对普通门诊预约诊疗服务的定性分析

?????? 目的 描述制约普通门诊预约诊疗服务的因素,分析提高普通门诊预约诊疗服务的途径。方法 依据调查、访谈等定性方法对影响普通门诊预约诊疗服务的因素进行归纳。结果 主要的影响因素包括：患者就医观念尚未转变、信息系统的缺失、缺乏制约患者行为的手段、临床实践的属性和缺少标准化的评价指标。结论 医患双方逐渐意识到普通门诊预约诊疗服务的价值,但其适宜性和开展方式需要得到进一步分析。基于普通门诊的基础性作用,推动预约诊疗服务对医疗机构具有积极的作用。     

预约挂号爽约病人情况调查与对策探讨

目的 了解爽约人群的特点,分析爽约的原因,提出改进措施,提高预约诊疗服务质量。方法 通过立意抽样的方法,采用自行设计的问卷对2009年10—12月有爽约行为的人进行电话调查。 结果 爽约人群以上班族为主,且以本市居民为主,主要原因是因交通受阻。结论 建议加大社会宣传力度,增加预约者取号提示,增设退号专线方便退号,缩短爽约者预约卡停用时间等措施,降低爽约率,提高预约诊疗服务品质。     

移动互联网环境下医疗服务质量评价方法的创新应用

目的 在移动互联网环境下,建立医疗服务质量关键指标,对医疗服务质量评价方法进行创新。方法 将患者就医过程中的每一项服务进行量化,建立SERVQUAL服务质量评价体系。结果 借助移动互联网智能终端,构建医疗服务质量指标体系包括有形性、可靠性、响应性、保证性、关怀性、经济性和有效性等7个一级指标,25个二级指标。结论 在移动互联网的环境下,为医患沟通搭建平台,及时进行医患互动,对医院的医疗服务质量进行客观评价。     

某专科医院普通门诊分时段预约挂号的探讨

目的 了解某专科医院普通门诊分时段预约的特点和效果,探索适宜的评价指标、评价方式及提升预约服务的有效手段。方法 通过HIS系统提取2015年7月至2016年3月复旦大学附属妇产科医院杨浦院区4个普通门诊参与预约的12 889人次患者的预约信息及挂号就诊的181 447人次患者的相关数据,比较不同门诊的预约情况、流量分布及预约与非预约患者平均候诊时间等的差异。结果 普通门诊预约率仅7.24%,而爽约率高达25.90%;诊间预约不到全部预约的1%,普通门诊预约患者的平均候诊时间普遍短于非预约患者,无论预约率还是预约效果各科室间都存在明显差异。结论 评价普通门诊的预约情况应对各科室设置不同的基线和目标;结合专科医院的特点推动诊间预约;可将门诊流量监控引入门诊预约管理中。     

上海市级综合医院非医保患者就医现状与对策研究

目的 通过对上海市非医保患者就医现状调查,研究兼顾好不同医疗费用支付形式患者和发挥优质医疗资源共享效能的对策,为建立和优化就医需求引导机制提供政策依据。方法 利用SPSS20.0描述性统计对数据进行分析。结果 非医保患者在沪就医原因列前五位的分别是沪医疗机构技术水平高,疾病需要,设备先进,在沪居住,药品种类齐全;相当比例患者为复诊或随访;平均门诊费用及住院费用高于医保患者。结论 通过有效方法影响就医者行为,引导医疗需求,合理分流和优化在市级综合医院非医保患者的医疗需求,提高优质医疗资源有效利用率。     

医务人员对医疗检查合理性认知情况的调查

目的 了解医院医务人员对医疗检查合理性的认知态度,为有效监管医疗检查行为提供客观依据。方法 采取方便抽样和个别访谈法,调查了58例医务人员对合理医疗检查的内涵和意义、影响医疗检查选择的因素和不合理医疗检查原因等问题的认知情况。结果 34.5%的认为只要符合患者诊疗需要的医疗检查即为合理的,87.9%的认为合理的医疗检查可以节约医疗资源,97.3%的选择医疗检查首先考虑到诊疗需要,89.7%的认为不合理医疗的原因是法律问题。讨论 医疗检查合理性评价涉及到医疗行为的技术规范、法学、经济学、伦理学和社会学等多学科的融合与平衡。     

基于患方视角的医疗服务现状调查及改善策略研究

目的 了解患者就医体验以及对医疗服务的需求和期望,为改善患者看病就医感受、提升公立医院医疗服务提出对策。方法 对江苏省苏南、苏中、苏北5个城市（苏州、常州、扬州、盐城、淮安）15家公立医院（每市1家市级医院、2家县级医院）共180名患者进行面对面深入访谈。结果 患者对现有医疗服务满意部分为服务态度明显好转、诊疗服务规范性改善、医疗技术水平提高,不满意方面关注点主要集中在医疗费用高、就诊等待时间长、过度检查;希望改进的部分依次为增强医疗技术水平、加强医患沟通、改进服务态度、降低医疗费用、关心患者。结论 改善医疗服务可通过规范诊疗行为、增强医疗技术水平,加强医学人文关怀、构建和谐医患关系,以患者为中心、优化就医流程,合理用药、透明化医药价格,改善基础设施、营造良好的就医环境,加强基层卫生医疗机构建设、落实守门人功能等途径实现。     

肝病十二分级诊疗系统疾病管理模式效果评价

目的 评价北京市某医院开发研制的肝病十二分级诊疗系统疾病管理模式的实施效果。 方法 收集肝病十二分级诊疗系统实施前306名和实施后418名酒精性肝硬化患者病历数据,开展实施前后住院天数、住院费用以及治疗效果比较。 结果 实施后术前等待日减少1天,但总住院费用没有变化;常规治疗收入、材料费和药品收入变化有统计学意义;院内感染减少,第一诊断和第二诊断好转比例增加。 结论 实施肝病十二分级诊疗系统后,取得了一定的效果,建议在此基础上开发肝病相关病种的临床路径研究,科学测算肝病的住院天数和医疗费用。     

总额预付背景下医院医保管理策略的调整与思考

目的 探寻总额预付制度对于三级综合医院医保管理工作的影响,并有针对性的提出改进措施。方法 采用访谈法、比较法等收集信息资料,并对相关数据进行统计处理和实施效果分析。结果 医院对管理策略的合理调整,有助于多种角度控制医疗费用增长,临床医务人员在诊疗行为方面趋于规范化,不合理用药现象减少。结论 总额预付制度的实施有助于医院医疗费用的控制,医保的管理意识得到强化。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.