我国农业害虫综合防治研究进展

农业害虫综合防治是昆虫学的一门应用科学,旨在明确农作物害虫的发生危害与暴发成灾规律,提出害虫监测预警和可持续治理的理论与方法。在2012-2016年的5年间,我国提出了基于生态系统服务和多尺度空间管理的害虫生态调控新理论,发展了害虫行为调控技术和化学防治新技术,并在棉铃虫对Bt棉花抗性治理对策、稻飞虱的监测预警和综合防控技术、小菜蛾抗药性诊断及治理技术、青藏高原农牧害虫发生规律和分区治理等防治实践中取得了重要进展。根据国际上害虫综合防治学科发展趋势和我国的研究现状,将来还需要在害虫灾变机制研究、害虫绿色防控技术创新研发以及集成应用等方面进行深入探索,为我国农业害虫可持续治理以及化学农药减量使用提供有力的科技支撑。     

中国农业害虫防治科技70年的成就与展望

新中国成立70年以来,随着农业生产方式的不断变革和科技进步,农业害虫的防治策略从20世纪50年代的农业防治发展到80年代的综合防治和现阶段的绿色防控,害虫防治越来越高效、科学和环保。中国农业昆虫学家先后研究明确了水稻、小麦、玉米、棉花、蔬菜和果树等作物主要害虫发生规律,创新了一系列监测预警、生物防治、物理防治、化学生态调控、抗药性治理和抗虫育种技术,构建了以重要作物生产过程和重大致灾害虫为对象的综合防治技术体系。研发的以农业防治为主的蝗虫防控技术体系、以异地测报治理为主的粘虫Mythimnaseparata防控技术体系、以化学农药应急防治为主的稻飞虱防控技术体系、以生物防治为主的玉米螟Ostriniafurnacalis防控技术体系和以转基因技术为主的棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera防控技术体系等害虫治理模式,已成为国际农业害虫防治的经典案例。展望未来,信息技术和人工智能技术、基因组技术、农业生物技术等高新技术发展正推动害虫智能化精准识别与监测预警、智能化精准对靶施药、基因诊断与快速检测、害虫种群遗传调控、区域性生态调控和转基因防治技术的不断创新与广泛应用。     

上海佘山地区棉田节肢动物群落多样性分析及杀虫剂对多样性的影响

随着害虫的综合防治的发展,生态学中的许多基本概念越来越多地被运用到农业害虫防治系统中去,指导农业害虫防治工作的发展。早在六十年代初我国马世骏等运用生态观点对大田作物群落结构的特点、分类、影响大田作物群落更替的因素及控制大田作物害虫种群的途径进行过论述(马世骏,1962)到1976年又结合农业害虫的综合防治途径对农作物的生态系统结构和物质循环进行详细分析(马世骏,1976)1978年结合农业害虫测报展望对害虫种群结构及其多样性作了概括(马世骏,1978)。朱弘复在1978年对有害生物的治理的战略与     

我国农业害虫综合防治研究现状与展望

害虫综合防治作为农业生产的一项重要策略,在农业可持续发展中具有举足轻重的作用。近年来,针对我国害虫防治所存在的技术需求,科技部等部门先后通过973计划、863计划、科技支撑计划和农业行业专项等对重要害虫防治研究立项支持。通过这些项目的实施,我国建成了一支由国家和省级科研单位和大学组成的专业科研队伍和研究平台,对害虫监测预警技术、基于生物多样性保护利用的生态调控技术、害虫生物防治技术、化学防治技术、抗虫转基因作物利用技术等方面的研究取得了一系列的重要进展,研究建立了棉花、水稻、玉米、小麦和蔬菜等作物重要害虫的综合防治技术体系,并在农业生产中发挥了重要作用。以基因工程和信息技术为代表的第二次农业技术革命的到来,推动了害虫综合防治的理论发展,为害虫综合防治技术的广泛应用提供了新的机遇。地理信息系统、全球定位系统等信息技术和计算机网络技术的应用,提高了对害虫种群监测和预警的能力和水平,转基因抗虫作物的商业化种植等技术的应用显著增强了对害虫种群的区域性调控效率。针对产业结构调整和全球气候变化所带来的害虫新问题,进一步发展IPM新理论与新技术将成为我国农业昆虫学研究的重要方向之一。     

纳米技术在害虫绿色防控领域的应用与展望

近些年,纳米技术在农业领域发展迅猛,推动了传统农业在交叉学科领域的不断发展和深化。目前已利用纳米载体实现了四个方面的功能与应用:纳米载体携带外源dsRNA突破害虫体壁屏障,调控害虫生长发育;纳米载体携带专性病毒DNA毒杀非寄主害虫,扩大病毒防治谱;纳米载体携带Bt毒蛋白高效杀死非敏感害虫,治理害虫抗药性;纳米载体携带杀虫剂提升利用率、降低使用量、拓展防治谱。本文结合最新研究进展,重点介绍了纳米技术在害虫绿色防控领域的研究进展和应用现状,并对纳米技术在绿色防控领域的研究与应用作了展望。     

农业害虫的微生物防治

为了和农业害虫作斗争,必须采用各种防治手段,即采用综合防治的方法。近年来,“以菌治虫”、“以病毒治虫”、“以虫治虫”等生物防治方法已经得到越来越广泛的应用,引起了国内外的重视。其中利用昆虫的病原微生物或其产物来防治农业害虫最引入注目,被称为微生物防治。本文就利用微生物防治农业害虫的有关问题作一概述。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉的生态风险及治理对策

评述了转Bt基因抗虫棉的生态风险及治理对策。其生态风险主要表现在目标害虫的抗性和对非目标生物群落的变化。目标害虫与转基因抗虫棉的互相作用和抗虫棉杀虫毒素的时空表达方式是目标害虫抗性发展的主要途径。在转基因抗虫棉田中,虽然对目标害虫的防治次数大为减少,但害虫和天敌群落的稳定性仍不如常规棉田,某种次要害虫大发生的可能性较大。认为将转基因抗虫棉纳入综合防治体系并培育更加高效的抗虫棉是治理目标害虫抗性和防止次要害虫上升的重要措施。     

略谈害虫的农业防治

防治害虫的方法很多,已采用的有化学防治、生物防治、农业防治和物理防治等,其中以化学防治的应用最为广泛。诚然,当害虫大发生时,采用化学防治确有十分显著的急救作用,是当前防治害虫的一项最重要措施。但化学防治也还有其弱点,例如药剂的供应、药效的高低、植物的药害、天敌的被杀伤、害虫的抗药性、防治的时机和劳力的安排等等,都或多或少还存在一定问题,甚或在某种程度上严重影响治虫工作的开展或防治效果的提高。 比较完善的防治害虫措施,必须采用综合防治的办法,其中农业防治是重要内容之一。农业防治是在有利于增产的前提下,全面考虑农业八字宪法八个字间的相互依存和相互制约的关系,通过各项增产措施,有意识的抑制或减轻害虫发生。农业防治涉及到经营方式、栽培制度、管理措施、品种、作物布局和有计划的改造自然环境等一系列复杂的问题,在分散的个体经     

研究表明Bt玉米杂种安全有效

美国Iowa州立大学的昆虫学家研究预测,今春首次种植遗传工程Bt玉米杂交种的农户将能安全有效地防治玉米螟并获得增产。开发的这种Bt杂交玉米可以抗以叶片为食物并穿透茎杆导致掉穗和籽粒产量降低的害虫欧洲玉米螟。以前的防治方法包括:杂草防治、早期定植、适度抗性杂种及可杀灭害虫和有益昆虫的合成杀虫剂。     

农业防治法概论

害虫防治发展的方向是不断地加强预防的工作,并从采用个别的方法发展向综合防治,而综合防治的主要内容是农业防治与化学防治相结合,由此说明,农业防治今後必须大力地开展。     

BIOTECHNOLOGY AND IPM: THE RELEVANCE TO SMALL SCALE FARMERS IN TROPICAL ASIA*

Abstract This paper deals with the relevance of biotechnology and IPM to small scale farmers in South and Southeast Asia. IPM may be defined as the combination and integration of approaches to pest management. which maximizes real profitability and genuine sustainability for the users and farming system and gives due regard to the environment. Alternative and practical pest management options should be developed for small scale farmers who could become experts in crop management and capable of making informed decisions through training in field schools. The latest development of biotechnology includes diagnostics, biological pesticides (either genetically manipulated or not genetically manipulated), transgenic plants and animals (vertebrates and invertebrates) and informatics. The place of biotechnology in rice IPM and vegetable IPM in South and Southeast Asia is discussed. Examples of soybean caterpillar in Brazil and rice blast in Vietnam illustrate the benefits of a strong working partnership between farmers, trainers and researchers in creating new knowledge which promotes sustainable agriculture.     

Experiences in educating rice farmers to understand biological control

Traditionally, rice farmers in Asia were thought to be unable to comprehend biological control because it was too esoteric. This perception was exacerbated by vested interest that prefers to maintain monopoly of information. Hence, between 1950 to 1990, the preferred method of extending technical information to farmers was to package them in “simplistic” messages. For example, prophylactic chemical control was a common approach of many extension systems in Asian economies during that period despite evidence from ecological studies to the contrary. In fact, the dogma that chemical control is equal to modern agriculture persists to this day in some countries. Such an approach often exaggerated yield loss figures to scare and justify use of chemical insecticides which eventually resulted in further yield losses. There has been increasing evidence that in tropical Asia, natural enemies are ubiquitous in rice fields and are responsible for keeping populations of rice herbivores in check. The rise of the brown planthopper as a serious pest was linked to regular use of insecticides. Outbreaks of this delphacid in tropical rice resulted from destruction of effective predators. With the help of biological control scientists, the FAO Intercountry Programme for Integrated Pest Control in South and Southeast Asia (ICP) presented evidence to the President of Indonesia in 1986 and secured a ban of 57 types of insecticides from rice fields. Promulgating legislative actions was a start and to sustain it an education programme to help farmers understand the importance of biological control was developed. This programme recognised that a traditional top-down process of instructing farmers would not help farmers and a non-formal education process of learning by experimenting and discovery was formulated. This approach emphasised the need for farmers to understand the rice ecosystem. Hence, rice fields became classrooms for farmers participating in the Farmer Field Schools. Farmers learned that not ail arthropods in the field are pests and to their surprise, most of the arthropods are “friendly“ insects. They discovered that these friendly insects eat herbivores. Using insecticide check and exclusion cage experiments, farmers learned of the adverse impact of insecticides and the impact of predators in keeping herbivore populations in check. The curriculum includes crop physiology, agronomy, health risks to insecticides and group dynamics. The principles of IPM emphasised in the Farmer Field Schools are: 1) Grow a healthy crop; 2) Visit fields regularly, preferably once a week to monitor field situation; 3) Understand and conserve natural enemies; 4) Farmers become experts in pest management. Adoption of this approach has led to a 60% drop in use of insecticides resulting in 13% increase in yield. Similar results were achieved in Vietnam and the Philippines. Facilitating farmers to understand biological control through field investigations is the key to successful implementation of Integrated Pest Management     

Coupled information diffusion--pest dynamics models predict delayed benefits of farmer cooperation in pest management programs

Worldwide, the theory and practice of agricultural extension system have been dominated for almost half a century by Rogers' "diffusion of innovation theory". In particular, the success of integrated pest management (IPM) extension programs depends on the effectiveness of IPM information diffusion from trained farmers to other farmers, an important assumption which underpins funding from development organizations. Here we developed an innovative approach through an agent-based model (ABM) combining social (diffusion theory) and biological (pest population dynamics) models to study the role of cooperation among small-scale farmers to share IPM information for controlling an invasive pest. The model was implemented with field data, including learning processes and control efficiency, from large scale surveys in the Ecuadorian Andes. Our results predict that although cooperation had short-term costs for individual farmers, it paid in the long run as it decreased pest infestation at the community scale. However, the slow learning process placed restrictions on the knowledge that could be generated within farmer communities over time, giving rise to natural lags in IPM diffusion and applications. We further showed that if individuals learn from others about the benefits of early prevention of new pests, then educational effort may have a sustainable long-run impact. Consistent with models of information diffusion theory, our results demonstrate how an integrated approach combining ecological and social systems would help better predict the success of IPM programs. This approach has potential beyond pest management as it could be applied to any resource management program seeking to spread innovations across populations.     

试论拓宽生物防治范围，发展虫害可持续治理

该文针对我国生物防治资源极其丰富和农民经济实力薄弱的特点,结合我国微孢子虫治蝗和苹果园植被多样化持续治理虫害的成果,论述了应如何发展和拓宽具有我国特色的害虫生物防治,进一步提高综合防治水平,促进农业可持续发展。     

Spatio-temporal Distribution of Beskia aelops (Walker) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and its Potential for the Biocontrol of Oebalus poecilus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Oebalus poecilus is the most serious insect pest of rice in many South American countries. Presently, control of O. poecilus is wholly by the application of monocrotophos and most farmers use insecticides. Tachinid parasitoids are possible components in an IPM programme and their spatio-temporal dynamics were investigated for the first time over four crop seasons.     

害虫生态调控的原理与方法

害虫生态调控的原理与方法戈峰（中国科学院动物研究所农业虫鼠害综合治理国家重点实验室,北京１０００８０）ＴｈｅＰｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅｓａｎｄＭｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＰｅｓｔｓ．ＧｅＦｅｎｇ（Ｉ...     

Insect pest management in African agriculture: Challenges in the current millenium

Pest management on a global scale experienced a total revolution after World War II when synthetic organic compounds were in agriculture and public health. However, it soon became apparent that there were many limitations in the use of chemicals for pest management. In agriculture, problems of pest resurgence, secondary pest outbreaks, pest resistance and adverse effects of pesticides on the environment, including human poisoning and toxicity to other non-target organisms, led to the search for alternative approaches to the pest outbreak problem. The 1960s produced new ideas on integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, followed by intensification of the search for biological control agents, which could be incorporated into IPM programmes. New application technologies were developed in the 1970s and 1980s and ecological approaches to the pest problem were spearheaded in the developed world in the 1990s, with extensive studies focused on the whole ecosystem. Important advances in crop production have also taken place in Africa in this century, involving adoption of high yielding varieties, fertilizer application, intensification of crop protection approaches, less shifting cultivation and more mono-cropping systems. However, these advances have led to increasing pest problems which unless tackled imaginatively and intelligently, they could become the most important constraint in crop production in the present millennium. Africa has entered the current millennium with relatively underdeveloped agriculture on a global scale and little investment in research on new pest management technologies that could be used to reduce crop losses. We are still highly dependent on pesticides for pest management. Therefore, the greatest challenges in agriculture in Africa will be the switch from a pesticide based mode of reducing losses due to pests to one that is ecosystem based, making use of insect management techniques which are ecologically and economically sound. Specifically, some of the major challenges in pest management in agriculture in Africa include; (i) reducing the dependence on pesticides, thus avoiding the limitations observed in the past 50 years; (ii) overcoming ignorance of the pest species and their associated community of parasites and predators which has dire consequences on the whole ecosystem; (iii) keeping out exotic pests, which in this millennium have had a devastating blow on the production of some crops and (iv) developing indigenous technologies for pest management (IPM, biocontrol, etc.) and making available to farmers materials for pest management which are affordable, safe, effective and environmentally friendly (e.g. microbial, botanicals, pheromones, genetically engineered products etc.). Both legislative and quarantine measures will have a significant role to play in pest management in the next millennium, but only when practised on a wider geographical area. Information technology (IT) will affect the way we acquire and make use of pest management strategies. Africa is therefore faced with the challenge of building up and improving its infrastructure and expertise on IT if it is to benefit pest management on the continent.     

Power, progress and prevarication: local knowledge and GE papaya in Thailand

Genetically engineered (GE) papaya was developed in the 1990s to improve the livelihoods of small scale farmers in Thailand. Yet these farmers have been excluded from the discourse around its deregulation and deployment. While elite stakeholders continue to debate in Bangkok, little is known about small scale farmers' understanding of biotechnology, their perceptions of the technology and whether or not they are likely to be adopters if it became available. In this case study, I report on farmer knowledge of agricultural biotechnology and genetically engineered papaya in northeast Thailand. Forty farmers in four villages were surveyed with regard to their knowledge and perceptions of GE papaya. A qualitative grounded theory approach was employed to understand their responses, from which three themes emerged: progress, power and prevarication. From these themes, the decision-making process of farmers seems to be dominated by their existing local knowledge and their interest in progressing their economic status. The responses of small-scale Isaan farmers provide a new perspective on the debate over GE virus-resistant papaya in Thailand. Based on the results of this study, we can conclude that this small subset of Thai papaya growers perceive GE virus-resistant papaya as a compatible innovation that is likely to be adopted by Thai farmers if it becomes available.     

Flanking Microsatellite Markers for Breeding Varieties Against Asian Rice Gall Midge

The Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae Wood-Mason (Cecidomyiidae: Diptera) is a serious pest of wet season rice in South and Southeast Asia. Due to internal feeding habit and presence of biotypes of the pest, the most feasible way to control is breeding varieties resistant against multiple biotypes through marker-assisted breeding (MAB). But very few versatile co-dominant markers linked to the gall midge resistance genes are available. We used a set of F₉ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of the cross TN1/PTB10 and identified microsatellite markers for the gall midge resistance gene in cv. PTB10 on short arm of rice chromosome 8. Markers RM22550 and RM547 flank the gene at a distance of 0.9 and 1.9 cM, respectively. Amplification of the markers in gall midge resistant and susceptible cultivars showed that these markers can be successfully used in MAB for development of gall midge resistant varieties.