B型肉毒毒素重链C端基因的表达与保护作用的初步研究

肉毒毒素是肉毒梭状杆菌产生的外毒素,有7种血清型(A～G),是目前已知的毒性最强的细菌蛋白质。人类肉毒中毒主要是由A、B和E型引起。本研究克隆了B型肉毒毒素重链C端片段(Hc),在大肠杆菌中进行了诱导表达,并用Ni离子亲和柱进行了纯化。Hc蛋白免疫后的BALB/c小鼠可以抵抗6×103LD50B型肉毒毒素攻击。     

肉毒杆菌毒素的作用机理(上)

前言肉毒杆菌毒素(Botulinum toxin,以下简称肉毒)是梭状芽孢杆菌(Clostridium botulinum)在厌氧环境生长过程中产生的毒素,其化学本质为一大分子量的蛋白质。依其抗原性,现已分离出七种(A、B、C_α、C_β、D、E、F、G)不同的免疫类型,引起人类中毒的主要是A、B、E型。肉毒中毒虽非常见多发病,但死亡率很高,且常暴发形式发生。有关肉毒中毒的临床及实验研究已有不少专著与综述。肉毒是迄今为止人们所知道的最毒物质,A型肉毒结晶(为平均长短径85微米与5微米的杆状)一微克即可杀死体重20克的小白鼠20万只,Van Heyningen(1950)推算对一个成人的致死量只有万万分之七克!曾有报道,基于     

美国肉毒中毒近况

<正> 1976年在这个国家是不寻常的。因为认识了一种新的内毒中毒,即婴儿肉毒中毒;同时这一年发生的肉毒中毒比过去四十年任何一年都多。 本报告介绍了这一年在三种肉毒中毒,即婴儿肉毒中毒,创伤性肉毒中毒和食物性肉毒中毒方面的经验。 食物性肉毒中毒 1976年共发生了二十三起由食物引起的肉毒中毒,比1970年到1975年每年平均发生起数(11.3)高2倍。在17起爆发中,证实了毒素型别。其中8起A型,7起B型,2起E型。有11起牵连到家庭储藏的食品,其中7起在食品中发现有肉毒梭菌或肉毒毒素。A型中毒中,一起是吃了家制的八目鳗罐头引起的,而其它几起则     

用皂土法制造型特异性肉毒诊断血清

用皂土为载体与类毒素结合方法及破伤风类毒素抗原抗体絮状反应方法去除A、B、C、D、E、F型肉毒抗血清原料中的异型和异种抗毒素(破伤风抗毒素)。制备的A、B、C、D、E、F型肉毒诊断血清每1m l均能中和相应型的肉毒毒素10000LD50以上,而中和异型肉毒毒素或破伤风毒素均低于5 LD50;A、B、C、D、E、F各型混合后的混合型血清每1m l能中和各型肉毒毒素亦大于10000 LD50,中和破伤风毒素低于5 LD50,即效价和特异性符合规程要求。     

婴儿肉毒中毒

<正> 一、肉毒中毒一般概念[1-3]肉毒毒素是由肉毒梭菌产生的一种高分子蛋白的神经毒素,它能引起死亡率很高的人和易感动物的肉毒中毒,尽管根据抗原的不同已将肉毒毒素分为A、B、C_1、C_2、D、E、F和G8个型,但它们都有抑制周围胆硷能运动神经末梢释放乙酰胆硷,妨碍神经传导,引起肌肉松弛性麻痹的药理作用。它们的结构和分子量也是相似的。     

A型肉毒毒素轻链胞内持留模型的建立

[目的] 建立A型肉毒毒素轻链胞内持留模型来模拟A型肉毒毒素引起的长期中毒。[方法] 设计构建pcDNA3.1-ALC-GFP重组质粒,提取质粒进行PCR验证,并将其转染进Nureo-2a细胞中表达,利用Western Blot与细胞免疫荧光分析验证ALC-GFP的表达情况及其在细胞内的长时间持留,建立A型肉毒毒素轻链的胞内持留模型,并将该模型用于抗肉毒药物的筛选。[结果] 成功构建pcDNA3.1-ALC-GFP重组质粒并将其转染进Nureo-2a细胞中,验证了ALC-GFP在细胞内具有长时间持留性,成功建立了A型肉毒毒素轻链胞内持留模型,并利用该模型筛选出潜在抗肉毒药物CB3。[结论] 成功建立了A型肉毒毒素轻链胞内持留模型,并初步应用于CS1,CE2和CB3药物筛选,为A型肉毒毒素长期中毒的解毒研究奠定了基础。     

用酶联免疫吸附试验检测肉毒毒素

<正>近年来建立的酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)给肉毒毒素的快速检测增加了一项重要的手段。某些酶既可结合于抗原(如竞争性酶联免疫吸附试验中的毒素),也可结合于抗体(如爽心法酶联免疫吸附试验中的IgG)。考虑到肉毒毒素是一种强毒物质,故更多地用后一标记方法。藉此已对A、B、E、G型肉毒毒素及A、B、E三型混合毒素,C和D型的毒素有关抗原和毒性的关系,一些肉毒梭     

首次自肉毒中毒食品中分离的一株产生E型肉毒毒素的酪酸梭菌

对某卫生防疫站委托本研究室分离病原菌的一份引起肉毒中毒的食品一＂黄豆冬瓜酱＂进行检测和病原菌的分离,从中再次检出了Ｅ型肉毒毒素并分离到一产毒菌种,对该菌种的生物学及生化学特性进行检查,并检测其毒素基因（ＰＣＲ试验）。结果：该分离菌能产生Ｅ型肉毒毒素,ＰＣＲ检测结果也证明其具有Ｅ型肉毒神经毒素基因,但其多项生化特性与Ｅ型肉毒梭菌有明显差异,而与酪酸梭菌完全一致。结果说明该分离菌系产生Ｅ型肉毒毒素的酪酸梭菌,而非Ｅ型肉毒梭菌。由酪酸梭菌引起的食物中毒型肉毒中毒并从中毒食品中分离到该病原菌,这在国际上尚属首次报告。     

C型肉毒毒素与C型肉毒中毒

本文介绍了Ｃ型肉毒毒素的纯化、生物学特性,并从流行病学角度对动物Ｃ型肉毒中毒的发生、中毒机理及临床表现、诊断、治疗及预防等进行了概述。对近年来Ｃ型肉毒毒素在分子水平、作用机理等方面的研究进展做了简要介绍。     

肉毒神经毒素抑制剂的研究进展

肉毒神经毒素(botulinum neurotoxins,BoNTs)是由梭状芽孢杆菌属分泌的外毒素,是目前已知毒性最强的生物类毒素.BoNTs共分为7种血清型(A-G),其中A型导致的肉毒中毒最为常见.由于肉毒毒素的强毒性及易于制备,其已被列为A类生物恐怖制剂.目前,针对肉毒中毒的有效治疗手段为早期注射抗毒素血清.但...     

Study of the presence of the spores of Clostridium botulinum in honey in Brazil

The isolation of Clostridium botulinum from honey samples is described. Botulism is characterized as an intoxication provoked by ingestion of contaminated foods with this toxin. Infant botulism happens by the ingestion of spores of C. botulinum together with food that in special conditions of the intestinal tract, such as those present in babies of less than 1 year old, will allow the germination and colonization of the intestine with production and absorption of botulinic toxin. The samples were subjected to dilution and to a thermal shock and cultivated in modified CMM (Difco). Cultures were subjected to Gram smears and toxicity tests in mice. The toxic cultures were purified in RFCA (Oxoid) plates and incubated in anaerobic jars. Positive samples were typed using the mouse assay neutralization test. From the 85 honey samples analyzed, six were positive for C. botulinum (7.06%), and identified as producers of type A, B, and D toxins.     

The relation between toxicity and toxin-related-antigen contents of Clostridium botulinum types C and D cultures as determined by mouse bioassay and ELISA

ELISA was tested for the adequacy to differentiate between botulinum type C1 and D toxins. The results presented in this paper indicate antigenic relationship between type C1 and D toxins. Furthermore, indications were obtained that the antigenicities of type C1 and of D toxins produced by different strains are not identical. Although ELISA can be used to differentiate type C1 and D toxins from those of other types, the assay has only limited value to differentiate between type C1 and D toxins. No parallel relationship between toxicity (mouse bioassay) and toxin-related-antigen contents (ELISA) of C. botulinum type C and D cultures was found.     

Stabilities of Clostridium botulinum type B and C toxins in ruminal contents of cattle.

Purified L (large) toxins of Clostridium botulinum type B and C are more stable than M (medium) toxins in ruminal contents of cattle. That finding suggests that the stabilities of L toxins are in part responsible for the incidence of intoxication of cattle.     

Inhibitory effect of ganglioside GTlb on the activities of Clostridium botulinum toxins

Abstract Ganglioside G_Tlb inactivated botulinum toxins. The inactivation of type A, B, E and F toxins was marked but that of type C and D was less. Inactivation of type A toxin by ganglioside was significantly inhibited by one of two toxin fragments. The inactivation of botulinum toxin with ganglioside G_Tlb was affected by the ionic strength of the solvent. The findings indicate that ganglioside G_Tlb may not be implicated in the primary binding site for botulinum toxins on the synaptic membrane.     

C型肉毒梭菌毒素的稳定性研究

报道了保存肉毒毒素经常会遇到的某些因素对Ｃ型肉毒梭菌Ｃ６５１４培养滤液稳定性的影响观察结果。结果表明,提高环境温度及介质酸碱度、日光照射、激烈震荡都能使毒素的毒力下降。甘油或明胶磷酸盐缓冲剂对于保存Ｃ型肉毒毒素都是较好的活性稳定剂。含甘油或明胶磷酸盐缓冲剂的毒素在４℃下保存１２个月后,毒力的变动甚微。此二法都不需要特殊设备,材料易得,操作简便,比较实用。     

Multiplex PCR assay for detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in food and fecal material.

Botulism is diagnosed by detecting botulinum neurotoxin and Clostridium botulinum cells in the patient and in suspected food samples. In this study, a multiplex PCR assay for the detection of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, E, and F in food and fecal material was developed. The method employs four new primer pairs with equal melting temperatures, each being specific to botulinum neurotoxin gene type A, B, E, or F, and enables a simultaneous detection of the four serotypes. A total of 43 C. botulinum strains and 18 strains of other bacterial species were tested. DNA amplification fragments of 782 bp for C. botulinum type A alone, 205 bp for type B alone, 389 bp for type E alone, and 543 bp for type F alone were obtained. Other bacterial species, including C. sporogenes and the nontoxigenic nonproteolytic C. botulinum-like organisms, did not yield a PCR product. Sensitivity of the PCR for types A, E, and F was 10(2) cells and for type B was 10 cells per reaction mixture. With a two-step enrichment, the detection limit in food and fecal samples varied from 10(-2) spore/g for types A, B, and F to 10(-1) spore/g of sample material for type E. Of 72 natural food samples investigated, two were shown to contain C. botulinum type A, two contained type B, and one contained type E. The assay is sensitive and specific and provides a marked improvement in the PCR diagnostics of C. botulinum.     

Monoglucosylation of low-molecular-mass GTP-binding Rho proteins by clostridial cytotoxins

Rho proteins, which are involved in recepto-mediated regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, are substrates for ADP-ribosylation by Clostridium botulinum C3 toxins. Recently, it was shown that Rho and other members of the Rho subfamily of low-molecular-mass GTP-binding proteins are glucosylated by C. difficile toxins A and B. Glucosylation occurs at threonine-37, which is a crucial amino acid residue for the regulatory functions of the small GTP-binding proteins. These toxins should prove useful as tools for studying the functions of Rho proteins.     

Different types of ADP-ribose protein bonds formed by botulinum C2 toxin, botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 and pertussis toxin

We attempted to characterize ADP-ribose-amino acid bonds formed by various bacterial toxins. The ADP-ribose-arginine bond formed by botulinum C2 toxin in actin was cleaved with a half-life of about 2 h by treatment with hydroxylamine (0.5 M). In contrast, the ADP-ribose-cysteine bond formed by pertussis toxin in transducin and the ADP-ribose-amino acid linkage formed by botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 in platelet cytosolic proteins were not affected by hydroxylamine. HgCl2 cleaved the ADP-ribose-amino acid bond formed by pertussis toxin in transducin but not those formed by botulinum C2 toxin or botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 in actin and platelet cytosolic proteins, respectively. NaOH (0.5 M) cleaved the ADP-ribose-amino acid bonds formed by botulinum C2 toxin and pertussis toxin but not the one formed by botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3. The data indicate that the ADP-ribose bond formed by botulinum ADP-ribosyltransferase C3 differs from those formed by the known bacterial ADP-ribosylating toxins.     

Characterization of botulinum progenitor toxins by mass spectrometry

Botulinum toxin analysis has renewed importance. This study included the use of nanochromatography-nanoelectrospray-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry to characterize the protein composition of botulinum progenitor toxins and to assign botulinum progenitor toxins to their proper serotype and strain by using currently available sequence information. Clostridium botulinum progenitor toxins from strains Hall, Okra, Stockholm, MDPH, Alaska, and Langeland and 89 representing serotypes A through G, respectively, were reduced, alkylated, digested with trypsin, and identified by matching the processed product ion spectra of the tryptic peptides to proteins in accessible databases. All proteins known to be present in progenitor toxins from each serotype were identified. Additional proteins, including flagellins, ORF-X1, and neurotoxin binding protein, not previously reported to be associated with progenitor toxins, were present also in samples from several serotypes. Protein identification was used to assign toxins to a serotype and strain. Serotype assignments were accurate, and strain assignments were best when either sufficient nucleotide or amino acid sequence data were available. Minor difficulties were encountered using neurotoxin-associated protein identification for assigning serotype and strain. This study found that combined nanoscale chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques can characterize C. botulinum progenitor toxin protein composition and that serotype/strain assignments based upon these proteins can provide accurate serotype and, in most instances, strain assignments using currently available information. Assignment accuracy will continue to improve as more nucleotide/amino acid sequence information becomes available for different botulinum strains.