在变铅青链霉菌基因组中定域克隆外源DNA的置换性载体及通过反选择获得重组体的模式方法

ΦHAU3^R是变铅青链霉菌66中对噬菌体ΦHAU3显示抗性的基因,已从基因组中获得分离。将基因组中邻近于该基因两侧的一个3.5kb和另一个3.8kb的DNA片段分别以其在染色体上的天然取向插入到一个由pIJ101衍生的质粒pIJ653上,构建成pHZ806。然后在pHZ806上对应于pIJ101复制子的区域中插入一个spc/str抗性基因,同时在3.5kb和3.8kb片段之间插入一个潮霉素抗性基因(hyg),衍生出一个新质粒pHZ808。由于pHZ808中不具有完整的pIJ101复制功能区,所以它不能在链霉菌中复制。然而,在该质粒3.5kb和3.8kb片段之间插入的任何DNA片段,在导入到变铅青链霉菌中后都可借助于3.5kb和3.8kb两个片段与内源染色体的同源区域所发生的双交换而稳定地整入到内源染色体的特定区域(3.5kb和3.8kb片段之间),同时置换出染色体上的ΦHAU3-R基因。发生了这种基因置换的重组子菌株会对噬菌体ΦHAU3变得敏感,这种反选择方法可用来浓缩和初选携带定域插入片段的重组子。已利用潮霉素抗性基因(hyg)作为一个模式基因片段阐明了这种载体和这种在染色体上定域克隆外源基因片段的方法学和适用性。同时,用pHZ808作载体克隆另外的基因片段时还有另一个优越性：hyg可作为报告基因一同参与外源基因片段的定域整合,携带插入片段的重组子除了对噬菌体ΦHAU3显示敏感性以外,还对潮霉素显示抗性。     

扣囊拟内孢霉α-淀粉酶基因的克隆和在酿酒酵母中表达

以穿梭质粒pCN60为载体,大肠杆菌C600为受体构建了扣囊拟内孢霉(Endomycopsis fibuligera)G45 Sau 3A基因文库。从基因文库中提取重组质粒DNA并转化酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)BJ1991,选出四个具有o-淀粉酶活性的转化子,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果证实插入的DNA片段为9.0kb。对插入DNA片段亚克隆,确定。-淀粉酶基因位于PstI-Sall 3.9kb片段上,启动子位于PstI-EcoRI 的1.3kb片段上。用亚克隆PGK11.9kb片段置换。-淀粉酶启动子区,其转化子的e-淀粉酶活性有明显提高。     

硫霉素环化酶基因在变铅青链霉菌TK24中的表达及基因定位

将含有硫霉素环化酶基因的重组质粒p6BCl2转化变铅青链霉菌(Streptomyceslividans)TK24,含有p6BCl2的转化子细胞抽提液分别与琉霉素生物合成阻断变株Y,发酵液以及纯化的Y。中间产物经过体外共培养可产生活性物质．化学分析表明与Y,发酵液混合后产生的是硫霉素,与纯化的Y。中间产物混合产生的是一种不稳定的活性物质。说明硫霉素环化酶基因在S.lividans TK24中得到了表达,其产物以Y。中间产物为底物并弥补了Y,中的缺陷。对p6Bcl2中4．5kb外源片段进行了限制酶酶切分析,建立了酶切图谱．利用含硫霉素环化酶基因的S．Lividans TK24转化子体外转化Y,的应用体系,将硫霉素环化酶基因定位在0．9kb Hinc I—Pst I片段上,并证明了硫霉紊环化酶的活性与IPNS同源片段无关。以上实验为进一步研究琉霉素环化酶基因的结构打下了基础。     

苜蓿中华根瘤菌与耐盐有关DNA片段的亚克隆和测序分析

将苜蓿中华根瘤菌(Sinorhizobium meliloti)042B与耐盐有关的4kb ClaⅠ DNA片段克隆在pML122上,用HindⅢ酶切下其2.4kb DNA片段,回收后与pBBR1\|MCS2连接,然后转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)DH5α,筛选到转化子GS2〖DK〗。将残留在pML122上16kb ClaⅠ\|HindⅢ DNA片段连同质粒一起回收,让其自连,转化大肠杆菌S17-1,得到转化子GS0。以GS0为供体,042B的盐敏感突变株GZ17为受体,进行二亲本杂交,没有得到接合子。以GS2为供体,GZ17为受体,在辅助质粒pRK2013的协助下,进行三亲本杂交,筛选到接合子GG2,获得2.4kb HindⅢ与耐盐有关的DNA片段。将此片段连接到测序载体pGEM\|7Zf(+)上进行测序。测序结果表明,该24kb HindⅢ DNA片段含有3个开放阅读框(ORF)。在此基础上再一次亚克隆,获得19kb与耐盐有关的DNA片段。     

圈卷产色链霉菌尼可霉素生物合成基因——sanH和sanI的研究

通过反向遗传学方法克隆到圈卷产色链霉菌尼可霉素生物合成基因簇中约7.0kb的DNA片段。该片段除含有尼可霉素生物合成基因sanF外,对sanF上游约22kb的BglⅡDNA片段进行序列测定及分析表明,还含有两个完整的开放阅读框(ORF)。ORF1由1233个核苷酸组成,ORF2由195个核苷酸组成,它们分别编码由410个氨基酸残基和64个氨基酸残基组成的蛋白质,依次命名为sanH和sanI。蛋白序列数据库比较结果表明,SanH和SanI与浅灰链霉菌(\%Streptomyces griseolus)\%中共转录的细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450)和铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin)有较高的同源性,一致性分别为46%和56%,相似性分别为62%和70%。基因功能研究表明,sanH基因的破坏虽不影响圈卷产色链霉菌产生的尼可霉素的生物活性,但该基因可能参与了尼可霉素羟基化反应的生物合成。     

林可链霉菌中的同源重组

为研究链霉菌中的同源整合频率和机制 ,采用不能在链霉菌中复制的大肠杆菌质粒转化链霉菌StreptomyceslincolnensisB48。质粒pYYE0 4a1上携带的被硫链丝菌素抗性基因灭活的林可霉素生物合成基因与染色体DNA上的同源基因发生重组 ,经过低抗筛选 ,得到两个突变子S .lincolnensisYY1和S .lincolnensisYY2。进一步以硫链丝菌素抗性基因为探针杂交染色体DNASmaⅠ片段 ,S .lincolnensisYY1和S .lincolnensisYY2都得到 1 5kb的阳性条带 ;而以缺失的lacZ基因为探针杂交染色体DNAHindⅢ和SmaⅠ联合酶切片段 ,只有S .lincolnensisYY2得到 4 4kb的阳性条带。Southern杂交结果表明S .lincolnensisYY1是由同源交换或二次重组产生的 ,而S .lincolnensisYY2为同源整合的结果。为验证同源整合子上大肠杆菌复制子和氨苄抗性基因的存在 ,用SphⅠ酶切染色体DNA后连接 ,连接液转化E .coliJM83感受态细胞 ,在氨苄抗性板上得到 2个转化子 ,命名为pSLE1。对…     

嗜热硫杆菌启动子的克隆及定位

用DNA体外重组技术,将嗜热硫扦菌(Thiobacillus sp．)染色体DNA的Hind III片段插人启动子探测质粒pSDSI(Apr、Tc2)的Hind III位点,在四环素平板上获得一批转化子。四环素抗性能力测定表明,有12个转化子可以在含240／μg／ml四环素的平板上生长,有2个可以在360μg／ml的四环素平板上生长,对这二个抗性表达能力较高、分子量较小的质粒pSDH7和pSDH11作了限制性酶切图谱分析,并利用PstI位点,通过亚克隆将pSDH11插人片段上的启动子定位在0．25kb片段内。分子杂交实验证明克隆的启动子活性片段确实来源于嗜热硫杆菌染色体DNA。     

圈卷产色链霉菌尼可霉素生物合成基因sanK的克隆及功能研究

利用染色体步移策略,以尼可霉素生物合成相关的基因片段为探针,从圈卷产色链霉菌中克隆到了一个大约10kb的DNA片段。对其中1.8kb的PvuII-SacII片段进行了序列分析,结果表明：此片段中含有一个具有1170个核苷酸的完整开放阅读框,起始密码子为447位的ATG,终止密码子为1614位的TGA,推测其编码一个389个氨基酸的蛋白质产物。利用BLASTX程序进行的分析揭示,此基因编码一个肌氨酸单体氧化酶。基因功能研究结果表明,此基因与圈卷产色链霉菌尼可霉素生物合成直接相关,命名为sanK。     

伯克霍尔德氏菌（Burkholderia sp.）2-萘酸单加氧酶基因（nmo）的克隆及表达

通过酶切连接将Burkholderia sp. JT1500的一段DNA片段(4.8kb)亚克隆到表达载体pUC18上,得到重组子pEK123。测序后的pEK123重组子48kb插入片段的序列已经登陆欧洲EMBL基因库,序列接受号为AJ566333。对这一DNA片段的序列分析显示,此DNA片段含有3个阅读框,且在这3个阅读框5′端发现一启动子特异序列。再用酶切连接方法得到仅含一个阅读框的重组子pXK3,其阅读框长度为1158bp,编码386个氨基酸,与已报道的Ralstonia eutropha HF39羟化酶（单加氧酶,bec）氨基酸序列有64%的同源性。pEK123对2萘酸代谢途径中4个关键底物的转化实验结果显示,其基因产物仅对2萘酸发生加氧转化反应,而且2萘酸浓度有明显的降低,证实此基因是2萘酸单加氧酶基因（nmo）。同时发现其基因产物也可以转化苯甲酸钠。该酶对苯甲酸的加氧转化途径正在研究中。 SDSPAGE结果表明,pXK3、pEK123两重组子中2萘酸单加氧酶表达量并没明显区别,但加氧酶酶活却存在显著的差别。推测在启动子后,单加氧酶阅读框前的两个阅读框的基因产物,对单加氧酶活有促进作用。     

球孢链霉菌一种抗生素生物合成基因的核苷酸序列分析

C-1027是一种具有极强抗肿瘤活性的新型抗生素,由球孢链霉菌（Streptomycesglobisporus）产生。F2DNA片段含有一种编码C－1027生物合成的基因。以质粒pUC18为载体,对其进行了亚克隆,并对该片段进行了核苷酸序列分析,发现一编码122个氨基酸的开放阅读框架,经检索可能是一种新的序列。     

费氏中华根瘤菌与耐盐有关的DNA片段的亚克隆和测序

将费氏中华根瘤菌（Ｓｉｎｏｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍ ｆｒｅｄｉｉ）ＫＴ１９与耐盐有关的２３ｋｂ ＤＮＡ片段用ＢａｍＨⅠ酶切成大小不同的长度,分别与质粒ｐＭＬ１２２连接,然后转化大肠杆菌（Ｅｓｃｈｅｒｉｃｈｉａ ｃｏｌｉ）Ｓ１７－１,筛选出３个转化子。以这些转化子为供体,ＲＴ１９的盐敏感突变株ＲＣ３－３为受体,分别进行二亲本杂交,筛选到接合子ＢＲ２,得到４．４ｋｂ与耐盐有关的ＤＮＡ片段。根据其物理图谱,酶     

嗜麦芽假单胞菌酪氨酸酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达

酪氨酸酶基因（ｍｅｌ）编码的酪氨酸酶是合成黑色素的关键酶。用鸟枪法分离嗜麦芽假单胞菌的ｍｅｌ基因：以ｐＵＣ１８为载体,Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ ＨＢ１０１为受体菌,在加有一定量的Ａｍｐ和Ｌ－ｔｙｒ的酪素平板上筛选到分泌可溶性黑色素的转化子,所含重组质粒ｐＷＳＹ约７００ｂｐ的外源ＤＮＡ片段上携有ｍｅｌ基因,该片段无ＢａｍＨＩ、ＨｉｎｄＩＩＩ、ＥｃｏＲＩ、ＢｃｌＩ等酶的识别位点。Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ杂交证实此片段确实     

Cloning and expression of a Saccharomyces diastaticus glucoamylase gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

A recombinant plasmid pool of the Saccharomyces diastaticus genome was constructed in plasmid YEp13 and used to transform a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Six transformants were obtained which expressed amylolytic activity. The plasmids each contained a 3.9-kilobase (kb) BamHI fragment, and all of these fragments were cloned in the same orientations and had identical restriction maps, which differed from the map of the STA1 gene (I. Yamashita and S. Fukui, Agric. Biol. Chem. 47:2689-2692, 1983). The glucoamylase activity exhibited by all S. cerevisiae transformants was approximately 100 times less than that of the donor strain. An even lower level of activity was obtained when the recombinant plasmid was introduced into Schizosaccharomyces pombe. No expression was observed in Escherichia coli. The 3.9-kb BamHI fragment hybridized to two sequences (4.4 and 3.9 kb) in BamHI-digested S. diastaticus DNA, regardless of which DEX (STA) gene S. diastaticus contained, and one sequence (3.9 kb) in BamHI-digested S. cerevisiae DNA. Tetrad analysis of crosses involving untransformed S. cerevisiae and S. diastaticus indicated that the 4.4-kb homologous sequence cosegregated with the glucoamylase activity, whereas the 3.9-kb fragment was present in each of the meiotic products. Poly(A)+ RNA fractions from vegetative and sporulating diploid cultures of S. cerevisiae and S. diastaticus were probed with the 3.9-kb BamHI fragment. Two RNA species, measuring 2.1 and 1.5 kb, were found in both the vegetative and sporulating cultures of S. diastaticus, whereas one 1.5-kb species was present only in the RNA from sporulating cultures of S. cerevisiae.     

Beta-lactamase genes of Streptomyces badius, Streptomyces cacaoi and Streptomyces fradiae: cloning and expression in Streptomyces lividans

Genes encoding extracellular beta-lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) of Gram-positive Streptomyces badius, Streptomyces cacaoi and Streptomyces fradiae have been cloned into Streptomyces lividans. The beta-lactamase gene of S. badius was initially isolated on a 7 kb BamHI fragment and further located on a 1300 bp DNA segment. An 11 kb BamHI fragment was isolated encompassing the S. cacaoi beta-lactamase gene, which was subcloned to a 1250 bp DNA fragment. The beta-lactamase gene of S. fradiae was cloned on an 8 kb BamHI fragment and mapped to a 4 kb DNA segment. Each of the three BamHI fragments encompassing the beta-lactamase genes hybridized to a BamHI fragment of the corresponding size in chromosomal DNA from the respective strain used for cloning. The activities of the three beta-lactamases were predominantly found to be extracellular in the S. lividans recombinants. The S. badius and S. cacaoi beta-lactamases exhibited a 10-100-times lower activity in S. lividans, whereas the S. fradiae beta-lactamase showed an approximately 10-fold higher activity in the cloned state, compared with the activities found in the original strains.     

A reorganized Candida albicans DNA sequence promoting homologous non-integrative genetic transformation

In order to develop plasmids adequate for non-integrative genetic transformation of Candida albicans, a DNA fragment of 15.3 kb was cloned from this organism on the basis of its capacity to convert the integrative Saccharomyces cerevisiae vector YIp5 into a non-integrative one. Southern hybridization analysis, carried out with a labelled DNA probe of 3.6 kb derived from the cloned fragment, showed that it consisted of C. albicans DNA, the hybridization pattern indicating that the corresponding sequences were homologous to several chromosomal regions. The size of the C. albicans DNA promoting autonomous replication in S. cerevisiae was substantially reduced by subcloning. A 5.1 kb subfragment, defined by BamHI and SalI restriction sites, retained autonomous replication sequences (ARS) functional in the heterologous S. cerevisiae system and in C. albicans, when inserted in plasmid constructions that carried a S. cerevisiae trichodermin-resistance gene (tcm1) as selection marker. C. albicans transformants were both of the integrative and the non-integrative type and the plasmids recovered from the latter very often carried a reorganized ARS, indicating that recombination of the inserted ARS DNA had occurred in the homologous host. Successive reorganizations of the ARS insert in C. albicans eventually led to a more stable and much smaller fragment of 687 bp that was subsequently recovered unchanged from transformants. Sequence analysis of the 687 bp fragment revealed four 11-base blocks, rich in A+T, that carried the essential consensus sequence considered relevant for yeast ARS elements in addition to other features also described as characteristic of yeast replication origins.     

Cloning and expression of a lignin peroxidase gene from Streptomyces viridosporus in Streptomyces lividans.

A lignin peroxidase gene was cloned from Streptomyces viridosporus T7A into Streptomyces lividans TK64 in plasmid pIJ702. BglII-digested genomic DNA (4-10 kb) of S. viridosporus was shotgun-cloned into S. lividans after insertion into the melanin (mel+) gene of pIJ702. Transformants expressing pIJ702 with insert DNA were selected based upon the appearance of thiostrepton resistant (tsrr)/mel-colonies on regeneration medium. Lignin peroxidase-expressing clones were isolated from this population by screening of transformants on a tsr-poly B-411 dye agar medium. In the presence of H2O2 excreted by S. lividans, colonies of lignin peroxidase-expressing clones decolorized the dye. Among 1000 transformants screened, 2 dye-decolorizing clones were found. One, pIJ702/TK64.1 (TK64.1), was further characterized. TK64.1 expressed significant extracellular 2,4-dichlorophenol (2.4-DCP) peroxidase activity (= assay for S. viridosporus lignin peroxidase). Under the cultural conditions employed, plasmidless S. lividans TK64 had a low background level of 2.4-DCP oxidizing activity. TK64.1 excreted an extracellular peroxidase not observed in S. lividans TK64, but similar to S. viridosporus lignin peroxidase ALip-P3, as shown by activity stain assays on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. The gene was located on a 4 kb fragment of S. viridosporus genomic DNA. When peroxidase-encoding plasmid, pIJ702.LP, was purified and used to transform three different S. lividans strains (TK64, TK23, TK24), all transformants tested decolorized poly B-411. When grown on lignocellulose in solid state processes, genetically engineered S. lividans TK64.1 degraded the lignocellulose slightly better than did S. lividans TK64. This is the first report of the cloning of a bacterial gene coding for a lignin-degrading enzyme.     

Cloning and heterologous expression of the entire set of structural genes for nikkomycin synthesis from Streptomyces tendae Tü901 in Streptomyces lividans.

A genomic library from Streptomyces tendae raised in shuttle cosmid vector pKC505 was screened with a previously isolated 8-kb DNA fragment containing the orfP1 gene, which is involved in nikkomycin biosynthesis. The entire set of structural genes for nikkomycin synthesis was heterologously expressed in S. lividans TK23 by introducing recombinant cosmids p24/32 and p9/43-2, carrying inserts of about 31 and 27 kb, respectively, overlapping by 15 kb. S. lividans transformants synthesized nikkomycins X, Z, I, and J, which were identified by high-pressure liquid chromatography analyses of culture filtrates.     

Cloning of clusters of erythromycin biosynthesis genes of Streptomyces erythraeus (Saccharopolyspora erythraea)

The erythromycin resistance gene (ermE) and part of erythromycin biosynthesis genes located in the same cluster with the ermE gene were cloned from S. erythraeus 3 subjected to improvement with respect to erythromycin production. For isolating the erythromycin biosynthesis genes, the plasmid vector pUC18 and the phage vector lambda EMBL3 were used. The ermE gene DNA was used as a labeled probe for analysis of the recombinant plasmids and phages. The recombinant phages lambda ermE1 and ermE4 containing fragments of the chromosomal DNA collinear to the genome DNA of S. erythraeus 3 were analyzed. The size of the cloned fragment of the chromosomal DNA of S. erythraeus 3 was about 20 kb. Subcloning with the vector pUS18 resulted in isolation of plasmids pSU235-pSU244 containing BamHI fragments of chromosomal DNA from S. erythraeus 3. The restriction map of the chromosomal region of S. erythraeus 3 containing the ermE gene was constructed. The cloned genes of erythromycin biosynthesis are useful in the study of their structure and functions, construction of integrative vectors, improvement of cultures producing macrolide antibiotics and isolation of genes responsible for biosynthesis of other polyketide antibiotics.