临床型研究生培养与住院医师培训相结合可行性研究

目的 研究临床型研究生培养与住院医师培训相结合的可能性。方法 对上海某三级甲等医院临床型研究生和部分临床带教老师进行问卷调查。结果 对于临床型研究生培养纳入住院医师培训,对其临床能力培养是否有帮助和对就业是否有帮助,带教老师和学生之间看法具有显著差异（P ＜0.05）;临床型研究生医师资格被带教老师和学生认为是存在的障碍第一位;带教老师认为临床型研究生培养纳入住院医师规范化培训有必要的比例明显高于学生。结论 从经济上、技术上、组织管理和社会影响进行分析,临床型研究生培养与住院医师培训相结合有其可行性,两条途径的临床能力培训并轨后,将利于统一的专科医师准入制度的建立。     

住院医师/专科医师对规范化培训带教师资和培训管理的满意度调查分析

目的 调查参加规范化培训的住院/专科医师对带教师资综合职业能力和培训管理的满意度,进一步了解不同医院开展毕业后医学教育所面临的问题和进行毕业后医学教育规范化培训异同。方法 采用自制问卷对成都市4所三级甲等医院598名住院/专科医师进行问卷调查,对收集的数据进行因子分析和方差分析。结果 受调查的598名住院/专科医师对带教师资的综合职业能力的满意度评分在3.83～4.11之间﹝满分为5分﹞,而对培训管理的满意度评分在2.91～3.75之间,且不同医院住院/专科医师的满意度有差异性﹝P﹤0.05﹞。结论 无论教学医院还是非教学医院,都应加强带教师资建设和培训管理,才能提高住院/专科医师对规范化培训的满意度,以促进住院/专科医师规范化培训的顺利开展。     

国外急诊专科医师胜任力框架及其应用概述

目的 对国外急诊专科医师胜任力要求及其应用进行比较分析,为我国开展急诊专科医师胜任力研究提供参考。方法 以美国、欧洲、加拿大和澳大利亚为研究对象,运用文献研究法检索国外相关机构官方网站和外文数据库,收集和分析各国急诊专科医师胜任力相关文献。结果 经过检索,共获得相关资料和文献1 740余篇,初筛后纳入文献136篇,复筛后最终纳入文献24篇。结论 胜任力研究已逐渐成为各国开展急诊专科医师培养的基础和关键,研究对于规范我国急诊医师培养和考核具有较强的借鉴意义。     

带教师资对规范化培训住院/专科医师综合职业能力的满意度调查分析

目的 调查带教师资对参加规范化培训的住院/专科医师综合职业能力的满意度。方法 采用自制问卷,对成都市4所三级甲等医院515名带教师资进行问卷调查,每项的满意度按5分记数,最高分5分,对收集的数据进行因子分析和方差分析。结果 受调查的515名师资对住院医师的综合职业能力的满意度评分均值为（3.48±0.58）分,不同医院的带教师资对住院/专科医师的满意度评价有差异性﹝P﹤0.05﹞。结论 人事关系类别是影响师资与学员相互之间的满意度因素之一,因此,无论教学医院还是非教学医院都应注意人事制度改革带来的多元化人力资源管理。

     

临床医师工作考核模型的构建

?????? 目的 构建医师临床工作考核指标体系。方法 文献法与问卷调查法相结合确定评估指标,层次分析法确定指标权重,并通过模拟评估加以验证完善。结果 医师责任心、管理危重病人例数、收治疑难病种例数等指标为医师临床工作重要评估指标。结论 涵盖有职业素质、临床工作数量、质量等内容的医师临床工作考核模型,内容较系统、全面、操作性强,对医师临床工作及医师队伍建设具有重要的指导意义。     

妇产科医师鉴别胜任特征研究

目的 获取绩效优秀妇产科医师区别于绩效普通妇产科医师的胜任特征。方法 在编制医师胜任特征词典的基础上,以10名绩优和10名绩平医师为研究对象,采用行为事件访谈法收集数据,对不同绩效组医师胜任特征的频次、平均等级分值和最高等级分值的差异采用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行分析。结果 鉴别胜任特征包括严谨细致、团队合作等18项特征。结论 鉴别胜任特征对妇产科医师人力资源规划、招聘、培训有一定参考价值。

     

河南省医师执业环境现况调查与发展对策研究

目的 了解河南省医师执业环境现状,探讨其存在的问题,为改善医师执业环境提出建议。方法河南省医师协会组织多个专科分会,采用集中填答法进行问卷调查。结果 医师每周平均工作时间是54小时,80.1%的医师认为执业环境差;工作压力来源排前三位的是患者的期望值高、医疗纠纷多、患者和公众对医生不信任;患者暴力频度和家属暴力频度很频繁或较频繁的数据都高于10%;62.2%的医师认为社会地位低于4年前水平,子女报考医学院校的意愿选择不愿意的占66.8%。结论 应加快基层医疗机构的建设,缓解医生工作压力;重视医德医风建设;正确发挥媒体导向作用;加强法制建设,改善医师执业环境。     

北京市医师多点执业政策患者认知与需求调查与分析

目的 通过问卷调查研究分析患者对目前北京市医师多点执业政策的认知和需求情况。方法 在北京地区8家医疗机构内,对959名就诊患者进行问卷调查,统计并分析患者人群对医师多点执业政策的评价。结果 患者人群对医师多点执业政策的总体支持率较高,达到77.0%。结论 医师多点执业政策是一项利国利民的好政策,不过尚需进一步完善并且有效地实施,才能取得好的成效。     

河北省乡镇卫生院招聘执业医师项目调查与分析

目的 了解河北省乡镇卫生院招聘执业医师项目的实施现状及问题,探索农村卫生机构吸引、稳定人才的长效机制。方法 对河北省张家口等市开展的乡镇卫生院招聘执业医师项目进行调研,主要通过调阅文件资料、个人深入访谈等方式收集资料。结果 受聘执业医师的各项政策基本得到了落实,受聘执业医师在卫生院发挥了重要作用,各方对执业医师评价较高。结论 为改善项目效果,应加大项目的督导力度、为受聘执业医师制定系统的培训计划并逐步提高待遇等。     

上海放射学住院医师规范化培训考核效果回顾性分析

目的 回顾性分析上海市放射学住院医师规范化培训技能考核的形式和内容,探讨影响规范化培训技能考核成绩的相关因素。方法 对2001—2009年,共计260名医学影像学住院医师参加规范化培训技能考核的理论题成绩以及技术操作成绩,运用描述性分析、秩和检验等方法对数据进行研究。结果 （1）放射学住院医师规范化培训CT基础理论题考核成绩的影响因素包括年龄（P=0.000）和毕业专业（P=0.012）;（2）MRI理论题考核成绩的影响因素为毕业院校类别（P=0.001）;（3）介入放射学理论题考核成绩的影响因素为服务医疗机构（P=0.042）;（4）CT操作技术考核成绩的影响因素为毕业院校类别（P=0.014）和服务医疗机构（P=0.015）,差异具有统计学意义。结论 住院医师规范化培训是医师成长的重要阶段。住院医师的学习经历和其所在医院工作情况直接影响其临床技能培训与考核的效果。     

名医素质特征与培养规律的初步研究

目的 探索名医的基本素质特征和培养规律。方法 在文献检索和专家访谈的基础上,采用自设问卷方式进行调查,并对调查结果数据进行统计分析。结果 知名医学专家与患者及家属在名医的内涵、培养目标、成长历程等问题上的观点是一致的,但在名医的培养周期、评价标准、培养方式等问题上存在着不同的观点。结论 名医不仅要拥有精湛的医术和高尚的医德,还要得到老百姓和医师同行的认可。名医的成才需要良好的成长环境和自由发展的空间,在成长的过程中我们可以通过发挥个人主观能动性,增强科室内部凝聚力,健全医师的考核体系,缓解紧张的医患关系,改革医学的教育模式等途径来培养名医。     

黑龙江省手术室专科护士培训需求分析

目的 了解手术室护士专科培训需求,为合理设置手术室专科护士培训内容,探索培训模式提供依据。方法 采用自拟问卷,对参加2013年黑龙江省手术室专科培训的学员进行问卷调查,采用SPSS 18.0进行卡方检验和非参数检验进行统计分析。结果 不同年龄以及不同职称的护士希望得到培训的内容有显著性差异（P ＜ 0.05）,教学方式与考核方式趋于多样化,以临床实际操作为主,OSCE考核被青年护士所接受。在学员培训内容重要性认知评价的9个方面中手术室专科知识最为重要。结论 重视和发展护士分层级核心能力,构建多样化的手术室专科护士培训模式,进一步提升专科护理培训质量。     

皮肤病专科医院电子病历的设计与应用

???????目的 研究与开发具有皮肤病专科特色的电子病历系统,以实现皮肤科病人医疗信息的采集、加工、存储、传输和服务。方法 以windows sqlserver2005为后台数据库,以XML、C#为开发语言,建立皮肤病结构化病历。结果 该系统运行良好,安全稳定、易维护、通用性好。有效地提高了医生书写病历的速度和质量,并具有皮疹数码照片嵌入等功能。结论 本研究实现了具有皮肤病专科特色的电子病历系统,值得皮肤病医院推荐使用。     

对某三甲医院临床医疗告知行为现状的调查与分析

??????? 目的 基于对医生告知行为的调查,发现目前临床中存在的医疗告知行为方面的不足。方法 采用随机抽样的方式对217名医务人员进行医疗告知行为情况的调查。结果 医疗机构在医疗告知方面存在缺陷：医疗告知主体高年资医师参与度不高;医疗告知对象主要是患者的近亲属,而不是患者本人;医疗告知注重风险告知,而忽视了对患者病情及医疗方案等内容的告知。结论 目前临床工作中在医疗告知方面不足,医疗机构应该通过完善制度、培训医师及管理部门加强监管等方面来保障医疗知情告知起到其应有的作用。     

Internet based consultations to transfer knowledge for patients requiring specialised care: retrospective case review

ObjectiveTo assess whether transferring knowledge from specialists at centres of excellence to referring doctors through online consultations can improve the management of patients requiring specialised care.DesignRetrospective case review of the first year of internet based patient initiated consultations between referring doctors and consulting specialists.SettingUS teaching hospitals affiliated with an organisation providing internet based consultations.ParticipantsDoctors in various settings around the world engaging in internet based consultations with specialists.Results79 consultations took place. 90% (n=71) of consultations were for services related to oncology. 90% of consultations involved new recommendations for treatment. The most common recommendation was a new chemotherapeutic regimen (68%, n=54). Diagnosis changed in 5% (n=4) of cases. The average turnaround time was 6.8 working days compared with an average of 19 working days to see a comparable specialist.ConclusionsInternet based consultations between specialists at centres of excellence and referring doctors contribute to patient care through recommendations for new treatment and timely access to specialist knowledge. Although change in diagnosis occurred in only a few cases, the prognostic and therapeutic implications for these patients may be profound.

What is already known on this topic

Telemedicine could improve health care by transferring knowledge from centres of excellence to patients'' doctorsFew studies have systematically assessed the value of such internet based specialty consultations

What this study adds

Patients can benefit from internet based consultations between their doctor and consulting specialistsNew recommendations for treatment were discussed in 90% of cases, and change in diagnosis occurred in 5% of casesPatients can access a specialist''s opinion more quickly than waiting to see a specialist     

住院医师规范化培训中的问题及国际经验启示

目的 梳理我国住院医师规范化培训存在的问题,借鉴国际经验,提出相关政策建议。方法 对现阶段我国住院医师规范化培训存在问题和典型国家住院医师培训开展文献调研和专家咨询。结果 我国 住院医师规范化培训存在管理制度不完善,培训过程和内容不合理,考核制度不健全,动员机制不顺畅等问题。结论 根据 国际经验,提出厘清各部门分工,充分发挥行业组织的桥梁和纽带作用;加强顶层设计和政策配套,保障培训制度的落实;拓宽培养内容,加强学员考核,提高培养质量等政策建议。     

Training Medical Specialists to Communicate Better with Patients with Medically Unexplained Physical Symptoms (MUPS). A Randomized,Controlled Trial

Background

Patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) are prevalent 25–50% in general and specialist care. Medical specialists and residents often find patients without underlying pathology difficult to deal with, whereas patients sometimes don’t feel understood. We developed an evidence-based communication training, aimed to improve specialists’ interviewing, information-giving and planning skills in MUPS consultations, and tested its effectiveness.

Methods

The intervention group in this multi-center randomized controlled trial received a 14-hour training program to which experiential learning and feedback were essential. Using techniques from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, they were stimulated to seek interrelating factors (symptoms, cognitions, emotions, behavior, and social environment) that reinforced a patient’s symptoms. They were taught to explain MUPS understandably, reassure patients effectively and avoid unnecessary diagnostic testing. Before and after the intervention training, specialists videotaped a total of six consultations with different MUPS patients. These were evaluated to assess doctors’ MUPS-focused communicating skills using an adapted version of the Four Habit Coding Scheme on five-point Likert scales. Participants evaluated the training by self-report on three-point Likert scales. Doctors in the control group received training after completion of the study.

Results

123 doctors (40% specialists, 60% residents) and 478 MUPS patients from 11 specialties were included; 98 doctors completed the study (80%) and 449 videotaped consultations were assessed. Trained doctors interviewed patients more effectively than untrained ones (p < 0.001), summarized information in a more patient-centered way (p = 0.001), and better explained MUPS and the role of perpetuating factors (p < 0.05). No effects on planning skills were found. On a 3-point scale the training was evaluated with 2.79.

Conclusion

MUPS-focused communication training increases the interviewing and information-giving skills of medical specialists. We recommend that the training is incorporated in postgraduate education for medical specialists and residents who frequently encounter patients with MUPS.

Trial Registration

Dutch Trial Registration NTR2612     

Career pathways and destinations 18 years on among doctors who qualified in the United Kingdom in 1977: postal questionnaire survey

ObjectiveTo determine the career destinations, by 1995, of doctors who qualified in the United Kingdom in 1977; the relation between their destinations and early career choice; and their intentions regarding retirement age.DesignPostal questionnaire.SettingUnited Kingdom.SubjectsAll (n=3135) medical qualifiers of 1977.ResultsAfter about 12 years the distribution of respondents by type of employment, and, for women, the percentage of doctors in part time rather than full time medical work, had stabilised. Of all 2997 qualifiers from medical schools in Great Britain, 2399 (80.0% (95% confidence interval 79.5% to 80.6%)) were working in medicine in the NHS in Great Britain 18 years after qualifying. Almost half the women (318/656) worked in the NHS part time. Of 1714 doctors in the NHS, 1125 intended to work in the NHS until normal retirement age, 392 did not, and 197 were undecided. Of the 1548 doctors for whom we had sufficient information, career destinations at 18 years matched the choices made at 1, 3, and 5 years in 58.9% (912), 78.2% (1211), and 86.6% (1341) of cases respectively.ConclusionsPlanning for the medical workforce needs to be supported by information about doctors’ career plans, destinations, and whole time equivalent years of work. Postgraduate training needs to take account of doctors’ eventual choice of specialty (and the timing of this choice).

Key messages

• A large scale national study in the United Kingdom followed doctors from qualification to mid-career and beyond
• Most doctors had made their choice of eventual career—at least in terms of broadly defined specialty—within 5 years of qualifying
• Eighteen years on, 80% of the doctors were working in the NHS and nearly half of women doctors were working part time
• Almost a quarter of NHS doctors planned to retire early

     

基于因子分析法的医患信任危机成因研究

目的 探讨导致医患信任危机的多维影响因素与解决策略。方法 运用文献研究、专家咨询、现场调查及因子分析的方法,寻找对医患关系信任构成重要影响的潜在公因子,分析医患信任危机的成因。结果 医疗服务因子、医疗纠纷调解与行业监管因子、社会制度因素及文化价值因子、医患沟通因子是驱动医患信任危机形成的主因。结论 医患信任危机的形成受到医疗服务过程、外部社会制度及文化观念、行业监管及医患沟通和互动等多重因素的影响,需要政府、医疗机构和全社会共同努力,消解医患信任危机的坚冰,促进医患关系修复与和谐。     

北京市优质护理服务现状调查与对策研究

目的 了解北京市优质护理服务现状,分析问题原因并提出对策。方法 个人深入访谈法与定性分析法。结果 北京市优质护理服务完成了从个别试点到全面铺开,从形式要求到内涵建设的转变,取得患者、医生、医院、社会、政府多方满意的实效。但面临队伍不稳定,离职率逐年上升的突出问题,主要原因是：（1）护理服务价格体系调整滞后;（2）护理人员不足;（3）护理人员的职业前途不清晰;（4）职称晋升与医生平台相同;（5）待遇分配体系中护理人员没有更多的话语权。对策建议包括（1）理顺护理服务价格,采取按护理项目收费模式;（2）人员编制逐渐向护理人员倾斜;（3）分管理型、教学型、临床型、专科型和科研型五类护理专家,制定相应的职业发展规划;（4）制定过渡性的、独立的护理人员职称晋升与评定标准;（5）创造条件赋予护理人员更多话语权,提高分配体系中护理人员分配额度。结论 优质护理服务作为推动新一轮医药卫生体制改革及公立医院的重要抓手,随着改革进程的推进,成绩和问题并存,有必要较深入地了解北京市优质护理服务的现状、问题并分析原因、探讨对策,促进优质护理服务的可持续发展。