中国假笼头菌一新种

假笼头菌属(Pseudoclathrus)是刘波和鲍运生(1980)根据模式种——柱孢假笼头菌(P．Cylindrosporus Liu et Bau)所建立的新属。 1987年,本文作者报道了雷公山假笼头菌(P．Leigonshancnsis Zhou et Zhang)一新种,本文再报道该属的另一新种——安顺假笼头菌Pseudoclathrus anshunensi Zhou et Zhang。本新种不同于柱孢假笼头菌之处主要是,新种具4条柱状臂,臂无脊沟,柄露于菌托外。而柱孢假笼头菌具6个柱状臂,每条臂均具纵脊沟,柄藏于菌托内;与雷公山假笼头菌的区别在于雷公山假笼头菌具5—6条薄带状的臂,臂肉桂色,担子果大,担孢子也较大,而新种具4条柱状臂,橙黄色,担子果和担孢子均较小。模式标本存放于贵州农学院植病教研组真菌标本室。     

漫谈担子菌

担子菌是真菌植物的一纲,大概已有两万种以上了.但它们有一个共同的特点,就是有一个特殊的器官发生孢子.这器官就叫做“担子”.“担子”(或称担子体),是一个棒形的器官,因种类的不同,在显微镜下可以看到有的是由4个细胞构成,有的是由1个细胞构成.在这担子上.如果是由4个细胞形成的,每个细胞上再各生一个孢子,就是“担孢子”;如果是单细胞的担子,则     

锈革菌属三个中国新记录种

报道了锈革菌属Hymenochaete 3个中国新记录种。双孢锈革菌Hymenochaete bispora采自吉林省,担子大多数有两个担子梗;柔软锈革菌Hymenochaete lenta采自内蒙古自治区,子实体覆瓦状叠生且担孢子呈尿囊形;暗赭色锈革菌Hymenochaete senatoumbrina采自西藏自治区,属于裸刚毛组中孢子较大的种类。文中对这3个种进行了详细的描述和显微结构绘图。     

产生担子器的担子菌一新科

作为担子菌的一个新科石花菌科目前包括单属、单种,即新属石花菌属和新种石花菌。新种子实体大型,胶质,石花菜状,具多级分枝;担子器(basidiopycnidium,新术语,用于描述一种内部产生担子的、发育良好的壳状结构)自末端分枝产生,长颈瓶状,具细长的喙,有发育良好的壁,内生担子和担孢子;担子短柱状,具3个横隔,无色,担孢子梗侧生;担孢子椭圆形,无色,单细胞。提供了子实体的形态、担子器形态及解剖结构、担子和担孢子的图解和详细描述,并对新种的分类地位进行讨论。     

多年卧孔菌属五个中国新记录种

报道了多年卧孔菌属Perenniporia5个中国新记录种。非洲多年卧孔菌Perenniporia africana采自安徽省,孔口表面浅黄色至赭色,且骨架菌丝不分枝;下延多年卧孔菌P.decurrata采自云南省,担子果盖形,具较小孔口和担孢子;椭圆孢多年卧孔菌P.ellipsospora采自云南省,担子果平伏,孔口圆形至多角形,担孢子不平截;硬多年卧孔菌P.inflexibilis采自福建省,担子果盖形,孔口表面灰白至浅褐色,担孢子无色至浅黄色;黄多年卧孔菌P.xantha采自海南省,孔口较小,表面呈黄色,且在KOH试剂中呈深褐色。根据采集的标本材料提供了它们的详细描述和显微结构图。     

中国新记录属:川普包属及一新种

报道了中国地下真菌的一个新记录属——川普包属Trappea及其一新种——肉桂色川普包Trappeacinnamomea。新记录属以在真包被下具一层不育腔室组织及鬼笔型的孢子不同于其它近缘属;新种则以产孢组织鲜时肉桂色的颜色不同于属内的其它种。新种主要特征为:担子果地下生,球形或近球形,径0.5~1.5cm,伤后变红色,基部具细长(粗约0.5mm,长达6cm以上)的白色根状菌索。包被宿存,白色,厚120~200靘,由径±4靘的菌丝交织而成,菌丝具锁状连合,具颗粒物,在5%KOH液中呈深色。产孢组织胶质的,新鲜时肉桂色至浅褐色,干后橄榄绿色,产孢腔室不规则。与真包被相连的不孕(腔室)组织厚达500靘,由胶质薄壁的菌丝交织而成,菌丝径3~4靘,具锁状联合,不孕腔室四周由20~30×7~10靘的无色棒状细胞排列而成。中柱明显,浅色,在担子果中部树枝状分枝。菌髓板宽37~60靘,由无色、薄壁、径±2.5靘的菌丝交织而成,菌丝具锁状连合。担子长棒状至柱状,22~30×4~5靘,具(4-)5~7(-8)个孢子。担孢子光滑、无色,矩圆形或一端稍窄,4~5.6×2~3m。模式标本(徐阿生2001-107,HXZE1723)保存于西藏高原生态研究所标本室(HXZE)。     

四绺孢球腔菌科真菌地理分布及其生态学功能

根据ITS、LSU、rpb2、tef1和tub2多基因系统发育分析,将云南禾本科植物格孢腔菌目的7株内生真菌鉴定归属于格孢腔菌目Pleosporales四绺孢球腔菌科Tetraplosphaeriaceae的四绺孢属Tetraploa和假四绺孢属Pseudotetraploa以及该目下的一个未定属genera incertae sedis。羧甲基纤维素钠培养基和愈创木酚培养基筛选发现四绺孢球腔菌科的2个菌株具有较强的纤维素酶和漆酶活性,而这个未定属的菌株仅具有较弱的纤维素酶活性、无漆酶活性,表明格孢腔菌目的2个内生真菌类群的纤维素和木质素降解能力不同。多重对应分析发现四绺孢球腔菌科真菌的属与寄主、分离来源和地理位置有关联,其中四绺孢属和假四绺孢属可在活的健康植物作为内生真菌存活,并在植物凋落物和土壤中分离得到,推测四绺孢属和假四绺孢属两属为内生和腐生双生态位真菌。因此,进一步深入探究四绺孢球腔菌科内生真菌参与的禾本科植物凋落物的分解将深化我们对禾本科植物内生真菌多样性和生态学功能的认识。     

植物病原真菌产生ABA的初步研究

根据植物病理学和微生物生态学原理,建立了脱落酸产生菌的筛选模型,从不同的植和寄主上分离到３６株真菌,其中有十余株菌株能产生天然的脱落酸,这些真菌分别属于葡萄怨属、青霉属、根霉属和镰孢属。     

关于高校试用教材植物学下册中禾柄锈菌生活史插图的商榷意见

小麦杆锈病菌(Puccinia graminis Pers)是真菌门,担子菌纲,并隔担子菌亚纲,锈菌目的主要代表植物。锈菌有二种寄主,第一寄主为小麦、大麦、燕麦及其他禾本科植物,第二寄主为小檗或十大功劳。锈菌的生活史中出现5种孢子,即性孢子、锈孢子、夏孢子、冬孢子、担孢子。性孢子、锈孢子寄生在双子叶植物小檗或十大功劳叶上。锈孢子被风吹到小麦、大麦等禾本科植物的叶片,叶鞘或杆上,便萌发芽管从气孔侵入,在组     

金针菇担孢子核相及遗传属性的研究

以3个不同的金针菇菌株为材料,研究了其担孢子的核相及遗传属性。荧光染色观察显示,担孢子核相以双核为主,双核孢子、单核孢子和无核孢子分别占80.2%、7.5%和12.3%。源于单孢分离物的菌丝为有隔膜、无锁状联合的多核菌丝。在交配试验中,源于不同菌株单孢分离物的菌丝原生质体的配对形成具锁状联合的菌落,而源于同一单孢分离物的菌丝原生质体的配对则形成无锁状联合的菌落,暗示担孢子中的两个核具有相同的交配型。RAPD分析显示,源于同一单孢分离物的菌丝原生质体为10个随机引物所扩增的图谱彼此完全相同,印证了担孢子中的双核是同质的。此外,观察表明,一个担子上着生有4个担孢子。因此,金针菇是一种具4个含同质双核担孢子的四极性蕈菌。     

Characterization and evolutionary analysis of a large polygalacturonase gene family in the oomycete plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi

Polygalacturonases (PGs) are secreted by fungal pathogens during saprophytic and parasitic growth, and their degradation of pectin in the plant cell wall is believed to play a major role in tissue invasion and maceration. In this study, PG activity was demonstrated in culture filtrates of the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora cinnamomi. A P. cinnamomi pg gene fragment amplified using degenerate primers based on conserved regions in fungal and plant PGs was used to isolate 17 complete P. cinnamomi pg genes and pseudogenes from a genomic library and partial sequence for another two genes. Gel blotting of genomic DNA indicated that there may be even more pg genes in the P. cinnamomi genome. P. cinnamomi pg gene sequences were expressed in PG-deficient yeast and found to confer PG activity, thereby confirming their functional identity. The predicted mature P. cinnamomi PGs fall into subgroups that exhibit large differences in the extent of N-glycosylation, isoelectric points, and N- and C-terminal structure. Evidence for birth-and-death and reticulate evolution in the P. cinnamomi pg gene family was obtained, and some codons for surface exposed residues in the P. cinnamomi PGs were shown to have been subject to diversifying selection. Contrary to accepted phylogenies for other proteins, phylogenetic analysis of the P. cinnamomi PGs revealed a closer relationship with PGs from true fungi than with those from plants.     

Competition between Phytophthora cinnamomi and Trichoderma spp. in autoclaved soil.

Results from analyses of beta-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) and phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1;EC 3.1.3.2) activities indicated that presence of a Trichoderma isolate reduced development of Phytophthora cinnamomi. It was also observed that P. cinnamomi was more competitive in coinoculated cultures than in cultures where Trichoderma was added on day 3. Analysis of trehalase (EC 3.2.1.28) activity indicated that Trichoderma either utilized portions of the P. cinnamomi mycelium as substrate or the action of P. cinnamomi released additional nutrients not normally available to Trichoderma. Ther stronger Trichoderma isolate was T. harzianum.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the oribatid mite genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mesoplophora</Emphasis> (Acari: Oribatida: Mesoplophoridae) with description of a new species from South China

The genus Mesoplophora (Acari: Oribatida: Mesoplophoridae) was represented only by two species in China prior to this work. In this study, a new species, Mesoplophora (Parplophora) vestigia sp. n., is described from Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. New localities and some remarks on the two known species from China are presented. A world key to species of the genus is provided to facilitate the further study on this group.     

披碱草属(Elymus L.)两个物种之订正

披碱草属Elymus L．是小麦族Triticeae Dumort．中最大的属,全世界共有150多个种,广泛分布于 温带地区。我国约有80余种(包括鹅观草属Roegneria C．Koch),是披碱草属的重要分布区和多样性分 化中心。由于披碱草属植物种类繁多、分布广泛、生境多样以及形态变异较为复杂,导致该属在分类上 存在许多问题。同时,由于地域的局限和地区间交流的缺乏,致使同一种披碱草属植物被不同的学者多 次发表及同物异名现象的出现。本文对E．antiquus和E．burchan-buddae这两个曾多次被订名的披碱草 属物种进行了分类订正。     

橐吾属的起源、演化与地理分布

橐吾属Ligularia Cass．是菊科千里光族款冬亚族的一个大属。在款冬亚族中本属与大吾风草属 Farfugium Lindl．亲缘关系最近,但进化程度较高。本属包括6组,11系129种。所有种类均分布在 亚洲,仅2种扩散至欧洲。在东亚地区有119种,占该属总种数的96％。高度集中在横断山区的有4组、 6系67种,其中61种为特有种,占该属总组数的66％,总系数的54．5％,总种数的52％。这个事实 表明了横断山区是该属的多度中心和多样化中心。通过性状分析,伞房组伞房系Sect．Corymbosae, Ser．Calthifoliae叶肾形,具掌状叶脉,头状花序大而少,排列呈伞房状,总苞半球形,被认为是该属的 原始类群。原始种齿叶橐吾L. dentata和鹿蹄橐吾L.hodgsonii的分布区从我国四川东部经过湖北、湖 南、安徽、福建等省至日本。这个分布格局与近缘属大吴风草属Farfugium一致。 根据共同起源原理,这两个属的祖先极有可能就发生在这一地区。因此我们推测东亚地区从中国四 川东部至日本这一地区是本属的发源地,然而根据地质历史和现代分布,作者认为中国中部(包括四川 东部)是本属的初始起源地。该属起源后,基本上沿亚洲南缘的山地扩散,少数种类向东北至亚洲东北部。本属起源时间至少不晚于中白垩纪。     

The Origin,Evolution and Distribution of Ligularia Cass. (Compositae)

The genus Ligularia Cass. is one of the large genera in Compositae-SenecioneaeTussilagininae. In subtrib. Tussilaginae, Ligularia is closely related to, but more advanced than, the genus Farfugium Lindl. It includes six sections, 11 series and 129 species. All the taxa are distributed in Asia with only two species extending to Europe. There are 119 species in E. Asia, Comprising 96 % of the world total. The highest concentration of species in E. Asia occurs in the Hengduan Mountains. In this area there are four section, six series and 67 species, of which 61 species are local endemics; thus 66% of sections, 54.5% of series and about 52 % of species in the world occur in this small area, indicating that it is a major distribution centre for Ligularia. According to character analysis, sect. Corymbosae ser. Calthifoliae with 5 species was considered as the most primitive group in this genus, which has reniform leaves, palmate veins, a few large capitula (arranging in Corymb-like inflorescence), and semispherical involucre etc. The primitive species, L. dentata and L. hodgsonii, are distributed from E. Sichuan to Japan via Hubei, Hunnan, Anhui, Fujian. This distribution pattern is consistent with that of its allied genus, Farfugium. According to the principle of common origin, the ancestors of the two genera appeared most probably in the same area. It was inferred that the area from E. Sichuan of China to Japan was the original area of the genus Ligularia, However, on the basis of geological history and the modern distribution of this genus, the author considers that central China with E. Sichuan might be the primary original area of Ligularia. Its dispersal route was mainly along the mountains of southern margin of Asia, with relatively few members dispersed northea stwards to NE. Asia. The origi-nal time of the genus Ligularia was at least not later than the middle Cretaceous.     

On Circumscription of the Genus Prenanthes L. and Notoseris Shih — A New Genus of Compositae from China

After having examined all specimens of the genus Prenanthes L. of Compositae in the Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, I find that the classic concept on the genus Prenanthes established by G. Bentham in 1873 has not been held exactly by some of European, American, Japanese and Chinese botanists. For example, W. B. Hemsley, S. T. Dunn, A. Franchet, S. Kitamura and C. C. Chang placed plants from China which belong to other groups into the genus; I also find that the classic concept of the genus is not clear. The present paper makes a revision not only on the classic concept of the genus, but also on its concept assumed by the above-mentionded botanists. With the combination of numerous (25-35), white or yellow ligular florets, numerous ribs of achenes, Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Shih, comb. nov.) is distinctly different from Prenanthes purpurea L., which has the combination of purple, few (5-15) ligular florests and few ribs of achenes. Nabalus Cass., as a genus established early (1825) by H. Cassini, should be restored. It is not reasonable to treat Nabalus as a subgenus (E. B. Babcock et al. 1947) or a section (S. Kitamura, 1956) or as a synonym (G. Bentham, 1983) of the genus Preanathes L. The present author recognizes seven species in the new revised genus Prenanthes L. in China, 4 of which are described as new. In the genus Nabalus Cass. only one species, N. ochroleuca Maxim., is distributed in Northeast China. As Lactuca melanantha Franch. (1895), Prenanthes henryi Dunn (1903), P. glandulosa Dunn (1903), Lactuca triflora Hemsl. (1888) (it was transferred to Prenanthes L. by C. C. Chang in 1934), Prenanthes formosana Kitam. (1934) and P. wilsoni Chang (1934) all have campanulate involucres, purple phyllaries, purple dorsi-ventrally compressed achenes, longitudinal rids 6-9 on each side of achene truncate and beakless at its apex and pilose tubes of corollae, they should be placed neither into the genus Prenanthes with obtusely tri-or pentagonous, subterete achenes and glabrous tubes of corollae, nor into the genus Lactuca with beak achenes. Besides the above-mentioned species misnamed by some of foreign and Chinese botanists, 6 other species also have the same structure in achenes and corollae. Evidently, they fall into a new genus with the name Notoseris Shih. The new genus Notoseris Shih of the tribe Lactuceae of Compositae seems to be more reminiscent of Lactuca L. than of Prenanthes L. emend. All the 12 species of the genus Notoseris Shih are endemic to China and distributed in the area of south of Yantze River. Of them 6 are new combinations and 6 are described as new.