酵母糖基化改造工程研究进展

酵母真核表达系统是常用的安全性较高的外源蛋白表达系统。酵母细胞内存在翻译后糖基化修饰过程,对其糖基化修饰系统进行改造可用于生产人源糖蛋白。研究表明,可以通过基因工程手段消除酵母特有的内源糖基化反应、引入哺乳动物细胞表达系统中糖基化类型等方法对酵母糖基化路径进行改造。近年来许多研究通过对酵母菌株糖基化位点突变、基因缺失等方法对酵母糖基化系统进行改造,探究糖基化修饰对蛋白质功能的影响,这为利用酵母生产治疗性蛋白和新型糖基化疫苗提供了新的思路。本综述将对近年来酵母糖基化改造成果及研究进展进行综述。     

毕赤酵母蛋白质糖基化途径的改造

【背景】以酵母为宿主生产的蛋白往往发生过糖基化，形成高甘露糖型的N-糖基化。高甘露糖型的结构易在人体中引起免疫反应，这是酵母不能用于绝大部分糖蛋白药物生产的主要限制因素。因此，构建表达人源糖基化糖蛋白的酵母底盘细胞将为糖蛋白药物的生产提供强有力的工具。库德里阿兹威氏毕赤酵母(Pichia kudriavzevii)具有极强的抗逆性且生长迅速，是一种近年来备受关注的非典型性酵母，对其进行糖基化途径的改造将具有巨大的应用前景。【目的】对酵母N-糖基化途径的改造，首先要使其N-糖基化转变为Man₅GlcNAc₂核心结构，本研究对P. kudriavzevii的och1基因进行敲除并引入源自曲霉的msd S基因，以改变其分泌糖蛋白N-糖链的糖型结构。【方法】通过基因编辑对P. kudriavzevii的N-糖基化途径进行改造，获得P. kudriavzeviiΔura3Δoch1::msd S菌株，分析P. kudriavzeviiΔura3Δoch1::msd S菌株分泌糖蛋白上N-糖组的变化。【结果】与野生型P. kudriavzevii相...     

真菌N-糖基化系统在异源表达中的研究进展

在近20年来,越来越多的真菌被开发成异源蛋白表达宿主,用来生产各种药用蛋白和酶类。随着对真菌异源表达系统的研究,人们也渐渐意识到真菌N-糖基化系统与高等动物的N-糖基化系统有着明显的区别,这也成为真菌生产高等动物源性糖蛋白的一个技术瓶颈。本文综述了真菌在异源表达糖蛋白工程中其N-糖基化系统的研究进展。包括N-糖基的检测技术和改造策略,并重点介绍了真菌N-糖基化系统与高等动物的N-糖基化系统的差异,以期为日后真菌N-糖基化系统动物源化甚至人源化改造提供参考。     

酵母O-甘露糖转移酶的研究进展

随着糖蛋白类药物的需求量不断增加,酵母表达系统的人源化改造成为当务之急。其中,酵母蛋白的O-糖基化因O-糖链种类繁多、组分单一以及糖基化位点预测困难等因素,限制了酵母蛋白的O-糖基化人源化改造。从酵母蛋白的O-糖链结构、O-糖链发生过程及O-糖链的功能展开综述,重点介绍起始酵母蛋白O-糖基化过程的O-甘露糖转移酶家族(family of protein O-mannosyltransferases, PMTs)成员的研究现状,希望对酵母蛋白O-糖基化人源化改造研究提供参考。     

糖蛋白药物表达系统糖基化研究进展

随着基因重组技术的不断发展和蛋白糖基化机制研究的不断深入,糖蛋白药物对人类健康的重要作用越来越受到重视.迄今为止,哺乳动物表达载体仍然是最常见的药用蛋白生产系统.由于其存在成本高、产率低等问题,酵母和细菌表达系统也日益受到重视.受到理论和技术的限制,细菌表达系统的开发仍存在相当大的困难,而酵母表达系统的开发和应用已经取得了一系列突破性的成果.本文综述了国内外近年来改造不同表达系统N-糖基化途径用于生产人源糖蛋白的研究进展.     

酵母N-糖基化工程研究进展

酵母表达系统可用来生产具生物活性的重组糖蛋白,但其在N-糖基化过程中会生成高甘露糖型糖链。通过引入相关的甘露糖苷酶和糖基转移酶基因、切断酵母自身的高甘露糖链形成通道能够改变酵母宿主N-糖基化的类型。本对酵母N-糖基化工程的研究状况、最新进展及存在问题作简要阐述。     

蛋白质药物糖基化工程化改造研究进展

多种哺乳和非哺乳动物的蛋白质表达系统已成功用于重组糖蛋白药物的生产。糖基化对于生物药品的研究开发至关重要,对生物药品的药效、半衰期及抗原性等产生重要影响。糖基化工程的目的是生产组分明晰、结构均一的N-和O-连接的糖基化蛋白药物。N-糖基化改造的相关研究显示,利用哺乳动物和非哺乳动物表达系统可以表达均匀的N-聚糖重组糖蛋白。与N-糖基化改造相比, O-糖基化的改造研究尚处于起步阶段。首个糖基化工程单克隆抗体已在美国和日本获得上市批准。综述了重组蛋白表达系统的糖基化工程化改造的研究进展,包括蛋白质药物的 N-糖基化改造和O-糖基化改造的最新进展,以期为蛋白质药物的糖基化工程改造研究提供参考。     

抗HER2人源化单克隆抗体在毕赤酵母中的表达及其产物分析

目的:研究抗人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)人源化单克隆抗体能否在毕赤酵母中表达,并对表达产物进行结构分析和活性测定.方法:合成抗HER2人源化单克隆抗体的全基因,构建轻重链双表达盒表达载体,转入毕赤酵母中;通过表型筛选和诱导表达实验得到抗体表达工程菌,对表达产物进行分离纯化和活性测定.结果:表达产物存在于表达上清中,摇瓶表达水平达到53.7±2.9 mg/L;毕赤酵母表达的抗体的轻重链能够自发通过二硫键装配成正确的抗体结构,其中重链发生了N-糖基化;酵母表达的抗HER2人源化单克隆抗体可以抑制高表达p185(abR2)肿瘤细胞SKBR-3的生长,半数有效浓度为0.17 mg/L.结论:实现了抗HER2人源化单克隆抗体在毕赤酵母中的表达,为毕赤酵母表达系统成为抗体等人用剂量较大的复杂型糖蛋白的大规模、低成本制备平台提供了基础.     

Man5GlcNAc2哺乳动物甘露糖型糖蛋白的毕赤酵母表达系统构建

蛋白的糖基化对蛋白的活性、高级结构及功能都有重要的影响。酵母表达的糖蛋白不同于哺乳动物表达的杂合型或复杂型糖蛋白,而是高甘露糖型或过度甘露糖化糖蛋白。在前期成功敲除毕赤酵母α-1,6-甘露糖转移酶(Och1p)基因、阻断毕赤酵母过度糖基化,获得毕赤酵母过度糖基化缺陷菌株GJK01 (ura3、och1) 的基础上,通过表达不同物种来源的α-1,2-甘露糖苷酶I (MDSI) 的活性区与酵母自身定位信号的融合蛋白,并通过DSA-FACE (基于DNA测序仪的荧光辅助糖电泳) 分析筛选报告蛋白HSA/GM-CSF (人血清白蛋白与粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子融合蛋白) 的糖基结构,发现当编码酿酒酵母α-1,2-甘露糖苷酶 (MnsI) 基因的内质网定位信号与带有完整C-端催化区的拟南芥MDSI基因融合表达时,毕赤酵母工程菌株能够合成Man5GlcNAc2哺乳动物甘露糖型糖蛋白。这为在酵母体内合成类似于哺乳动物杂合型或复杂型糖基化修饰的糖蛋白奠定了基础。     

重构酿酒酵母N-糖基化途径生产人源化糖蛋白

【目的】为了在酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)中生产人源化的糖蛋白,必须对N-糖基化途径进行基因工程改造。作者通过敲除一些酵母N-糖基化途径中的特异性糖基转移酶,得到一株可以用于继续表达人类糖基转移酶的重组菌,并通过生长适应性进化技术回复其细胞生长能力。【方法】首先运用酵母遗传学和分子生物学技术敲除酿酒酵母的α-1,3-甘露糖基转移酶基因(ALG3)、α-1,6-甘露糖基转移酶基因(OCH1)和α-1,3-甘露糖基转移酶基因(MNN1)。采用蔗糖酶(invertase)活性染色实验初步检测N-糖链的变化,然后通过高效液相色谱和甘露糖苷酶酶切实验对其糖链结构进行鉴定。重组菌通过在高温条件下进行生长适应性进化,筛选出生长能力回复突变的菌株。【结果与结论】构建了Δalg3Δoch1Δmnn1菌株得到人类糖基化中间体Man5GlcNAc2,并对上述三缺陷型菌株进行适应性进化提高其细胞生长能力和环境适应能力。此外,作者还发现,该重组菌存在少量Man6GlcNAc2结构的糖链。经体外α-1,2-甘露糖苷酶切处理后,糖链Man5GlcNAc2和Man6GlcNAc2均转化为Man3GlcNAc2,表明形成Man3GlcNAc2之后的甘露糖之间均通过α-1,2-糖苷键连接。Δalg3Δoch1Δmnn1菌株的构建获得了生产人源化糖蛋白的酿酒酵母表达系统,为进一步糖基化改造和工业应用提供了良好的基础。     

Monitoring of the tissue distribution of fibroblast growth factor containing a high mannose-type sugar chain produced in mutant yeast

Most therapeutic glycoproteins have been produced in mammalian cell lines. However, the mammalian cell culture system has various disadvantages, i.e., a high culture cost, difficulty in performing a large scale-up because of complicated handling requirements, and the risk of contamination by prion or other unknown pathogenic components through cultivation in the presence of bovine serum. There is thus a growing need for other host cells in which the recombinant glycoproteins can be produced. Recently, we successfully developed a mutant yeast strain engineered in a glycosylation system. The sugar chain produced in the mutant yeast is not immunogenic to the human immuno-surveillance system. In the present study, we selected fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as a model glycoprotein and assessed the bioactivity of FGF produced in yeast in terms of its proliferating activity and tissue distribution in mammalian cells and in the whole body. Structural changes in the sugar chains of FGFs derived from mutant yeast, as compared with those from mammalian cells, did not affect the proliferating activity remarkably. However, the tissue distribution in the mouse differed significantly; a high-mannose type sugar chain was the major determinant of the specific distribution of FGF to the kidney. The mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear, but our observations suggest that recombinant glycoproteins derived from mutant yeasts producing high-mannose type sugar chains would be applicable for tissue-targeting therapy.     

Monitoring of the tissue distribution of fibroblast growth factor containing a high mannose-type sugar chain produced in mutant yeast

Most therapeutic glycoproteins have been produced in mammalian cell lines. However, the mammalian cell culture system has various disadvantages, i.e., a high culture cost, difficulty in performing a large scale-up because of complicated handling requirements, and the risk of contamination by prion or other unknown pathogenic components through cultivation in the presence of bovine serum. There is thus a growing need for other host cells in which the recombinant glycoproteins can be produced. Recently, we successfully developed a mutant yeast strain engineered in a glycosylation system. The sugar chain produced in the mutant yeast is not immunogenic to the human immuno-surveillance system. In the present study, we selected fibroblast growth factor (FGF) as a model glycoprotein and assessed the bioactivity of FGF produced in yeast in terms of its proliferating activity and tissue distribution in mammalian cells and in the whole body. Structural changes in the sugar chains of FGFs derived from mutant yeast, as compared with those from mammalian cells, did not affect the proliferating activity remarkably. However, the tissue distribution in the mouse differed significantly; a high-mannose type sugar chain was the major determinant of the specific distribution of FGF to the kidney. The mechanism of this phenomenon is still unclear, but our observations suggest that recombinant glycoproteins derived from mutant yeasts producing high-mannose type sugar chains would be applicable for tissue-targeting therapy. Published in 2004. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Structural analysis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-/<Emphasis Type="Italic">O</Emphasis>-glycans assembled on proteins in yeasts

Protein glycosylation, the most universal and diverse post-translational modification, can affect protein secretion, stability, and immunogenicity. The structures of glycans attached to proteins are quite diverse among different organisms and even within yeast species. In yeast, protein glycosylation plays key roles in the quality control of secretory proteins, and particularly in maintaining cell wall integrity. Moreover, in pathogenic yeasts, glycans assembled on cell-surface glycoproteins can mediate their interactions with host cells. Thus, a comprehensive understanding of protein glycosylation in various yeast species and defining glycan structure characteristics can provide useful information for their biotechnological and clinical implications. Yeast-specific glycans are a target for glyco-engineering; implementing human-type glycosylation pathways in yeast can aid the production of recombinant glycoproteins with therapeutic potential. The virulenceassociated glycans of pathogenic yeasts could be exploited as novel targets for antifungal agents. Nowadays, several glycomics techniques facilitate the generation of species-and strain-specific glycome profiles and the delineation of modified glycan structures in mutant and engineered yeast cells. Here, we present the protocols employed in our laboratory to investigate the N-and O-glycan chains released from purified glycoproteins or cell wall mannoproteins in several yeast species.     

The humanization of N-glycosylation pathways in yeast

Yeast and other fungal protein-expression hosts have been extensively used to produce industrial enzymes, and are often the expression system of choice when manufacturing costs are of primary concern. However, for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins intended for use in humans, yeast have been less useful owing to their inability to modify proteins with human glycosylation structures. Yeast N-glycosylation is of the high-mannose type, which confers a short half-life in vivo and thereby compromises the efficacy of most therapeutic glycoproteins. Several approaches to humanizing yeast N-glycosylation pathways have been attempted over the past decade with limited success. Recently however, advances in the glycoengineering of yeast and the expression of therapeutic glycoproteins with humanized N-glycosylation structures have shown significant promise - this review summarizes the most important developments in the field.     

Structural changes induced in the sugar chains of glycoproteins by malignant transformation of producing cells and their clinical application

Altered glycosylation is widely observed in glycoproteins produced by tumors. One of the most consistently observed alterations is the increase of larger asparagine-linked sugar chains in the plasma membrane glycoproteins. This phenomenon is brought about by the increase of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V, which is responsible for the formation of the GlcNAc beta 1----6Man alpha-1----6 group. The enrichment of the complex-type sugar chains containing the -GlcNAc beta 1----6(-GlcNAc beta 1----2)Man alpha 1----6 group is correlated with tumorigenicity and metastasic potential of tumor cells. Comparative study of the sugar chains of human chorionic gonadotropin isolated from the urine of pregnant women and of patients with trophoblastic diseases including choriocarcinoma revealed that many new oligosaccharides are included in the tumor hCG. The altered glycosylation of hCG is brought about by the ectopic expression of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV. With use of this altered glycosylation, a novel method useful for the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma was established.     

Expression and functional characterization of a nucleotide sugar transporter from Drosophila melanogaster: relevance to protein glycosylation in insect cell expression systems

Insect cells are used routinely to express recombinant mammalian glycoproteins. However, insect protein glycosylation pathways are not well understood and appear to differ from those of mammalian cells. One way to more clearly evaluate the protein glycosylation potential of insect cells is to use the Drosophila melanogaster genome to identify genes that might encode relevant functions. These genes can then be expressed and the functions of the gene products directly evaluated by biochemical assays. In this study, we used this approach to determine the function of a putative Drosophila nucleotide sugar transporter gene. The results showed that this gene encodes a protein that can transport UDP-galactose, but not CMP-sialic acid. Thus, Drosophila encodes at least some of the infrastructure needed to produce glycoproteins with complex glycans, but this particular gene product does not directly support glycoprotein sialylation. These findings are relevant to insect cell biology and to an informed consideration of insect cell expression systems as tools for recombinant glycoprotein production.     

Inhibition of biosynthesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae sugar transport system by tunicamycin.

Tunicamycin apparently inhibited the biosynthesis of glucose, galactose, and maltose transport systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Under the conditions used, the antibiotic also blocked the biosynthesis of invertase, a well-known yeast glycoprotein, as well as the glycosylation of a marker mannoprotein of the yeast cell wall. However, the antibiotic did not affect certain proteins which did not contain carbohydrate. It seems, therefore, that these sugar carriers are glycoproteins.     

Analysis of glycosylation site occupancy reveals a role for Ost3p and Ost6p in site-specific N-glycosylation efficiency

Asparagine-linked glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification of proteins catalyzed in eukaryotes by the multiprotein complex oligosaccharyltransferase. Apart from the catalytic Stt3p, the roles of the subunits are ill defined. Here we describe functional investigations of the Ost3/6p components of the yeast enzyme. We developed novel analytical tools to quantify glycosylation site occupancy by enriching glycoproteins bound to the yeast polysaccharide cell wall, tagging glycosylated asparagines using endoglycosidase H glycan release, and detecting peptides and glycopeptides with LC-ESI-MS/MS. We found that the paralogues Ost3p and Ost6p were required for efficient glycosylation of distinct defined glycosylation sites. Our results describe a novel method for relative quantification of glycosylation occupancy in the genetically tractable yeast system and show that eukaryotic oligosaccharyltransferase isoforms have different activities toward protein substrates at the level of individual glycosylation sites.     

Enzymes that recognize dolichols participate in three glycosylation pathways and are required for protein secretion.

We have explored the structure, function, and membrane topography of enzymes that recognize dolichols and participate in glycosylation pathways in the endoplasmic reticulum. Enzymes that interact with dolichols, including dolichyl phosphate mannose (Dol-P-Man) synthase and UDP-GlcNAc:Dol-P-transferase, revealed a conserved amino acid sequence in membrane-spanning regions. The consensus is Phe-Ile/Val-Xaa-Phe/Try-Xaa-Xaa-Ile-Pro-Phe-Xaa-Phe/Tyr, and we propose it is involved in dolichol recognition. We have used yeast mutants to demonstrate the role of dolichols in three glycosylation pathways. At its nonpermissive temperature, a Dol-P-Man synthase mutant (dpm1) was blocked in N-glycosylation, O-mannosylation, and glycosyl phosphoinositol membrane anchoring of protein, most likely because Dol-P-Man serves as mannosyl donor in all three pathways. The secretion mutant sec59 has a similar phenotype to dpm1, and the presence of a dolichol recognition sequence in the SEC59 protein gave a clue to its defect, which is in dolichol kinase. Comparison of yeast glycosylation mutant suggests that the ability to carry out N-glycosylation alone is sufficient to allow yeast to secrete glycoproteins and that an N-linked saccharide of a minimum size must be attached to proteins for cells to be able to secrete them and maintain a functional secretory pathway.     

Production of therapeutic glycoproteins through the engineering of glycosylation pathway in yeast

The application of recombinant DNA technology to restructure metabolic networks can change metabolite and protein products by altering the biosynthetic pathways in an organism. Although some success has been achieved, a more detailed and thorough investigation of this approach is certainly warranted since it is clear that such methods hold great potential based on the encouraging results obtained so far. In last decade, there have been tremendous advances in the field of glycobiology and the stage has been set for the biotechnological production of glycoproteins for therapeutic use. Today glycoproteins are one of the most important groups of pharmaceutical products. In this study the attempt was made to focus on identifying technologies that may have general application for modifying glycosylation pathway of the yeast cells in order to produce glycoproteins of therapeutic use. The carbohydrates of therapeutic recombinant glycoproteins play very important roles in determining their pharmacokinetic properties. A number of biological interactions and biological functions mediated by glycans are also being targeted for therapeutic manipulationin vivo. For a commercially viable production of therapeutic glycoproteins a metabolic engineering of a host cell is yet to be established.