湿地匐灯藓切茎繁殖研究

湿地匐灯藓Ｔ．Ｋｏｐ．是五倍子角倍蚜Ｓｃｈｌｅｃｈｔａｎｄａｌｉａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｂｅｌｌ．的优良冬寄主之一。对该藓切茎繁殖的研究表明：切茎碎段繁殖适宜时期为４￣６月、９月,温度为１３￣２５℃;碎段长度０．５￣０．８ｃｍ,撒播量为６０￣８０ｇ／ｍ＾２为宜。这不仅可以提高繁殖系数,而且还能延长冬寄主使用寿命２￣３ａ。从而为角倍蚜冬寄主的快速繁殖提供了科学依据。     

红豆杉科植物RAPD分析及其系统学意义

利用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术分析了红豆杉科（Ｔａｘａｃｅａｅ）红豆杉属（Ｔａｘｕｓ）、白豆杉属（Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｔａｘｕｓ）、穗花杉属（Ａｍｅｎｔｏｔａｘｕｓ）和榧树属（Ｔｏｒｒｅｙａ）的６种植物：红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ （Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄ）、南方红豆杉（Ｔａｘｕｓ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｖａｒ．ｍａｉｒｅｉ（Ｌｅｍｅｅ ｅｔＬｅｖｌ．）Ｃｈｅｎｇ ｅｔＭａｉｒｅＹｅｗ     

湖北红豆杉属一栽培新变种及其生物学特性

荆江红豆杉〔Ｔａｘｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄｃｖ．‘ｊｉｎｇｊｉａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ’Ｙ．Ｊ．Ｆｅｉｃｖ．ｎｏｖ．〕是笔者于１９９６年在湖北荆州古城庭园观赏树种南方红豆杉〔Ｔ．Ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｐｉｌｇｅｒ）Ｒｅｈｄ．ｖａｒ．ｍａｉｒｅｉ（ＬｅｍéｅｅｔＬéｖｌ．）ＣｈｅｎｇｅｔＬ．Ｋ．Ｆｕ〕居群中发现的一栽培变种,并详细观察研究了它的生物学特性,以期为保护扩繁这一新种质资源提供科学依据。图１　荆江红豆杉的雄球花Ｆｉｇ．１　ＴｈｅｍａｌｅｃｏｎｅｆｒｏｍＴ．ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（…     

三白草科的比较胚胎学研究

研究了裸蒴（ＧｙｍｎｏｔｈｅｃａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓＤｅｃｎｅ）胚胎的发育,同时对三白草（Ｓａｕｒｕｒｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｌｏｕｒ）．Ｂａｉｌｌ）和蕺菜（ＨｏｕｔｔｕｙｎｉａｃｏｒｄａｔａＴｈｕｎｂ．）的胚胎也进行了观察,并对三白草科（Ｓａｕｒｕｒａｃｅａｅ）各属间的胚胎学特征进行比较,以探讨三白草科的内的系统关系。裸蒴具腺质绒毡层。小孢子同时型,极少数小孢子弱细胞的减数分裂ＩＩ不进行,形成有壁     

白头翁两新变型

在山东省青石山植被调查中,发现了白头翁的两个新变型,由臧得奎定名为白花白头翁Ｐｕｌｓａｔｉｌｌａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｒｅｇｅｌ．ｆ．ａｌｂａ Ｄ．Ｋ．Ｚａｎｇ和多萼白头翁Ｐｕｌｓａｔｉｌｌａ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｕｎｇｅ）Ｒｅｇｅｌ．ｆ．ｐｌｕｒｉｓｅｐａｌａ Ｄ．Ｋ．Ｚａｎｇ．     

射干和鸢尾的挥发性成分

射干和鸢尾的挥发性成分秦民坚王强徐珞珊徐国钧（中国药科大学,南京２１００３８）田中俊弘（岐阜药科大学,日本国岐阜市５０２）ＶｏｌａｔｉｌｅｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｓｏｆＢｅｌａｍｃａｎｄａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓａｎｄＩｒｉｓｔｅｃｔｏｒｕｍＱｉｎＭｉｎＪ...     

中国粗腿蚜属一新种(同翊目：斑蚜科)

中国粗腿蚜属一新种（同翅目：斑蚜科）张万玉,张广学,田士波（中国科学院动物研究所北京１０００８０）粗腿蚜属ＭａｃｒｏｐｏｄａｐｈｉｓＲｅｍａｕｄｌ６ｒｅｅｔＤａｖａｔｃｈｌ,１９５８隶卞斑蚜科Ｄｒｅｐａｎｏｓｉ－Ｐｈｉｄａｅ中的跳蚜亚科Ｓａｌｔｕｓａ...     

温度对角倍蚜越冬世代多型现象的影响

角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis(Bell)是形成我国著名特产五倍子的最主要蚜虫种类,其形成的角倍占我国五倍子总产量的75％以上。角倍蚜瘿外生活阶段主要为越冬世代和性蚜世代,其中越冬世代历期长(在浙江自10月中下旬始至翌年4月上旬),是人工繁殖管理的最主要世代。研究温度对角倍蚜越冬世代多型现象的影响,对角倍蚜人工繁殖工作的改进具有实际意义。     

我国牛羊双腔类吸虫的继续研究：Ⅲ三种双腔吸虫后蚴在异常昆虫宿主…

内蒙科尔沁草原的中华双腔吸虫（Ｄｉｃｒｏｃｏｅｌｉｕｍ ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ Ｔａｎｇ ｅｔ Ｔａｎｇ,１９７８）其第二中间宿主是黑玉蚂蚁（Ｆｏｒｍｉｃａ ｇａｇａｔｅｓ）,而山东滨州地区的矛形双腔吸虫（Ｄ．ｌａｎｃｅａｔｕｍ Ｒｕｄ．,１８０３）和枝双腔吸虫（Ｄ．ｄｅｎｄｒｉｔｉｃｕｍ Ｒｕｄ．,１８１９）的蚂蚁宿主是中华蚂蚁（Ｆｏｒｍｉｃａ ｓｉｎｉｃａ）。作者用中华双腔吸虫的黏球感染山东的中华     

国家重点保护野生植物名录(第一批)

一九九九年八月四日中华人民共和国国务院正式批准公布国家重点保护野生植物名录（第一批）蕨类植物Ｐｔｅｒｉｄｏｐｈｙｔｅｓ观音座莲科Ａｎｇｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｄａｃｅａｅ法斗观音座莲ＡｎｇｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｓｐａｒｓｉｓｏｒａⅡ二回原始观音座莲ＡｒｃｈａｎｇｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｂｉｐｉｎｎａｔａⅡ亨利原始观音座莲ＡｒｃｈａｎｇｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｈｅｎｒｙｉⅡ铁角蕨科Ａｓｐｌｅｎｉａｃｅａｅ对开蕨ＰｈｙｌｌｉｔｉｓｊａｐｏｎｉｃａⅡ蹄盖蕨科Ａｔｈｙｒｉａｃｅａｅ光叶蕨ＣｙｓｔｏａｔｈｙｒｉｕｍｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅⅠ乌毛…     

角倍蚜优良冬寄主侧枝匐灯藓的繁育研究

侧枝匐灯藓是角倍蚜的优良冬寄主,其生长状况直接关系到角倍蚜越冬蚜的成活率,进而影响五倍子的产量,但目前关于侧枝匐灯藓培植方法的研究较少。本研究采用直接移栽、撕碎繁殖、切碎繁殖3种繁殖方式,结合垄床、塑料毡、泡沫箱3种不同载体进行试验处理,结果表明,采用1∶1比例直接移栽垄床植藓处理,藓的总鲜重、盖度、藓块厚度等指标值均最大,能够在较短的时间内提供释放秋迁蚜的冬寄主藓;采用比例为1∶1撕碎繁殖方式以垄床或泡沫箱载体植藓均能获得最大的藓新枝数和藓茎高度,可以作为角倍蚜种虫生产中冬寄主藓的主要繁殖方式;采用1∶4或1∶8比例进行切碎繁殖藓萌发的新枝最多,可以作为优良冬寄主藓的种藓繁殖的主要方式。通过主成分分析法进行分析,结果表明,3个主成分累积贡献率为86.573%,可以较好地反映出24个处理10个测试指标的综合信息。综合评价结果以A1B1C1、A1B1C2、A2B4C1、A2B5C1、A2B3C2、A2B5C2、A2B4C3处理的综合性状最佳。     

角倍蚜越冬若蚜的生物学特性

【目的】角倍蚜Schlechtendalia chinensis是五倍子蚜的主要生产种,深入了解角倍蚜越冬若蚜的生物学习性,揭示田间无土植藓条件下越冬若蚜的种群动态,可以为进一步降低若蚜越冬的死亡率,提高五倍子产量提供依据。【方法】在田间以无纺布为基质种植侧枝匐灯藓Plagiomnium maximoviczii培育越冬若蚜,定期采集带不同龄期角倍蚜的藓块带回实验室,利用数码显微系统连续观测和记录越冬期间若蚜的行为习性、形态特征、种群动态和龄期分布等,并连续测量越冬期间侧枝匐灯藓的藓层厚度和覆盖率。【结果】角倍蚜秋迁蚜以卵胎生方式产生若蚜,若蚜在侧枝匐灯藓的拟叶基部分泌蜡丝包裹自身并形成蜡球,在蜡球内取食和越冬。每个蜡球内通常有1头若蚜。越冬若蚜从1-4龄,体色由淡黄色逐渐加深至深褐色,体长和体宽随龄期的增加而增加,分别从1龄若蚜552.92±16.95和94.70±11.52μm增加到4龄若蚜的1 205.25±10.75和593.15±7.66 μm。越冬期间若蚜的平均种群密度从10月中旬的13.10×10⁴头/m²降至翌年3月的1.05×10⁴头/m²,总死亡率高达91.98%。越冬若蚜个体间的发育进度很不整齐,并与当地的气温变化密切相关。若蚜越冬期间侧枝匐灯藓的厚度和覆盖率逐步增加。【结论】越冬若蚜体长和体宽可作为角倍蚜龄期鉴别的主要指标。田间越冬期间角倍蚜若蚜的总死亡率很高,其中越冬初期和中期若蚜转移寄生期的死亡率较其他阶段高。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Drepanocladus longifolius</Emphasis> (Amblystegiaceae), an addition to the moss flora of King George Island,South Shetland Islands,with a review of Antarctic benthic mosses

Drepanocladus longifolius (Mitt.) Paris is recorded for the first time from King George Island, South Shetland Islands, in the maritime Antarctic. It was collected in West Lake during the 23rd Chinese National Antarctic Research Expedition in 2006–2007. The moss was found at a depth of 5–6 m attached to the bed of the lake. The stems of the moss are about 1–1.5 m in length. The moss exhibits seasonal growth patterns, with shorter branch internodes, more widely spaced leaves and more branches in summer than in winter. Most of the branches are initiated in summer. The annual shoot extension is about 3–6 cm, which implies that the plants must be at least 15 years of age. The distribution of aquatic moss species and records in Antarctica is outlined and discussed and the nomenclature of previous reports clarified.     

树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓的孢子体分布格局和败育研究

通过野外定位考察和实验室观察分析,结果显示:(1)贵州梵净山树干附生尖叶拟船叶藓的孢子体种群80%分布在树干的基部;(2)尖叶拟船叶藓的孢子体在其主茎和一到四次分枝上皆有分布,但在一次分枝上分布最多,并且一次分枝上的与主茎或其它各次分枝上分布的之间存在显著差异;(3)孢子体败育发生在胚胎发育时期、孢蒴膨大期或者孢子形成期等3个时期,孢子体败育率为7.3%,败育孢子体的平均生物量为正常成熟的43.3%.表明尖叶拟船叶藓孢子体种群偏少且孢子体败育率低是其重要的生物学特征.     

Movement of Metals to New Growing Tissue in the Moss Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG

To obtainHylocomium splendens (Hedw.) BSG. that varied in metal(K, Mg, Ca and Zn) content, moss samples were collected fromsix sites around a zinc contaminated area of Latvia; metal contentswere artificially lowered by branch excision. The first fullyexpanded annual segment (mature segments), together with theunexpanded segment (juvenile segment) were grown in the laboratorywith watering from below. The contents of K, Mg, Ca and Zn innew growth were correlated with initial contents in the juvenile+maturesegments. However, the concentrations of these metals in thenew growth were generally not correlated with those in the pre-experimentalsegments. The excision of branches from the mature segment favouredsubsequent branch development in the young juvenile segmentover further growth of the already expanded mature segment,but less new growth was observed when branches were excised. Hylocomium splendens ; growth; metal uptake; metal translocation     

长尖对齿藓原丝体快速培育的关键影响因子研究

为了给苔藓结皮野外恢复的大规模接种提供丰富种源,本文利用0.1% NaClO（10、15、20、30、45、60、120 s）和0.1% HgCl₂（10、15、20、30、45、60、120 s）两种消毒液,采用Knop、MS和Hoagland 3种培养基,设置5.5、6、6.5、7、7.5、8、8.5七个水平的pH值,通过单因素试验设计方法,测定长尖对齿藓[Didymodon ditrichoides（Broth.）]茎叶体的成活率、原丝体长度和分枝数等指标,探讨影响长尖对齿藓原丝体扩繁的关键因子。结果表明：（1）消毒方式、培养基及pH均对长尖对齿藓茎叶体的成活率、原丝体长度和分枝数有显著影响（P<0.05）,影响大小依次均为消毒方式 > 培养基 > pH;（2）最适合的消毒方式为：0.1% NaClO消毒15~20 s;（3）最适合长尖对齿藓原丝体生长的培养基是Knop和Hoagland培养基;（4）最适合长尖对齿藓原丝体生长的pH是7.5。从而得出快速培育长尖对齿藓原丝体的最佳组合为：0.1% NaClO消毒15~20 s+Hoagland/Knop+pH=7.5。本文的研究结果可以缩短长尖对齿藓生长周期以进行快速繁殖,为苔藓结皮的快速培育以及工程化应用提供一定的借鉴。     

The effect of growth form on the evaporation in some subalpine mosse

In order to evaluate the importance of growth of mosses in controlling evaporative water loss, the evaporation rates of some subalpine moss species of various growth forms were compared with each other. The growth forms of the xerophytic species examined were large cushion and compact mat, while those of the mesophytic species in the coniferous forest floor were smooth mat, weft and tall turf. The evaporation rate per moss dry weight (Ew) was much smaller in the xerophytic species than in the mesophytic species. However, the evaporation rate per basal area of moss colony (Ea) was not necessarily smaller in the xerophytic species. The relation between Ea and dry weight per basal area of the colony (Wa) had a close correlation with the growth form. It was concluded that the difference in the evaporation rate per weight between the exerophytic species and the mesophytic species was largely due to the difference in Wa, and that the growth forms of the xerophytic species were suitable for increasing Wa without increasing surface roughness.     

Enhancing the growth of Physcomitrella patens by combination of monochromatic red and blue light - a kinetic study

In the current work we demonstrate the relevance of monochromatic light conditions in moss plant cell culture. Light intensity and illumination wavelength are important cultivation parameters due to their impact on growth and chlorophyll formation kinetics of the moss Physcomitrella patens. This moss was chosen as a model organism due to its capability to produce complex recombinant pharmaceutical proteins. Filamentous moss cells were cultivated in mineral medium in shaking flasks. The flasks were illuminated by light emitting diodes (LED) providing nearly monochromatic red and blue light as well as white light as a reference. A maximum growth rate of 0.78 day((1) was achieved under additional CO(2) aeration and no growth inhibition was observed under high light illumination. The application of dual red and blue light is the most effective way to reach high growth and chlorophyll formation rates while minimizing energy consumption of the LEDs. These observations are discussed as effects of photo sensory pigments in the moss. The combination of monochromatic red and blue light should be considered when a large scale process is set up.     

Die Kinetik der Ionenaufnahme durch junge und alte Sprosse von Mnium cuspidatum

Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Ionenaufnahme durch junge und alte Sprosse von Mnium cuspidatum wurde untersucht. Die verschieden alten Sprosse unterscheiden sich vor allem durch das Vorhandensein einer aktiven Gipfelknospe bei den jungen Gametophyten, die bei den alten offenbar ihre Tätigkeit eingestellt hat. Im niedrigen Konzentrationsbereich (0–0,5 mM) haben jungen und alte Sprosse hyperbolische Isothermen der Ionenaufnahme, die sich etwas hinsichtlich der apparenten Michaeliskonstanten und der Maximalgeschwindigkeit unterscheiden. Im hohen Konzentrationsbereich (1–10 mM) ist der Unterschied qualitativ. Mit jungen Sprossen erhält man eine lineare oder exponentielle Isotherme, mit alten Sprossen eine hyperbolische Kurve. Der vermutete Einfluß der Gipfelknospe kann mit Effekten von Wuchsstoffen auf den Stofftransport zusammenhängen und läßt einen Einfluß dieser Regulationssysteme auf die Membranfunktion vermuten.

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The kinetics of ion uptake by young and old branches of mnium cuspidatum

Summary Isotherms of K(Rb)-, Cl- and SO₄-uptake by young and old branches of the moss Mnium cuspidatum were investigated. Old moss gametophytes from the 1966 vegetation period were collected in the forests surrounding Darmstadt from February to mid-April 1967 and from the 1967 season in late September 1967. Young plants were sampled from mid-April to the end of May 1967 and they were also grown by water culture of old plants.Both young and old branches have hyperbolic isotherms of ion uptake in the low concentration range (0–0.5 mM) (Fig. 1–3), which slightly differ in K _mand V _max (Table). Isotherms in the high range (1–10 mM), however, are drastically different, changing from linear or exponential with young moss branches to hyperbolic with old gametophytes (Figs. 1–3).The linear or exponential high-range isotherm obtained with young moss plants is compared with other examples reported in the literature (Fig. 4). As the leaflets of the moss plants, which constitute 2/3 of the fresh weight of the material used in the experiments, have well developed vacuoles, the correlation between hyperbolic isotherms and vacuolation does not apply here (Fig. 4a, Torii and Laties, 1966).The change in shape of the high-range moss isotherm with age resembles the change from exponential to hyperbolic kinetics in isolated potato discs during washing (Fig. 4b, Laties, Macdonald and Dainty, 1964). The events triggered by isolation of potato discs from the interior of the tuber may be similar to the changes in the moss material under the control of the terminal bud, which is only active in the young branches.The suggested influence of the active terminal bud of young moss plants on the ion absorption process of cells in the tissue may be related to effects of growth substances on translocation reported in the literature and may point to a direct effect of these regulatory systems on membrane function.In this respect the comparison of corn root stele and cortex is of interest. Isolated steles, both freshly isolated and after washing, have exponential isotherms in the high range (Fig. 4c), whereas cortex displays a hyperbolic isotherm which changes little with ageing (Lüttge and Laties, 1967). In contrast to the case in potato and moss materials, this phenomenon is not simply due to ageing but involves morphogenetic differences.Temperature is another factor which influences the shape of the high range isotherm. All examples discussed so far refer to experiments at room temperature. At low temperatures high-range isotherms for proximal root tissue or aged potato discs have an exponential shape (Torii and Laties, 1966; Laties, Macdonald and Dainty, 1964). It thus appears that the exponential isotherm of young moss branches indicates that as in freshly isolated potato discs or in corn root stele the metabolic high-range uptake system is not developed.

     

Four distinct photoreceptors contribute to light-induced side branch formation in the moss <Emphasis Type="Italic">Physcomitrella patens</Emphasis>

Side branch formation in the moss, Physcomitrella patens, has been shown to be light dependent with cryptochrome 1a and 1b (Ppcry1a and Ppcry1b), being the blue light receptors for this response (Imaizumi et al. in Plant Cell 14:373, 2002). In this study, detailed photobiological analyses were performed, which revealed that this response involves multiple photoreceptors including cryptochromes. For light induction of branches, blue light of a fluence rate higher than 6 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ for period longer than 3 h is required. The number of branches increased with the increase in fluence rate and in the irradiation period. The number of branches also increased when red light was applied together with the blue light, although red light alone had a very few effect. By partially irradiating a cell, both receptive sites for blue and red light were found to be located around the nucleus. Further, both red and blue light determine the positions of branches being dependent upon the vibration plane of polarized light. Red light control of branch position was nullified by simultaneous far-red light irradiation. A blue light effect on branch position was not found in lines with disrupted phototropin genes. Thus, dichroic phytochrome and phototropin, possibly on the plasma membrane, regulate branch position. These results indicate that at least four distinct photoreceptor systems, namely, cryptochromes and red light receptor around or in the nucleus, dichroic phytochrome and phototropin around the cell periphery, are involved in the light induction of side branches in the moss Physcomitrella patens.