异细胞质信息八倍体小偃麦（Trititrigia 8x）的选育及其性状与细胞遗传

本实验用普通小麦“中国春”和八种异细胞质“中国春”（Ａｅｇｉｌｏｐｓ ｖａｖｉｌｏｖｉｉ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｊｕｖｅｎａｌｉｓ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｃｒａｓｓａ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｃｏｍｏｓａ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｕｎｉａｒｉｓｔａｔａ）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ．Ｍ．）ＣＳ,（Ａｅ．ｋｏｔｓｃｈｙｉ）ＣＳ．（Ｔ．ｔｉｍｏｐｈｅｅｖｉ）ＣＳ分别与八倍体小偃麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｔｒｉｇｉａ ８ｘ）“远中２”、“远中４     

湖南小毛瓢虫属三新记述：鞘翅目：瓢虫科

本文记述小毛瓢虫属ＳｃｙｍｎｕｓＫｕｇｅｌａｎｎ小瓢虫亚属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）Ｍｕｌｓａｎｔ三新种：枝角小瓢虫Ｓｓｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｃｌａｄｏｃｅｒｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,鞭丝小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｍａｓｔｉｇｏｉｄｅｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,肾斑小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｎｅｐｈｒｏｓｐｉｕｌｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

湖南小毛瓢虫属三新种记述(鞘翅目:瓢虫科)

本文记述小毛瓢虫属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ　Ｋｕｇｅｌａｎｎ小瓢虫亚属Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）Ｍｕｌｓａｎｔ三新种：枝角小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｃｌａｄｏｃｅｒｕｓｓｐ．ｎｏｖ,鞭丝小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｍａｓｔｉｇｏｉｄｅｓ　ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,肾斑小瓢虫Ｓｃｙｍｎｕｓ（Ｐｕｌｌｕｓ）ｎｅｐｈｒｏｓｐｉｌｕｓ　ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。     

新疆蚋属一新种（双翅目：蚋科）

本文记述新疆塔城地区蚋属Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ特蚋亚属Ｔｅｔｉｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ－新种,塔城特蚋Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ（Ｔｅｔｉｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ）ｔａｃｈｅｎｇｅｎｓｅｓｐ．ｎｏｖ。该种与Ｓ．（Ｔ．）ａｌａｊｅｎｓｅＳ．（Ｔ．）ａｌａｊｅｎｓｅｈｉｅｍａｌｉｓ,Ｓ．（Ｔ．）ｋｏｚｌｏｖｉ和Ｓ．（Ｔ．）ｃｏａｒｃｌａｔａｍ蚋种相似．     

海南岛蚋科昆虫的初步调查

１９９３年３—７月,在海南岛三亚、尖峰岭和通什地区进行了蚋科昆虫的调查。经鉴定为黄足真蚋Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ（Ｅｕｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ）ａｕｒｅｏｈｉｒｔｕｍＢｒｕｎｅｔｔｉ,１９１１、查头真蚋Ｓ．（Ｅ．）ｃｈｉｔｏｅｎｓｅＴａｋａｏｋａ,１９７９、节蚋Ｓ．（Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ）ｎｏｄｏｓｕｍＰｕｒｉ,１９１１、五条蚋Ｓ．（Ｓ．）ｑｕｉｎｑｕｅｓｔｒｉａｔｕｍ（Ｓｈｉｒａｋｉ）,１９３５、亮胸蚋Ｓ．（Ｓ．）ｎｉｔｉｄｉｔｈｏｒａｘＰｕｒｉ,１９３２、海南绳蚋Ｓ．（Ｇｏｍｐｈｏｓｔｉｌｂｉａ）ｈｉａｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓｌｏｎｇｅｔＡｎ,１９９４、尖峰绳蚋Ｓ．（Ｇ．）ＪｉａｎｆｅｎｇｅｎｓｉｓＡｎｅｔＬｏｎｇ,１９９４、后宽绳蚋Ｓ．（Ｇ．）ｍｅｔａｔａｒｓａｌｅＢｒｕｎｅｔｔｉ,１９１１、怕头绳蚋Ｓ．（Ｇ．）ｐａｔｔｏｎｉＳｅｎｉｏｒｙｉ－Ｗｈｉｔｅ,１９９２（中国新纪录）和Ｓ．（Ｓ．）ｓｐ,共１属３亚属１０种蚋。其中黄足真蚋、五条蚋和节蚋为常见蚋种。     

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究

洞庭湖滩血吸虫易感地带保水生态灭螺的试验研究张元培,朱南屏（湖南省水产科学研究所沅江４１３１００）（湖南省华容县血防站４１４２００）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥＩｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ｂｙＲｃｔａｉｎｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒｉｎＢｌｏｏｄＦｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）Ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉ－ｂｌｅＲｅｇｉｏｎｓＡｒｏｕｎｄＤｏｎｇｔｉｎｇＬａｋｅ￥．ＺｈａｎｇＹｕａｎｐｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｉｓｈｅｒｉｅｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｆＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,Ｙｕａｎｊｉａｎｇ４１３１００）,ＺｈｕＮａｎｂｉｎｇ（ＳｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆＳｎａｉｌＦｅｖｅｒＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＨｕａｒｏｎｇＣｏｕｎｔｙ,ＨｕｎａｎＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ,４１４２００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（３）：２３－２５．Ｉｎｂｌｏｏｄｆｌｕｋｅ（Ｓｃｈｉｓｔｏｓｏｍａ）ｓｕｓｃｅｐｔｉｂｌｅｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｌａｋｅｂｅａｃｈ,ｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｉｎｕｎｄａｔｅｄｅｌｉｍｉ－ｎａｔｉｎｇｓｎａｉｌ（Ｏｎｃｏｍｅｌａｎｉａ）ａｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔｂｙｂｕｉｌ     

赖草属5个种的核型与进化

报道了国产赖草属５个种的核型,即大赖草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２４ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）;粗穗赖草２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）;若羌赖草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２０ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋６ｓｍ＋２ｓｔ（２ＳＡＴ）;羊草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（４ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｍ＋４ｓｔ（４ＳＡＴ）;窄颖赖草,２ｎ＝４ｘ＝２８＝２２ｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋４ｓｍ（２ＳＡＴ）＋２ｓｔ（２Ｓ     

新疆蚋属一新种：（双翅目：蚋科）

本文记述新疆塔地区蚋属Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ特蚋亚属Ｔｅｔｉｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ一新种,塔城特蚋Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ（Ｔｅｔｉｓｉｍｕｌｉｕｍ）ｔａｃｈｅｎｇｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。该种与Ｓ．（Ｔ．）ａｌａｊｅｎｓｅ ｈｉｅｍａｌｉｓ,Ｓ．（Ｔ．）ｋｏｚｌｏｖｉ和Ｓ．（Ｔ．）ｃｏａｒｃｌａｔｕｍ蚋种相似。     

农业系统生产力（ASP）的量化及其现状分析

农业系统生产力（ＡＳＰ）的量化及其现状分析卢进登,韩纯儒（北京农业大学农学系,１０００９４）ＱｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｇｒｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙ（ＡＳＰ）ａｎｄＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｉｔｓＣｕｒｒｅｎｔＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｂｉｎａ￥．ＬｕＪｉｎ－ｄｅｎｇ;ＨａｎＣｈｕｎｒｕ（ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｆＢｅｉｊｉｎｇ１０００９４）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（２）：２１－２２．ＢａｓｅｄｏｎａｂｒｉｅｆａｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＡＳＰ,ｉｔｓｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｉｓｄｅｓｃｒｉｂｅｄａｎｄａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｉｎｄｉ－ｃａｔｏｒｆｏｒｉｔｓｑｕａｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ—ＡＳＰ２ｉｓｐｕｔｆｏｒｗａｒｄｓ．Ｆｒｏｍｔｈｏｓｅ,ｔｈｅＡＳＰｌｅｖｅｌｓｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆＣｈｉｎａａｒｅａｎａｌｙｚｅｄａｎｄ８ｌｅｖｅｌｓａｒｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｂｙｕｓｉｎｇ．Ｈｉｅｒａｒｃｈｉｃｃｌｕｓｔｅｒｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄ．Ｉｔ’ｓ：ｃｌａｒｉｆｉｅｄｔｈａｔＡＳ－ＰＩｉｓａｍｏｒｅ     

柞蚕林生物生产力和干物质转化研究

柞蚕林生物生产力和干物质转化研究温达志,杨思河（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）姜波（辽宁省蚕业科学研究所,凤城１１８１０１）ＢｉｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄＤｒｙＭａｔｔｅｒＴｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｆＴｕｓｓａｈ－ＦｅｅｄｉｎｇＯａｋＦｏｒｅｓｔ￥ＷｅｎＤａｚｈｉ（ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＩｎｓｔｉ－ｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｇｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０６５０）,ＹａｎｇＳｉｈｅ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａ－ｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＪｉａｎｇＢｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＳｅｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ,Ｆｅｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ,ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ１１３１００）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（１）：５－１０．ＴｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｓｔｕｄｙｄｅａｌｓｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｂｉｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｄｒｙｍａｔｔｅｒｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｏｆＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＴｕｓｓａｈ－ｆｅｅｄｉｎｇｏａｋｆｏｒｅｓｔｉｎｈｉｌｌｙａｒｅａｏｆｅ     

土壤含水量与N2O产生途径研究

土壤含水量变化对N₂O产生和排放影响的研究表明,不同含水量情况下,N₂O排放也不相同。特别是用乙炔抑制技术证明了在播种前后,气候干燥而土壤含水量较低的情况下,N₂O产生主要来自于硝化过程;降雨后,土壤含水量较高时,N₂O主要是通过反硝化过程产生;而在农田中等含水量情况下,土壤微生物的硝化和反硝化作用产生的N₂O大约各占一半。指出旱作农田N₂O产生途径主要取决于土壤水分的控制和调节。     

Species loss and the structure and functioning of multitrophic aquatic systems

Experiments and theory in single trophic level systems dominate biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research and recent debates. All natural ecosystems contain communities with multiple trophic levels, however, and this can have important effects on ecosystem structure and functioning. Furthermore, many experiments compare assembled communities, rather than examining loss of species directly. We identify three questions around which to organise an investigation of how species loss affects the structure and functioning of multitrophic systems. 1) What is the distribution of species richness among trophic levels; 2) from which trophic levels are species most often lost; and 3) does loss of species from different trophic levels influence ecosystem functioning differently? Our analyses show that: 1) Relatively few high‐quality data are available concerning the distribution of species richness among trophic levels. A new data‐set provides evidence of a decrease in species richness as trophic height increases. 2) Multiple lines of evidence indicate that species are lost from higher trophic levels more frequently than lower trophic levels. 3) A theoretical model suggests that both the structure of food webs (occurrence of omnivory and the distribution of species richness among trophic levels) and the trophic level from which species are lost determines the impact of species loss on ecosystem functioning, which can even vary in the sign of the effect. These results indicate that, at least for aquatic systems, models of single trophic level ecosystems are insufficient for understanding the functional consequences of extinctions. Knowledge is required of food web structure, which species are likely to be lost, and also whether cascading extinctions will occur.     

Trophic levels of fish species of commercial importance in the Colombian Caribbean

Ecological studies on commercial important fish species are of great value to support resource management issues. This study calculated trophic levels of those Colombian Caribbean fish species whose diet has been locally described. Usable diet data of 119 species resulted in 164 trophic level estimates. An ordinary regression model relating trophic level and fish size was formulated. The regression slope was positive and significantly different from zero (p < 0.05) suggesting a scaling of trophic level with fish size. Both the list of trophic levels and the regression model should be of help in the formulation of trophic indicators and models of neotropical ecosystems.     

Comparison of size-structured and species-level trophic networks reveals antagonistic effects of temperature on vertical trophic diversity at the population and species level

It is predicted that warmer conditions should lead to a loss of trophic levels, as larger bodied consumers, which occupy higher trophic levels, experience higher metabolic costs at high temperature. Yet, it is unclear whether this prediction is consistent with the effect of warming on the trophic structure of natural systems. Furthermore, effects of temperature at the species level, which arise through a change in species composition, may differ from those at the population level, which arise through a change in population structure. We investigate this by building species-level trophic networks, and size-structured trophic networks, as a proxy for population structure, for 18 648 stream fish communities, from 4 145 234 individual fish samples, across 7024 stream locations in France from 1980 to 2008. We estimated effects of temperature on total trophic diversity (total number of nodes), vertical trophic diversity (mean and maximum trophic level) and distribution of biomass across trophic level (correlation between trophic level and biomass) in these networks. We found a positive effect of temperature on total trophic diversity in both species- and size-structured trophic networks. We found that maximum trophic level and biomass distribution decreased in species-level and size-structured trophic networks, but the mean trophic level decreased only in size-structured trophic networks. These results show that warmer temperatures associate with a lower vertical trophic diversity in size-structured networks, and a higher one in species-level networks. This suggests that vertical trophic diversity is shaped by antagonistic effects of temperature on population structure and on species composition. Our results hence demonstrate that effects of temperature do not only differ across trophic levels, but also across levels of biological organisation, from population to species level, implying complex changes in network structure and functioning with warming.     

Analysis of trophic relationships in two shallow equatorial lakes Lake Naivasha (Kenya) and Lake Ihema (Rwanda) using a multispecifies trophic model

A multispecifies trophic model called ECOPATH II, which can be used to describe the trophic relationships in aquatic ecosystems on a quantitative basis, is briefly presented. When properly used, it can help to explain the trophic relationships in ecosystems and possible evolution of fishstocks after modifications of the environment (e.g. eutrophication, introduction of a new population and/or a significant increase of the fishing effort), and to compare the trophic structure of several ecosystems. Examples are provided on two shallow lakes: Lake Ihema and Lake Naivasha. They are compared with Lake George which was previously documented.     

植物群落的冗余结构——对生态系统稳定性的一种解释

应用冗余理论探讨植物群落的稳定性机理。植物群落的冗余是由植物体的器官冗余、种群内遗传结构冗余、物种冗余和层次冗余组成的。植物群落的抵抗力主要来自物种冗余和种群内遗传结构冗余,而恢复力来自层次冗余和器官冗余。植物群落的冗余结构决定了其稳定性是抵抗的,或是恢复的,或即是抵抗的又是恢复的。研究表明,冗余理论比多样性导致稳定性更能合理地解释植物群落的稳定性。植物群落冗余按其组成万分的性质可分为两种：数量冗     

A review of important concepts in the trophic organization of pelagic ecosystems

The physical environment has an important influence on the size composition of primary producers in plankton communities. This effect is transmitted through the trophic structure by size selective feeding processes at each level. A pictorial representation of trophic organization in pelagic ecosystems is presented which illustrates the complex involvement of individual species in the food web and the dynamic nature of ecosystem development along alternate pathways.This research was supported in full by the National Science Foundation, Grant No. NSF OCE76-02035.     

The dark side of the “redundancy hypothesis” and ecosystem assessment

Intricacy of biotic interactions (predator-prey relationship, strength of food web links and other type of intra- and inter-specific relationships), as well as shifts in species functions in ecosystems, could affect the accuracy of predictions derived from the theory of redundancy of species, when applied to ecosystems assessment.This opinion paper is based on three main considerations: 1) some fundamental differences between ecological and engineering definition of “redundancy”, underlying the main concerns related to the use frameworks derived from economical or engineering disciplines, as the ecosystems services paradigm; 2) presence of empirical obstacles to establish whether two different species are fully or partially redundant. When species redundancy in a particular community is estimated using a matrix with species-specific functional traits, often forgetting potential biotic interactions not directly related to the trophic chains or neglecting the variability in strengths of the links connecting these species; and 3) recent evidence offered by studies that shed doubts on the validity of the ecological redundancy hypothesis.Finally, we claim that more attention must to be paid to intrinsic ecological aspects of ecosystem components (per se values rather than derived values), and a precautionary principle is necessary for decisions related to the assessment of ecosystems.     

The form of direct interspecific competition modifies secondary extinction patterns in multi‐trophic food webs

Forcibly removing species from ecosystems has important consequences for the remaining assemblage, leading to changes in community structure, ecosystem functioning and secondary (cascading) extinctions. One key question that has arisen from single‐ and multi‐trophic ecosystem models is whether the secondary extinctions that occur within competitive communities (guilds) are also important in multi‐trophic ecosystems? The loss of consumer–resource links obviously causes secondary extinction of specialist consumers (topological extinctions), but the importance of secondary extinctions in multi‐trophic food webs driven by direct competitive exclusion remains unknown. Here I disentangle the effects of extinctions driven by basal competitive exclusion from those caused by trophic interactions in a multi‐trophic ecosystem (basal producers, intermediate and top consumers). I compared food webs where basal species either show diffuse (all species compete with each other identically: no within guild extinctions following primary extinction) or asymmetric competition (unequal interspecific competition: within guild extinctions are possible). Basal competitive exclusion drives extra extinction cascades across all trophic levels, with the effect amplified in larger ecosystems, though varying connectance has little impact on results. Secondary extinction patterns based on the relative abundance of the species lost in the primary extinction differ qualitatively between diffuse and asymmetric competition. Removing asymmetric basal species with low (high) abundance triggers fewer (more) secondary extinctions throughout the whole food web than removing diffuse basal species. Rare asymmetric competitors experience less pressure from consumers compared to rare diffuse competitors. Simulations revealed that diffuse basal species are never involved in extinction cascades, regardless of the trophic level of a primary extinction, while asymmetric competitors were. This work highlights important qualitative differences in extinction patterns that arise when different assumptions are made about the form of direct competition in multi‐trophic food webs.