Ep Ependym - Fm Fasermasse - Fmv Fissura mediana ventralis - Fpl Flügelplatte - Gl Glaesner-Stadium - Gpl Grundplatte - Hch Hypochorda - I Implantat - iZ internunciale Zellmasse - Km Kernmasse - M motorische Wurzelzelle - My Myotom - Nb Neuralbogen - PM Pollister-Moore-Stadium - Pyk Kernpyknose - Rv Ramus ventralis - Spgl Spinalganglion - Sy Sympathicus - Tr Triton alpestris - V4 4. Hirnventrikel - Vg Vornierengang - W Wirt - Zk Zentralkanal - IX–X-Wurz Wurzel des Glossopharyn-geus-Vagus-Komplexes     

Antifungal activity of essential oils against three vegetative-compatibility groups of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium dahliae</Emphasis>

The antifungal activities of volatile phase effects of essential oils from Origanum onites, O. syriacum, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare, O, marjorana, Thymus vulgaris, T. serpyllum, Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis and Micromeria fruticosa were evaluated for their ability to inhibit growth of three vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) of Verticillium dahliae. Carvacrol was the main component of O. onites, O. minutiflorum and O. vulgare essential oils, while γ-terpinene was the main component of O. syriacum. P-cymene and thymol were the dominant component of T. vulgaris and T. serpyllum. β- thujone and l-camphor were the main component of S. officinalis. Polegone and isomenthone were the dominant components of M. fruticosa essential oil. Based on the in vitro test, the degree of fungistatical effects can be ranked in the following order of inhibition: O. syriacum = O. onites = O. minutiflorum = O. vulgare = T. vulgaris > T. serpyllum > M. fruticosa > S. officinalis = O. marjorana > R. officinalis. The essential oils of S. officinalis, O. marjorana and R. officinalis displayed moderate antifungal activity, that increased with increasing concentrations. Among the VCGs, VCG2A and VCG4B were found to be highly sensitive to the essential oils. The essential oils of O. syriacum, O. onites, O. minutiflorum, O. vulgare and T. vulgaris were the most efficacious, demonstrating strong antifungal activity against all of the tested VCGs of V. dahliae at relatively low concentrations and they could find practical application as natural fungicides in the prevention and protection of plants from V. dahliae infections.     

Phylogenetic systematics of the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea-group (Insecta: Diptera: Empididae)

Six clades are inferred from a phylogenetic analysis including 42 species belonging to the Empis (Coptophlebia) hyalea‐group. These clades are named as follows: E. (C.) acris, E. (C.) aspina, E. (C.) atratata, E. (C.) hyalea, E. (C.) jacobsoni and E. (C.) nahaeoensis. The presence of two dorsal more or less developed epandrial projections is considered autapomorphic for the E. (C.) hyalea‐group in addition to two characters previously found to support the monophyly of this group (presence of an unsclerotized zone in the middle of labella and epandrium unpaired). Amongst the cladistically analysed species, 24 are newly described [ E. ( C. ) acris , E. ( C. ) aspina , E. ( C. ) cameronensis , E. ( C. ) duplex , E. ( C. ) incurva , E. ( C. ) inferiseta , E. ( C. ) kuaensis , E. ( C. ) lachaisei , E. ( C. ) lamellalta , E. ( C. ) lata , E. ( C. ) loici , E. ( C. ) longiseta , E. ( C. ) mengyangensis , E. ( C. ) menglunensis , E. ( C. ) missai , E. ( C. ) nimbaensis , E. ( C. ) padangensis , E. ( C. ) parvula , E. ( C. ) projecta , E. ( C. ) pseudonahaeoensis , E. ( C. ) submetallica , E. ( C. ) urumae , E. ( C. ) vitisalutatoris and E. ( C. ) woitapensis ], five are reviewed [E. (C.) hyalea Melander, E. (C.) jacobsoni De Meijere, E. (C.) ostentator Melander, E. (C.) sinensis Melander and E. (C.) thiasotes Melander] and 13 were recently described in two previous papers. Two additional species, E. (C.) abbrevinervis De Meijere and E. (C.) multipennata Melander, are also reviewed but not included in the cladistic analysis since they are only known from the female. A lectotype is designated for E. (C.) jacobsoni. A key is provided to the six clades of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group as well as to species of each clade. A catalogue of the E. (C.) hyalea‐group, including 72 species, is given. The taxonomic status of 25 additional species mainly described by Bezzi and Brunetti, from the Oriental and Australasian regions, is discussed. The E. (C.) hyalea‐group is firstly recorded from the Palaearctic Region and Australia. Finally, the distribution and the habitats of the species compared with their phylogeny suggest a possible relationship between the diversification of the group and forest fragmentations during the Quaternary. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 145 , 339–391.     

Mycorrhizae from Denali National Park and Preserve,Alaska

 Roots of 40 taxa of higher plants (Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta) from two alpine study sites in Denali National Park and Preserve in central Alaska were examined for their mycorrhizal colonization. We observed ectomycorrhizae on six species: Betula nana, Salix reticulata, Salix polaris, Salix arctica, Polygonum viviparum, and Dryas octopetala. Seven taxa, Cassiope tetragona, Empetrum nigrum, Ledum palustre subsp. decumbens, Ledum palustre subsp. groenlandicum, Loiseleuria procumbens, Vaccinium uliginosum and Vaccinium vitis–idaea (all Ericales), had ericoid mycorrhizae. One species, Arctostaphylos alpina, formed a typical arbutoid mycorrhiza. Two species (Sibbaldia procumbens and Aconitum delphinifolium) showed well-developed VA mycorrhizae, whereas three species of plants (Lycopodium clavatum, Silene acaulis and Oxytropis scammaniana) had vesicles, but no arbuscules. The roots of 11 other plants (Lycopodium clavatum, Lycopodium selago, Silene acaulis, Gentiana algida, Lupinus arcticus, Oxytropis scammaniana, Pedicularis langsdorffii, Pedicularis capitata, Pedicularis verticillata, Artemisia sp. and Carex bigelowii) had a variety of intracellular colonizations which are referred to as dark septate fungi. No mycorrhizae were found on 12 other plants: Equisetum arvense, Equisetum variegatum, Lycopodium alpinum, Polygonum bistorta, Saxifraga hieracifolia, Saxifraga hirculus, Astragalus alpinus, Pedicularis kanei, Petasites frigidus, Carex podocarpa, Carex microchaeta and Poa arctica. A possible ecological role of dark septate fungi is discussed. Accepted: 4 August 1995     

Food attraction and population growth of fungivorous nematodes with different fungi

Food attraction of the fungivorous nematodes Aphelenchus avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. to seven fungal species (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani strains AG 3 and AG 2‐1, Verticillium dahliae, Pochonia bulbillosa, Mortierella hyalina and Trichoderma harzianum) was determined on agar plates by counting the number of test nematodes present on the mycelium of each fungus 24 h after inoculation. Population growth of A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. on five of the seven fungi included in the attraction test (P. lycopersici, R. solani strain AG 3, V. dahliae, P. bulbillosa and T. harzianum) was also determined on agar plates by counting nematode numbers every week during a 6‐week period. A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. were attracted to all the fungi tested. A. avenae was preferentially attracted to V. dahliae (P < 0.0001), and Aphelenchoides spp. did not show any preference except for low attraction to R. solani. A. avenae and Aphelenchoides spp. reproduced on all fungal species tested. After 6 weeks of incubation, the highest number of nematodes was found on P. lycopersici and P. bulbillosa, while the lowest number occurred on R. solani for A. avenae and on T. harzianum for Aphelenchoides spp. The suitability of a fungus as a host was not clearly related to the attraction to that fungus.