综述: 糖基转移酶超家族在肿瘤转移中的作用

蛋白质的糖基化修饰主要包括N-连接糖基化、O-连接糖基化和糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定连接．与核酸和蛋白质不同,糖链的合成过程并不遵循传统的基因信息传递的中心法则,主要由一系列催化糖苷键形成的糖基转移酶完成．异常糖基化修饰被认为与恶性肿瘤的发生发展和临床预后密切相关．研究表明,糖基转移酶的表达及其糖链结构的异常可通过调节肿瘤细胞与细胞外基质的相互作用,继而影响肿瘤转移的关键步骤,如上皮间质转化(E-钙黏着蛋白、N-钙黏着蛋白)、细胞的移动性(整合素β1和α5)、侵袭(基质金属蛋白酶MMPs)、浸润(唾液酸化Lewis抗原sLeX和sLeA)．本文主要就唾液酰基转移酶、岩藻糖基转移酶和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶等三大糖基转移酶家族的结构和生物学功能及其在肿瘤转移中的作用作一综述,以期为肿瘤转移的预测和诊断提供新思路．     

糖基转移酶超家族在肿瘤转移中的作用

蛋白质的糖基化修饰主要包括N-连接糖基化、O-连接糖基化和糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定连接.与核酸和蛋白质不同,糖链的合成过程并不遵循传统的基因信息传递的中心法则,主要由一系列催化糖苷键形成的糖基转移酶完成.异常糖基化修饰被认为与恶性肿瘤的发生发展和临床预后密切相关.研究表明,糖基转移酶的表达及其糖链结构的异常可通过调节肿瘤细胞与细胞外基质的相互作用,继而影响肿瘤转移的关键步骤,如上皮间质转化(E-钙黏着蛋白、N-钙黏着蛋白)、细胞的移动性(整合素β1和α5)、侵袭(基质金属蛋白酶MMPs)、浸润(唾液酸化Lewis抗原sLeX和sLeA).本文主要就唾液酰基转移酶、岩藻糖基转移酶和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶等三大糖基转移酶家族的结构和生物学功能及其在肿瘤转移中的作用作一综述,以期为肿瘤转移的预测和诊断提供新思路.     

糖组学在乳腺癌中的研究进展

乳腺癌仍是备受关注的世界性健康问题,在女性人群中有较高的发病率和致死率.蛋白质的糖基化修饰是一种重要的翻译后修饰,糖基化的改变已被证明与生物学过程密切相关.异常表达的糖链是肿瘤细胞的主要特征之一,对肿瘤的发生、发展,特别是癌细胞的浸润、转移起重要作用.本文从参与调节肿瘤细胞代谢,破坏细胞间黏着,在循环系统中维持肿瘤细胞活性、增强癌细胞与血管内皮细胞黏着及促进血管生成等方面系统阐述了O-连接型N-乙酰葡糖胺、唾液酸化的Lewis抗原、黏蛋白型O-聚糖及包含多聚N-乙酰乳糖胺的β1-6GlcNAc分支型N-糖链等几种异常表达糖链在肿瘤细胞浸润、转移过程中的作用.最后,本文从糖组学角度讨论了与肿瘤相关的异常表达的糖链、糖蛋白、糖基转移酶及针对糖抗原的抗体在乳腺癌临床中的应用前景.     

膀胱癌中唾液酸酶Neu1的异常表达对Toll样受体的影响

哺乳动物细胞内的某些蛋白质或脂类可以被糖基化修饰,而糖链末端往往存在唾液酸化的现象,催化添加唾液酸的酶为糖基转移酶(sialyltransferase,ST),而去除唾液酸的为唾液酸酶(sialidase,SA或称为neuraminidase,NEU).本实验检测了人膀胱正常上皮细胞HCV29、非浸润性膀胱癌细胞KK47和浸润性膀胱癌细胞YTS-1中唾液酸的表达,发现恶性肿瘤细胞中唾液酸的含量高于正常细胞;进一步分析唾液酸酶和唾液酸转移酶的表达,发现唾液酸酶Neu1在正常细胞中表达最高,在良性肿瘤细胞中次之,在恶性肿瘤细胞中表达最低,推测在膀胱癌中Neu1对唾液酸的异常表达起着主要作用.同时,膀胱癌细胞中Toll样受体1,2,3,4(toll-like receptors,TLRs)表达趋势也与Neu1一致.利用TGF-β处理HCV29,使之发生上皮间质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT),细胞中Neu1和TLR3表达明显减少;将Neu1基因沉默后,TLR3表达也明显减少.此外,在YTS-1细胞中过表达Neu1,TLR3表达增高且激活了下游NF-κB通路.这一结果说明膀胱癌中Neu1与TLR3的表达有着密切的关系,这为膀胱癌的分子机理研究提供了工作基础.     

酵母表达人源化糖蛋白研究进展

与人体天然复杂型糖蛋白相比,使用酵母生产的药用蛋白带有高甘露糖型N-糖链。这一差异在临床应用中产生了许多不良影响。目前,可以通过消除酵母特有的内源糖基化反应,引入哺乳动物细胞中的一系列糖基转移酶及转运蛋白对酵母糖基化路径进行改造,从而使其表达出人源化的复杂型N-聚糖。本文介绍了酵母N-糖基化特点、糖基化不均一性,综述了近年来利用基因工程改造酵母N-糖基化路径获得特定的人源N-连接糖蛋白以及使用内切糖苷酶生产人源糖蛋白的研究进展,并且对存在的问题及今后的发展前景进行了讨论。     

鲫鱼籽唾液酸糖蛋白的N-糖链结构及生物活性

鲫鱼是常规食用淡水鱼,其鱼籽含有大量唾液酸化糖蛋白。对鲫鱼籽糖蛋白进行纯化,研究其N-糖链结构和生物活性。结果发现:鲫鱼籽糖蛋白分子量主要分布在19.7×10~4、2.7×10~4和2.2×10~4左右。利用基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱(MALDI-TOF MS)解析主要糖蛋白上N-糖链,发现其N-糖链结构主要为双天线型或三天线型分叉结构,末端唾液酸结合在半乳糖或N-乙酰氨基-半乳糖上。生物活性分析表明,鲫鱼籽糖蛋白具有阻止磷酸钙沉淀能力和一定清除DPPH自由基能力,对HaCat细胞具有促生长能力,并具有较强的促凝血活性。     

平分型GlcNAc糖基化修饰的生物学功能

平分型GlcNAc（bisecting N—acetylglucosamine）修饰是糖蛋白N-聚糖核心的常见分支修饰形式,哺乳类动物该糖基化修饰由β1,4-N-乙酰葡糖氨基转移酶Ⅲ催化。该修饰对分子结合、信号传导、生殖发育以及肿瘤细胞的生物学行为都有重要影响。相应地,针对平分型GlcNAc修饰N-聚糖的检测也正逐步成为糖生物学领域内的研究热点之一。     

重构酿酒酵母N-糖基化途径生产人源化糖蛋白

【目的】为了在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中生产人源化的糖蛋白,必须对N-糖基化途径进行基因工程改造。作者通过敲除一些酵母N-糖基化途径中的特异性糖基转移酶,得到一株可以用于继续表达人类糖基转移酶的重组菌,并通过生长适应性进化技术回复其细胞生长能力。【方法】首先运用酵母遗传学和分子生物学技术敲除酿酒酵母的α-1,3-甘露糖基转移酶基因(ALG3)、α-1,6-甘露糖基转移酶基因(OCH1)和α-1,3-甘露糖基转移酶基因(MNN1)。采用蔗糖酶(invertase)活性染色实验初步检测N-糖链的变化,然后通过高效液相色谱和甘露糖苷酶酶切实验对其糖链结构进行鉴定。重组菌通过在高温条件下进行生长适应性进化,筛选出生长能力回复突变的菌株。【结果与结论】构建了Δalg3Δoch1Δmnn1菌株得到人类糖基化中间体Man5GlcNAc2,并对上述三缺陷型菌株进行适应性进化提高其细胞生长能力和环境适应能力。此外,作者还发现,该重组菌存在少量Man6GlcNAc2结构的糖链。经体外α-1,2-甘露糖苷酶切处理后,糖链Man5GlcNAc2和Man6GlcNAc2均转化为Man3GlcNAc2,表明形成Man3GlcNAc2之后的甘露糖之间均通过α-1,2-糖苷键连接。Δalg3Δoch1Δmnn1菌株的构建获得了生产人源化糖蛋白的酿酒酵母表达系统,为进一步糖基化改造和工业应用提供了良好的基础。     

沉默ST3Gal III抑制MDA-MB-231细胞黏附和侵袭能力

我们前期研究表明α2,3-唾液酸水平与乳腺癌侵袭转移密切相关。人α2,3-唾液酸转移酶（ST3Gal Ⅲ）可催化合成细胞表面的α2,3-唾液酸,并在乳腺癌组织中高表达,此酶活性与肿瘤转移潜能密切相关,但其机制尚未阐明。本研究中我们将继续探讨ST3Gal Ⅲ在对乳腺癌转移关键步骤粘附和侵袭中的作用。构建特异靶向ST3Gal Ⅲ的短发夹RNA（shRNA）序列的慢病毒载体,采用细胞转染沉默乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的ST3Gal Ⅲ,经实时定量PCR及Western印迹检测转染后细胞ST3Gal Ⅲ mRNA及蛋白表达,验证构建了稳定下调ST3Gal Ⅲ表达的两个细胞克隆,分别记作shRNA-2、shRNA-4。细胞表面α2,3-唾液酸是ST3Gal Ⅲ下游产物,可代表酶活性。流式细胞术分析结果证实,shRNA-2、shRNA-4细胞表面α2,3-唾液酸的含量显著降低（P<0.05）。细胞黏附、细胞迁移及侵袭能力等功能学检测结果表明,shRNA细胞黏附能力及侵袭能力明显降低（P<0.05）。β1整合素表达与肿瘤侵袭能力获取密切相关。本研究中,沉默ST3Gal Ⅲ可抑制β1整合素表达（P<0.05）。这些结果提示,ST3Gal Ⅲ在乳腺癌转移关键步骤黏附和侵袭中具有重要作用,沉默ST3Gal Ⅲ抑制MDA MB-231细胞黏附和侵袭能力,其作用机制可能是通过下调β1整合素表达。此研究从新的视角认识了乳腺癌转移的机制,并可能提供乳腺癌转移治疗的新靶点。     

胃癌相关糖蛋白糖链谱的研究进展

胃癌是一类高发病率和高死亡率的恶性肿瘤.研究表明,癌前感染与胃癌的发生发展过程始终伴随着蛋白糖基化的异常.例如在癌前感染阶段糖蛋白糖链发挥的作用:在感染阶段,幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,H.pylori)吸附导致的唾液酸化路易斯X抗原的上调,增强了H.pylori的吸附作用使其在胃部定殖并诱发持续的炎症反应;在慢性胃炎和肠上皮化生阶段唾液酸化的Tn抗原表达上调.胃癌发生发展过程中涉及到了血清、组织、细胞中的蛋白糖基化的改变,如核心岩藻糖基化N-糖链表达的下调,β1,6-连接的N-乙酰葡糖胺分支型N-糖链的增加,以及细胞黏附分子糖基化的改变.本文综述了胃癌相关糖蛋白糖链研究的最新进展,阐述了糖基化在胃癌的发生发展中发挥的重要作用及其作为胃癌早期生物标志物与药物靶点的潜在临床应用价值.     

Evidence for a sialic acid salvaging pathway in lepidopteran insect cells

We previously described a transgenic insect cell line, Sfbeta4GalT/ST6, that expresses mammalian beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase and alpha2,6-sialyltransferase genes and produces glycoproteins with terminally sialylated N-glycans. The ability of these cells to produce sialylated N-glycans was surprising because insect cells contain only small amounts of sialic acid and no detectable CMP-sialic acid. Thus, it was of interest to investigate potential sources of sialic acids for sialoglycoprotein synthesis by these cells. We found that Sfbeta4GalT/ST6 cells can produce sialylated N-glycans when cultured in the presence but not in the absence of fetal bovine serum. The serum component(s) supporting N-glycan sialylation by Sfbeta4GalT/ST6 cells is relatively large-it was not removed by dialysis in a 50,000-molecular-weight cutoff membrane. Serum-free media supplemented with purified fetuin but not asialofetuin supported N-glycan sialylation by Sfbeta4GalT/ST6 cells. The terminally sialylated N-glycans isolated from fetuin also supported glycoprotein sialylation by Sfbeta4GalT/ST6 cells. Finally, serum-free medium supplemented with N-acetylneuraminic acid or N-acetylmannosamine supported glycoprotein sialylation by Sfbeta4GalT/ST6 cells but to a much lower degree than serum or fetuin. These results provide the first evidence of a sialic acid salvaging pathway in insect cells, which begins to explain how Sfbeta4GalT/ST6 and other transgenic insect cell lines can sialylate recombinant glycoproteins in the absence of a more obvious source of CMP-sialic acid.     

杆状病毒介导外源基因在哺乳动物细胞中表达的研究进展

杆状病毒(Baculovirus)是一种以昆虫为唯一宿主的病毒, 可用做生物杀虫剂或作为表达载体在昆虫细胞中大量表达外源蛋白, 制备疫苗。研究发现, 在哺乳动物细胞中携带哺乳动物启动子的重组杆状病毒能启动下游外源基因的表达但病毒不能在哺乳动物细胞中增值, 对细胞毒性小, 转导成功的细胞可以稳定传代并有效表达外源基因, 哺乳动物细胞比昆虫细胞对蛋白质具有更好的翻译后修饰, 表达出的蛋白结构更接近天然蛋白。因此, 杆状病毒可作为一种新型的哺乳动物细胞基因转移载体, 用于表达外源基因及作为一种基因治疗载体, 具有巨大潜力, 日益受到人们的关注。本文对杆状病毒作为一种表达载体在哺乳动物细胞中表达的研究进展进行了综述。     

Comparing N-glycan processing in mammalian cell lines to native and engineered lepidopteran insect cell lines

In the past decades, a large number of studies in mammalian cells have revealed that processing of glycoproteins is compartmentalized into several subcellular organelles that process N-glycans to generate complex-type oligosaccharides with terminal N -acetlyneuraminic acid. Recent studies also suggested that processing of N-glycans in insect cells appear to follow a similar initial pathway but diverge at subsequent processing steps. N-glycans from insect cell lines are not usually processed to terminally sialylated complex-type structures but are instead modified to paucimannosidic or oligomannose structures. These differences in processing between insect cells and mammalian cells are due to insufficient expression of multiple processing enzymes including glycosyltransferases responsible for generating complex-type structures and metabolic enzymes involved in generating appropriate sugar nucleotides. Recent genomics studies suggest that insects themselves may include many of these complex transferases and metabolic enzymes at certain developmental stages but expression is lost or limited in most lines derived for cell culture. In addition, insect cells include an N -acetylglucosaminidase that removes a terminal N -acetylglucosamine from the N-glycan. The innermost N -acetylglucosamine residue attached to asparagine residue is also modified with alpha(1,3)-linked fucose, a potential allergenic epitope, in some insect cells. In spite of these limitations in N-glycosylation, insect cells have been widely used to express various recombinant proteins with the baculovirus expression vector system, taking advantage of their safety, ease of use, and high productivity. Recently, genetic engineering techniques have been applied successfully to insect cells in order to enable them to produce glycoproteins which include complex-type N-glycans. Modifications to insect N-glycan processing include the expression of missing glycosyltransferases and inclusion of the metabolic enzymes responsible for generating the essential donor sugar nucleotide, CMP- N -acetylneuraminic acid, required for sialylation. Inhibition of N -acetylglucosaminidase has also been applied to alter N-glycan processing in insect cells. This review summarizes current knowledge on N-glycan processing in lepidopteran insect cell lines, and recent progress in glycoengineering lepidopteran insect cells to produce glycoproteins containing complex N-glycans.     

重组杆状病毒：一种新型哺乳动物细胞基因转移载体

昆虫杆状病毒表达载体系统已广泛应用于表达重组蛋白。近年来研究显示,含有哺乳动物细胞启动子元件的重组杆状病毒可有效地转导多种哺乳动物原代和传代细胞。借助于杆状病毒载体,已成功实现了外源基因在哺乳动物细胞内的瞬时或稳定表达;而在体内,杆状病毒可被血清中的补体成份所灭活,从而抑制了转导效率,但是通过对杆状病毒进行修饰（如伪型杆状病毒）,可以抵抗补体的灭活作用。研究人员对杆状病毒转导机制进行了探索,但是至今尚未完全弄清。杆状病毒基因转移系统最大特点是,杆状病毒能在昆虫细胞内大量繁殖,而不能在哺乳动物细胞内复制,因而具有很高的生物安全性;同时,此系统还具有操作简便、插入外源基因容量大等优点,使得杆状病毒作为哺乳动物细胞的基因传递载体,具有广泛的应用前景。     

In vitro wound healing: Inhibition activity of insect‐derived mAb CO17‐1A in human colorectal cancer cell migration

The monoclonal antibody (mAb) CO17‐1A specifically binds to the tumor‐associated cell surface glycoprotein GA733 in colorectal cancer cells. Thus, mAb CO17‐1A has the potential to act as an immune therapeutic protein against colorectal cancer. Recently, it was shown that the baculovirus insect cell expression system produces anti‐colorectal cancer mAb CO17‐1A. In this study, the colorectal cancer antibody mAb CO17‐1A fused to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal sequence (KDEL), and the (mAb CO17‐1AK) was expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda Sf9 insect cells. The yield, cell cytotoxicity, and in vitro anti‐tumor activity of mAb CO17‐1AK were verified. Western blotting was performed to confirm that both heavy and light chains of mAb CO17‐1A were expressed in Sf9 insect cells. The insect‐derived mAb (mAb^I) CO17‐1A was purified using a protein G affinity column. An in vitro wound healing assay was conducted to determine the inhibition activity of mAb CO17‐1A during tumor cell migration, showing that mAb^I CO17‐1AK was effective as mammalian‐derived mAb CO17‐1A (mAb^M CO17‐1A). These results suggest that the insect cell expression system can produce and properly assemble mAbs that inhibit tumor cell migration.     

Baculovirus expression systems for recombinant protein production in insect and mammalian cells

The baculovirus vector systems has been extensively used for the expression of foreign gene products in insect and mammalian cells. New advances increase the possibilities and applications of the baculovirus expression system, which has the capability to express multiple genes simultaneously within a single infected insect cells and to use recombinant virus with mammalian cell-active expression cassettes to permit expression of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Future investigations of the baculovirus expression system designed for specific target cells, can open wide variety of applications. This review summarizes the recent achievements in applications the baculovirus vector systems and optimization recombinant protein expression in both insect and mammalian cell lines.     

Baculovirus expression systems for production of recombinant proteins in insect and mammalian cells

Baculovirus vector systems are extensively used for the expression of foreign gene products in insect and mammalian cells. New advances increase the possibilities and applications of the baculovirus expression system, which makes it possible to express multiple genes simultaneously within a single infected insect cell and to obtain multimeric proteins functionally similar to their natural analogs. Recombinant viruses with expression cassettes active in mammalian cells are used to deliver and express genes in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. Further improvement of the baculovirus expression system and its adaptation to specific target cells can open up a wide variety of applications. The review considers recent achievements in the use of modified baculoviruses to express recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells, advantages and drawbacks of the baculovirus expression system, and ways to optimize the expression of recombinant proteins in both insect and mammalian cell lines.