水稻AtpH基因的表达受冷抑制

采用RT-PCR差异显示法,从水稻（Oryza sativaL.)幼苗克隆了1个受冷抑制表达的cDNA片段。该片段序列与水稻叶绿体基因组编码ATP合酶CF0Ⅲ亚基的atpH基因完全同源,且覆盖了atpH基因编码区。以Northern 杂交分析了水稻幼苗在冷处理不同时间后的atpH基因转录水平,结果表明,atpH基因的转录受冷抑制,在冷处理第1天就明显下降,第2天以后完全受抑制。     

水稻盐胁迫应答基因的克隆、表达及染色体定位

利用差异显示PCR(DD -PCR)技术从水稻中克隆了 2个受盐胁迫诱导和 1个受盐胁迫抑制的cDNA片段 ,分别代表了水稻S 腺苷蛋氨酸脱羧酶 (SAMDC)基因、水稻翻译延伸因子 1A蛋白 (eEF1A)基因家族中的新成员 (称为REF1A)以及一功能未知的新基因 (命名为SRG1 ) .进一步利用RT PCR技术克隆了SAMDC基因的全长cDNA序列 (称为SAMDC1 ) ,该基因序列与其他植物及酵母、人类的SAMDC基因均有一定的同源性 .Northern杂交结果显示SAMDC1和REF1A基因的转录均明显受盐胁迫诱导 ,而SRG1基因的转录在盐胁迫 6h后即受到抑制 .Southern杂交分析表明SAMDC1和SRG1基因在水稻基因组中均以单拷贝存在 ,而REF1A基因则检测到多个拷贝 .利用ZYQ8/JX1 7组合构建的DH群体和RFLP图谱将REF1A ,SAMDC1和SRG1基因分别定位在水稻第 3,第 4和第 6染色体上 .     

利用抑制消减杂交分离受褐飞虱取食下调的水稻基因

为了分离受褐飞虱取食抑制的水稻基因,采用抑制消减杂交的方法,以正常生长的水稻幼苗为目标群体,以褐飞虱胁迫32 h的水稻幼苗作为对照群体,构建了含200个重组质粒的SSH cDNA文库.随机挑选50个重组质粒进行反向Northern差异筛选后,再经Northern杂交验证,得到2个受褐飞虱取食抑制的基因:一个是Lhca,编码水稻光系统Ⅰ天线蛋白;另一个基因(bpHd002)与肌苷-5'-单磷酸脱氢酶基因有同源性.以BpHd002为探针筛选水稻幼苗cDNA文库分离出该基因的全长cDNA(BpHd002A).其长度为1 285bp,含有一由519 bp组成的完整的阅读框,编码的蛋白质具有两个CBS结构域.     

RsICE1基因表达和转基因水稻抗冷通路研究

以萝卜幼苗和水稻T1代转RsICE1基因(从抗寒萝卜植株中分离的一个编码碱性螺旋-环-螺旋低温胁迫转录因子,HQ891287)株系为材料,通过半定量RT-PCR及实时定量PCR等方法,分析RsICE1基因的表达、水稻转基因株系中RsICE1基因的遗传及冷诱导基因的表达情况.结果显示:(1)半定量RT PCR分析表明,RsICE1基因在萝卜的根、茎、叶中为组成型表达,在幼苗根和茎中表达量较强;RsICE1基因的表达水平能够被冷处理和NaCl处理诱导上调表达,但ABA和脱水处理无上调作用.(2)卡方测验表明,水稻转基因T1代潮霉素抗性发生了3∶1分离模式;Southern和Northern杂交结果表明,4个抗冷转基因株系中RsICE1基因均以单拷贝、单位点整合到水稻基因组并正常表达.(3)实时定量PCR分析表明,冷胁迫下,RsICE1基因超表达但对水稻OsDREB1A(AF300970)、OsDREB1B(AF300972)、OsDREB1F(AY785897)基因表达没有影响,表明RsICE1基因对转基因水稻抗寒性的影响不依赖OsDERB1冷反应通路.     

川草 2 号老芒麦 (Elymus sibiricus L.) atpA 基因的克隆及其调控表达

ATPase 与植物的耐寒性密切相关 . 运用 mRNA 差异显示技术 (DDRT-PCR) 从耐寒植物川草 2 号老芒麦 (Elymus sibiricus L. cv. ‘ chuancao No.2 ' ) 中获得了受冷抑制的 atpA 基因表达序列标签 (EST) 序列,通过 5 ′ cDNA 末端快速扩增 (RACE) 获得了 atpA 基因全长 cDNA 为 1 754 bp ,开放阅读框 (ORF) 长 1 518 bp ,编码 505 个氨基酸 . 氨基酸序列与小麦、水稻、玉米 atpA 基因分别具有 95 ％、 94 ％、 94 ％的相似性 . 对 2 ℃低温胁迫及解除胁迫后恢复过程中共 13 个时段的 RNA 印迹分析表明, atpA 基因在低温胁迫 12 h 转录受到强烈抑制,在低温胁迫开始后的 4 ～ 8 h 及解除胁迫后的 16 ～ 24 h ,其转录水平明显强于对照 . 实验结果为揭示 CF₁α亚基对调控 ATPase 在植物御冷性反应的作用,以及α亚基在植物低温信号转导中的作用提供了新的线索 .     

转RGSV-SP基因水稻植株的再生

通过农杆菌介导将水稻草矮病毒(Rice grassy stunt virus, RGSV)编码病害特异蛋白基因sp导入台农67及中花6号品种.经过筛选,再生,获得转化植株.PCR及Southern点杂交分析结果初步表明目的基因片段整合到水稻基因组中.RT-PCR Southern点杂交结果表明目的片段已在植株体内进行了转录.     

受褐飞虱取食的水稻幼苗的抑制消减cDNA文库的构建及筛选

采用抑制消减杂交方法,以褐飞虱取食32h的水稻幼苗及未受褐飞虱取食的水稻幼苗为作为对比材料构建了消减cDNA文库,以分离水稻幼苗中褐飞虱应答基因。随机从消减cDNA文库中挑选16个白色菌落提取质粒,进行PCR扩增,发现插入片段的长度位于100～900bp之间。以在受褐飞虱取食的水稻幼苗中特异表达的基因(BpHi008A)为探针,通过斑点印迹分析发现在抑制消减后的cDNA池中,目的基因得到有效富集。利用反向总RNA斑点印迹分析和Northern杂交验证,从消减cDNA文库中筛选到了25个基因受褐飞虱取食的诱导。其中有17个克隆与编码已知功能蛋白的基因有显著的同源性,它们分别参与蛋白质的折叠与降解、蛋白质与蛋白质的相互作用及信号传递、脂类代谢、胁迫反应、物质运输和细胞生长等。总体上,参与胁迫反应和衰老的基因在褐飞虱取食后表达增强。     

水稻ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶小亚基Ⅰ基因的启动子分析

水稻(Oryaz sativa L.)基因组中的ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶小亚基(ADP-Glucose pyrophosphorylase smallsubunit,OsAgpS)由两个基因编码,即OsAgpS1和OsAgpS2.其中OsAgpS1基因产生两个转录本OsAgpS1a和OsAgpS1b,区别在第一个外显子的位置不同.通过RT-PCR方法分析了两个转录本在水稻组织和胚乳不同发育时期的表达特性;同时通过报告基因GUS检测了两个转录本上游转录调节区DNA片段的转录启动特性.结果表明,两个启动了与其下游转录本的表达模式完全一致,即OsAgpS1a转录本和OsAgpS1a 上游启动子控制的GUS基因主要在胚乳中高水平表达,在叶片中有很低水平的表达;而OsAgpS1b转录本和OsAgpS1b上游启动子控制的GUS基因主要在叶片和胚乳发育早期低水平表达.这说明OsAgpS1基因产生的两个转录本是由不同的启动子控制转录的,OsAgpS1a上游启动了可以作为胚乳表达用启动子.     

WNK1基因不同转录本在小鼠肾脏中的表达及意义

目的研究WNK1基因长短两个转录本在小鼠肾脏组织中的表达分布特征,为进一步研究它们的生物学功能提供实验数据.方法 RT-PCR扩增两个转录本的特异性片段,Northern印迹杂交证实片段特异性后,将片段克隆入pGEM-T载体中,体外转录同位素标记的正义和反义RNA探针,在小鼠肾脏组织石蜡切片上进行原位杂交检测.结果 WNK1基因长转录本微弱广泛地表达在小鼠肾脏组织上,短转录本特异地表达在小鼠肾脏皮质部的远曲小管上.结论在肾脏,WNK1基因的短转录本是功能性转录本,其编码的蛋白质在生物学功能上可能与其它激酶不同.     

黄化水稻幼苗转绿期AOX1基因家族的表达与功能分析

完全黄化的水稻幼苗叶片在持续光照下总呼吸速率、交替途径的速率以及交替途径在总呼吸中的比值均上升,但以水稻AOX1基因家族3个成员的特异性片段为探针,仅观察到其中AOX1c转录本的增加。交替途径的专一性抑制剂SHAM可以降低水稻幼苗在持续光照过程中的相对光合放氧速率与叶绿素含量。同时,水稻黄化幼苗光照前黑暗处理时间越长,在恢复光照后交替途径能力的增加越显著,表现了转绿进程与交替途径之间的相关性。推测加强交替途径可能是植物缓和能量和物质需求矛盾的一个重要调控机制。     

冷胁迫诱导、咖啡因抑制的水稻根新基因片段的分离及表达分析

利用差异显示（Differential display）及H.Y-Yellow琼脂糖凝胶分离等方法,从冷胁迫和甘露醇共同处理的冷敏感水稻（Wase toitsu）根的总RNA中,分离出冷胁迫诱导的cDNA片段,经过测序和同源比较,发现它是一尚未报道的新基因片段。这一基因的表达对温度具有敏感的反应特性,4℃时表达水平明显增加,在正常温度（25℃）下,其表达水平又可快速降低。当幼苗根用0.5mol/L甘露醇预处理2h后,转入冷胁迫,其低温诱导的表达水平增加更为明显。在甘露醇预处理之前加入咖啡因处理根1h,其表达水平明显降低,几乎与正常温度下的对照相同。据此推测,这一基因可能参与了冷胁迫或水分胁迫诱导的耐冷过程中咖啡因敏感信号的传导。      

Introduction of the cDNA for shape Arabidopsis glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) confers unsaturation of fatty acids and chilling tolerance of photosynthesis on rice

The chilling sensitivity of several plant species is closely correlated with the levels of unsaturation of fatty acids in the phosphatidylglycerol (PG) of chloroplast membranes. Plants with a high proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, are resistant to chilling, whereas species like squash with only a low proportion are rather sensitive to chilling. The glycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (GPAT) enzyme of chloroplasts plays an important role in determining the levels of PG fatty acid desaturation.A cDNA for oleate-selective GPAT of Arabidopsis under the control of a maize Ubiquitin promoter was introduced into rice (Oryza sativa L.) using the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method. The levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the phosphatidylglycerol of transformed rice leaves were found to be 28% higher than that of untransformed controls. The net photosynthetic rate of leaves of transformed rice plants was 20% higher than that of the wild type at 17°C. Thus, introduction of cDNA for the Arabidopsis GPAT causes greater unsaturation of fatty acids and confers chilling tolerance of photosynthesis on rice.     

A distinctive class of spermidine synthase is involved in chilling response in rice

A cDNA for a putative 42 kD spermidine synthase (OsSPDS2) was cloned from rice. The deduced OsSPDS2 sequence showed highest similarity with Arabidopsis AtSPDS3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that OsSPDS2 and AtSPDS3 form a distinctive subclass in the spermidine synthase family in plants. OsSPDS2 mRNA accumulated in roots during long term exposure to chilling temperature (12 degrees C). In contrast, no such induction of the paralogous OsSPDS1 was observed during the chilling treatment. ABA treatment up-regulated OsSPDS2, whereas salt stress did not change OsSPDS2 levels significantly. Data suggested a distinct function of OsSPDS2 in chilling response in rice.     

Expression of rice Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) genes under different environmental stresses

Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play an essential role in plant Ca(2+)-mediated signal transduction. Twenty-nine CDPK genes have been identified in the rice genome through a complete search of genome and full-length cDNA databases. Eight of them were reported previously to be inducible by different stress stimuli. Sequence comparison revealed that all 29 CDPK genes (OsCPK1-29) contain multiple stress-responsive cis-elements in the promoter region (1kb) upstream of genes. Analysis of the information extracted from the Rice Expression Database indicates that 11 of the CDPK genes are regulated by chilling temperature, dehydration, salt, rice blast infection and chitin treatment. RT-PCR and RNA gel blot hybridization were performed in this study to detect the expression 19 of the CDPK genes. Twelve CDPK genes exhibited cultivar- and tissue-specific expression; four CDPK genes (OsCPK6, OsCPK13, OsCPK17 and OsCPK25) were induced by chilling temperature, dehydration and salt stresses in the rice seedlings. While OsCPK13 (OsCDPK7) was already known to be inducible by chilling temperature and high salt, this is the first report that the other three genes are stress-regulated. OsCPK6 and OsCPK25 are up-regulated by dehydration and heat shock, respectively, while OsCPK17 is down-regulated by chilling temperature, dehydration and high salt stresses. Based on this evidence, rice CDPK genes may be important components in the signal transduction pathways for stress responses. Findings from this research are important for further dissecting mechanisms of stress response and functions of CDPK genes in rice.     

Wheat catalase expressed in transgenic rice can improve tolerance against low temperature stress

We examined whether the expression of wheat catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) cDNA in transgenic rice ( Oryza sativa L.) could enhance tolerance against low temperature injury. Transgenic rice plants expressing wheat CAT protein showed an increase of activities in leaves at 25°C, 2- to 5-fold that in non-transgenic rice. At 5°C, catalase activities were about 4–15 times higher than those in non-transgenic rice were. A comparison of damage observed in leaves as they withered due to chilling at 5°C showed that transgenic rice displayed an increased capability to resist low temperature stress. The exposure of these plants to low temperature at 5°C for 8 days resulted in decreased catalase activities in leaves at 25°C, but the transgenic plants indicated 4 times higher residual catalase activities than those of non-transgenic ones. The concentration of H₂O₂ in leaves was kept lower in transgenic rice than that of the control plants during the 8 days chilling. These results suggest that the improved tolerance against low temperature stress in genetically engineered rice plants be attributed to the effective detoxification of H₂O₂ by the enhanced catalase activities.     

低温胁迫对水稻幼苗PEP羧化酶的影响

水稻幼苗经低温(0℃)处理后,叶片中PEP羧化酶活性明显地降低.Km值增大。经1—2天低温处理者,增加反应底物的浓度,有减少PEP羧化酶活性降低的幅度;当低温伤害严重时(0℃4天),这种效应则消失。这些结果表明:水稻叶片中PEP羧化酶对低温反应是敏感的,其活性的下降是由于该酶对底物的亲和力的降低。     

Thermal Hardening: A New Seed Vigor Enhancement Tool in Rice

In a laboratory study, indica and japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds were exposed to thermal hardening (heating followed by chilling followed by heating; chilling followed by heating followed by chilling; heating followed by chilling or chilling followed by heating). In indica rice, heating followed by chilling followed by heating resulted in decreased mean germination time, time to start germination, electrical conductivity of seed leachates, and time to 50% germination, as well as increased germination index, energy of germination, radicle and plumule length, root length, root/shoot ratio, root fresh and dry weight, radicle and plumule growth rate, and shoot fresh weight. In japonica rice, chilling followed by heating followed by chilling performed better than all other treatments, including control.