真菌对土壤N2O释放的贡献及其研究方法

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,而土壤作为N₂O的重要来源之一,其N₂O主要产生于硝化和反硝化作用的生物过程.研究表明细菌和古菌是这些生物过程的主要参与者,然而在特定土壤生态系统中,真菌在N循环过程中起主要作用.但真菌对土壤N₂O释放贡献的研究报道甚少.本文阐述了土壤真菌N₂O产生机制的研究进展,介绍了自养硝化、异养硝化和反硝化过程的发生机理、关键微生物和功能基因.详细介绍了与真菌有关的N₂O产生过程,真菌的异养硝化作用和反硝化作用,并且比较了真菌和细菌反硝化系统的差异.此外,本文重点总结了研究土壤真菌N₂O产生的主要方法,包括选择抑制剂法、^15N标记、分离和纯培养以及免培养的分子生态学方法,对各种方法的优势和弊端进行了探讨,并对今后的研究工作提出了展望.     

土壤中反硝化酶活性变化与N2O排放的关系

研究施肥条件下,土壤反硝化酶活性硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性及羟胺还原酶(HyR)活性在玉米生长季节中的变化及其与土壤含水量、硝态氮含量、N₂O排放之间的关系。结果表明,3种还原酶都有明显的季节变化规律并受土壤水分含量及施肥的影响。通过研究3种反硝化酶活性与土壤含水量及N₂O排放量之间的关系后指出,反硝化酶活性变化可作为一个区分旱田N₂O产生途径的指标.     

土壤中反硝化酶活性变化与N2O排放的关系

研究施肥条件下,土壤反硝化酶活性硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性及羟胺还原酶(HyR)活性在玉米生长季节中的变化及其与土壤含水量、硝态氮含量、N₂O排放之间的关系。结果表明,3种还原酶都有明显的季节变化规律并受土壤水分含量及施肥的影响。通过研究3种反硝化酶活性与土壤含水量及N₂O排放量之间的关系后指出,反硝化酶活性变化可作为一个区分旱田N₂O产生途径的指标.     

土壤水分对土壤产生气态氮的厌氧微生物过程的影响

气态氮[一氧化氮(NO)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)和氮气(N₂)]的释放是土壤氮损失的一种重要途径。硝化和反硝化作用是土壤气态氮损失的主要微生物过程,但是异养硝化作用、共反硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化过程对土壤气态氮损失的贡献尚不清楚。本研究利用¹⁵N标记和配对法,结合硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD),通过土壤培养试验来量化厌氧条件下各种微生物过程对NO、N₂O和N₂产生的贡献。结果表明: 在厌氧条件下培养24 h后,土壤孔隙含水率为65%时,3种气体总的¹⁵N回收率最高,占加入¹⁵N总量的20.0%。反硝化过程对NO、N₂O和N₂产生的贡献率分别为49.9%～94.1%、29.0%～84.7%和58.2%～85.8%,是产生3种气体的主要过程。异养硝化过程也是产生NO和N₂O的重要过程,特别是在土壤孔隙含水率很低时(10%)对两种气体产生的贡献率分别为50.1%和42.8%。,共反硝化过程对N₂O产生的贡献率为10.6%～30.7%,共反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程对N₂产生的总贡献率为14.2%～41.8%,表明共反硝化过程在N₂O和N₂产生中的作用不可忽视。¹⁵N标记和配对法是区分气态氮损失的各种微生物过程的有效手段。     

温带草甸草原土壤N2O产生过程研究

以大量的室内模拟培养实验,以内蒙古温带草甸草原土壤为研究对象,利用AIM乙炔抑制法,模拟野外条件对原样土壤样品进行N₂O产生过程进行研究。实验结果表明:内蒙古温带草甸草原土壤N₂O产生过程以硝化作用为主。其中异养硝化作用起主导作用,自养硝化潜势和反硝化潜势在草原植物不同生长季节变化不同,总体上异养硝化潜势>自养硝化潜势>反硝化潜势。由于自养硝化作用在不同季节的发生,使得草甸草原土壤N₂O的产生潜势也高、低起伏变化。从而揭示了内蒙古温带草原土壤以异养硝化作用过程为主产生N₂O和N₂O排放通量较低的微生物学机理。     

不同灌溉量对华北平原菜地N2O排放及其来源的影响

以华北平原菜地为研究对象,通过控制灌溉量设置不同的土壤水分对照,利用稳定同位素¹⁵N自然丰度法,结合传统的乙炔抑制试验,对不同土壤水分条件下的N₂O排放、N₂O同位素特征值以及同位素异位体位嗜值(SP值)变化规律进行分析,以阐明不同水分条件下N₂O的排放规律及其来源.结果表明:水分条件显著影响N₂O排放,相比于50%土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS),70%WFPS的水分条件下N₂O的排放较高.N₂O的排放集中在施肥前期,在施肥中后期迅速减弱.50%WFPS条件下,N₂O的排放最初以硝化作用为主,占比约为90%,随后硝化作用迅速下降,反硝化变成主导作用,施肥7 d后即达到80%以上;而70%WFPS条件下初期则以反硝化为主,占比约为70%,随后下降至40%左右,施肥10 d后逐渐升高至80%.整体上,N₂O的排放主要以反硝化作用为主,不同水分处理对土壤硝化、反硝化作用的影响主要体现在施肥前期,后期均以反硝化为主.综上,建议华北地区的菜地生产应适当降低灌溉量,以减少N₂O排放.     

不同灌溉量对华北平原菜地N2O排放及其来源的影响

以华北平原菜地为研究对象,通过控制灌溉量设置不同的土壤水分对照,利用稳定同位素¹⁵N自然丰度法,结合传统的乙炔抑制试验,对不同土壤水分条件下的N₂O排放、N₂O同位素特征值以及同位素异位体位嗜值(SP值)变化规律进行分析,以阐明不同水分条件下N₂O的排放规律及其来源.结果表明:水分条件显著影响N₂O排放,相比于50%土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS),70%WFPS的水分条件下N₂O的排放较高.N₂O的排放集中在施肥前期,在施肥中后期迅速减弱.50%WFPS条件下,N₂O的排放最初以硝化作用为主,占比约为90%,随后硝化作用迅速下降,反硝化变成主导作用,施肥7 d后即达到80%以上;而70%WFPS条件下初期则以反硝化为主,占比约为70%,随后下降至40%左右,施肥10 d后逐渐升高至80%.整体上,N₂O的排放主要以反硝化作用为主,不同水分处理对土壤硝化、反硝化作用的影响主要体现在施肥前期,后期均以反硝化为主.综上,建议华北地区的菜地生产应适当降低灌溉量,以减少N₂O排放.     

基于BP神经网络模型的全球森林土壤异养硝化过程N2O排放通量估算

N₂O作为重要的温室气体之一,对地球和人类都有很大的影响。为了深入探究对有机氮异养硝化作用及其产生N₂O过程的影响机制,完善全球N₂O通量估算模型,本研究采用Pearson相关性分析与广义可加模型(GAM)对全球135个样点有机氮异养硝化速率及其产生N₂O速率的影响因子进行分析,然后将主要影响因子作为BP神经网络的输入层来模拟全球森林土壤有机氮异养硝化速率及其产生N₂O速率的空间分布。结果显示,土壤pH和土壤C/N是影响有机氮异养硝化速率的主要因素,土壤C/N、土壤孔隙含水量(WFPS)以及土壤温度是影响有机氮异养硝化产生N₂O速率的主要因素。全球森林土壤异养硝化速率平均为0.4241(0.0014～0.689)μg N·g^-1·d^-1,异养硝化产生N₂O速率平均为0.2936(0.21～1.103)μg N₂O·kg^-1·d^-1     

增温和隔离降雨对亚热带森林土壤N2O通量的影响

设置对照(CT)、增温5 ℃(W)、隔离50%降雨(P)和增温5 ℃+隔离50%降雨(WP)4种处理,以相关功能基因作为标志物,研究增温和隔离降雨影响亚热带森林生态系统土壤N₂O通量变化的途径.结果表明: 隔离降雨显著降低了土壤铵态氮浓度;增温显著降低了土壤N₂O通量和土壤反硝化势.增温处理(W)和降雨处理(P)的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)均显著低于对照(CT),AOA amoA基因丰度与MBN和铵态氮含量之间呈显著负相关,但与土壤硝化势和土壤N₂O通量没有显著相关性.路径分析显示,反硝化势直接显著影响土壤N₂O通量,而微生物生物量磷(MBP)和增温则通过直接影响反硝化势来间接影响土壤N₂O通量.温度可能是影响亚热带森林土壤N₂O通量的主要驱动因素,全球变暖可能会减少亚热带森林土壤的N₂O排放.     

增温和隔离降雨对亚热带森林土壤N2O通量的影响

设置对照(CT)、增温5 ℃(W)、隔离50%降雨(P)和增温5 ℃+隔离50%降雨(WP)4种处理,以相关功能基因作为标志物,研究增温和隔离降雨影响亚热带森林生态系统土壤N₂O通量变化的途径.结果表明: 隔离降雨显著降低了土壤铵态氮浓度;增温显著降低了土壤N₂O通量和土壤反硝化势.增温处理(W)和降雨处理(P)的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)均显著低于对照(CT),AOA amoA基因丰度与MBN和铵态氮含量之间呈显著负相关,但与土壤硝化势和土壤N₂O通量没有显著相关性.路径分析显示,反硝化势直接显著影响土壤N₂O通量,而微生物生物量磷(MBP)和增温则通过直接影响反硝化势来间接影响土壤N₂O通量.温度可能是影响亚热带森林土壤N₂O通量的主要驱动因素,全球变暖可能会减少亚热带森林土壤的N₂O排放.     

生态系统管理的基本问题

生态系统管理的基本问题赵士洞汪业勖（中国科学院国家计划委员会自然资源综合考察委员会,北京１００１０１）ＳｕｍｍａｒｙｏｎＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＭａｎａｇｅｍｅｎｔ．ＺｈａｏＳｉｄｏｎｇ,ＷａｎｇＹｅｘｕ（ＣｏｍｍｉｓｉｏｎｆｏｒＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄＳｕｒ...     

The dark side of the “redundancy hypothesis” and ecosystem assessment

Intricacy of biotic interactions (predator-prey relationship, strength of food web links and other type of intra- and inter-specific relationships), as well as shifts in species functions in ecosystems, could affect the accuracy of predictions derived from the theory of redundancy of species, when applied to ecosystems assessment.This opinion paper is based on three main considerations: 1) some fundamental differences between ecological and engineering definition of “redundancy”, underlying the main concerns related to the use frameworks derived from economical or engineering disciplines, as the ecosystems services paradigm; 2) presence of empirical obstacles to establish whether two different species are fully or partially redundant. When species redundancy in a particular community is estimated using a matrix with species-specific functional traits, often forgetting potential biotic interactions not directly related to the trophic chains or neglecting the variability in strengths of the links connecting these species; and 3) recent evidence offered by studies that shed doubts on the validity of the ecological redundancy hypothesis.Finally, we claim that more attention must to be paid to intrinsic ecological aspects of ecosystem components (per se values rather than derived values), and a precautionary principle is necessary for decisions related to the assessment of ecosystems.     

Preliminary investigation on the changes in trophic structure and energy flow in the Yangtze estuary and adjacent coastal ecosystem due to the Three Gorges Reservoir

Water projects in the Yangtze River basin, especially the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), have strongly affected the biological and ecological integrity of the Yangtze estuary and adjacent coastal ecosystems. The Ecopath with Ecosim model was applied to study trophic structure and energy flow after the impoundment of TGR based on field surveys in 2006. The model results showed that the trophic levels ranged from 1.000 to 4.058; and 44% of the energy flows originated from the detritus food chain, while 56% originated from the grazing food chain in the trophic transfer process; the transfer efficiency of the ecosystem was 10.0%, and TPP/TR (Total Primary Production/Total Respiration) was 1.899. Compared with model results in 2000 (before impoundment of TGR), the trophic structure of the ecosystem did not exhibit substantial changes; however, the mean trophic level and catch amount decreased remarkably after impoundment. The estuary and adjacent coastal ecosystems were found to be more sensitive to external perturbations after impoundment.     

Invasive macrophyte effects on littoral trophic structure and carbon sources

Limited data from terrestrial ecosystems suggest that invasive species can affect energy flow and nutrient cycling in invaded systems. This is likely also true for aquatic ecosystems, yet little information is available on food web effects of invasive macrophytes. This study examined the effects of dominant invasive Eurasian watermilfoil on lake trophic structure and energy flow. Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen were used to compare trophic structure in invaded and uninvaded lakes and macrophyte stands. Contribution of native and invasive macrophytes, their epiphyton and detritus to the upper trophic level of lacustrine food webs was partitioned using mixing models. Carbon isotope values of macroinvertebrate consumers were similar to macrophyte-associated production in stands from which they were collected. However, contribution of Eurasian watermilfoil and its epiphyton to higher trophic level was negligible, and littoral fish derived most of their energy from sources associated with native macrophytes, despite their lower abundance. This means that littoral fish may depend on the remaining patches of native macrophytes in lakes invaded by non-native plants. Considering previous findings, these results show that the assessment of ecosystem-level processes is needed to understand the entire range of impacts of invasive species.     

生态系统中流动路径多样性的测度

路径作为生态网络组成的一个基本单元,是生态系统中物质、能量流动的通道。生态系统的结构和功能是通过生态系统中不同路径上能量和物质的流动来实现的。路径多样性是反映生态系统营养结构多样性的一个重要侧面。本文在定义基路径和等价基路径的基础上,给出了生态系统中流动路径多样性的测度     

Large‐sized rare tree species contribute disproportionately to functional diversity in resource acquisition in African tropical forest

Increasing evidence is available for a positive effect of biodiversity on ecosystem productivity and standing biomass, also in highly diverse systems as tropical forests. Biodiversity conservation could therefore be a critical aspect of climate mitigation policies. There is, however, limited understanding of the role of individual species for this relationship, which could aid in focusing conservation efforts and forest management planning. This study characterizes the functional specialization and redundancy for 95% of all tree species (basal area weighted percentage) in a diverse tropical forest in the central Congo Basin and relates this to species' abundance, contribution to aboveground carbon, and maximum size. Functional characterization is based on a set of traits related to resource acquisition (wood density, specific leaf area, leaf carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus content, and leaf stable carbon isotope composition). We show that within both mixed and monodominant tropical forest ecosystems, the highest functional specialization and lowest functional redundancy are solely found in rare tree species and significantly more in rare species holding large‐sized individuals. Rare species cover the entire range of low and high functional redundancy, contributing both unique and redundant functions. Loss of species supporting functional redundancy could be buffered by other species in the community, including more abundant species. This is not the case for species supporting high functional specialization and low functional redundancy, which would need specific conservation attention. In terms of tropical forest management planning, we argue that specific conservation of large‐sized trees is imperative for long‐term maintenance of ecosystem functioning.     

Climate effects on fish body size–trophic position relationship depend on ecosystem type

The energetic demand of consumers increases with body size and temperature. This implies that energetic constraints may limit the trophic position of larger consumers, which is expected to be lower in tropical than in temperate regions to compensate for energy limitation. Using a global dataset of 3635 marine and freshwater ray‐finned fish species, we addressed if and how climate affects the fish body size–trophic position relationship in both freshwater and marine ecosystems, while controlling for the effects of taxonomic affiliation. We observed significant fish body size–trophic position relationships for different ecosystems. However, only in freshwater systems larger tropical fish presented a significantly lower trophic position than their temperate counterparts. Climate did not affect the fish body size–trophic position relationship in marine systems. Our results suggest that larger tropical freshwater fish may compensate for higher energetic constraints feeding at lower trophic positions, compared to their temperate counterparts of similar body size. The lower latitudinal temperature range in marine ecosystems and/or their larger ecosystem size may attenuate and/or compensate for the energy limitation of larger marine fish. Based on our results, temperature may determine macroecological patterns of aquatic food webs, but its effect is contingent on ecosystem type. We suggest that freshwater ecosystems may be more sensitive to warming‐induced alterations in food web topology and food chain length than marine ecosystems.     

Biomass flow and structure of a tropical upwelling ecosystem in La Guajira, Colombian Caribbean

La Guajira is an exploited tropical upwelling ecosystem in the Colombian Caribbean coast. A trophic model of 27 functional groups was constructed using the ECOPATH 5.0 Beta software to integrate the available information on the ecosystem. The model allowed a comparison with other trophic flow models of upwelling ecosystems. Total system biomass (68 t/km2/year), net system production (1,248.5 t/km2/year), and total system throughput (3,275 t/km2/year) make La Guajira moderate when compared with other systems. The largest amount of energy throughput is achieved from trophic level I to II (68.93 %), although an important proportion of the total flow originates from detritus (32 %). The production/respiration ratio exceeds 1, suggesting that La Guajira is an immature ecosystem and is in development, as determined by its low ascendency (33.7 %) and high development capacity (66.3 %), similar to other upwellings that have values of ascendency between 20 % and 35 %. Although the basic input data were good and covered 1995 to 2000, appropriate information is still not available on some trophic groups such as biomass (for phytoplankton, invertebrates, catfishes and pelagic predator fishes), secondary production data (invertebrates, pelagic predator fishes, and small pelagic fishes), and seabird and mammal populations, which are top trophic levels and an essential part of upwelling ecosystems.