黑胸散白蚁（Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder）肠道共生古菌的系统发育分析

摘要：【目的】利用非培养法对黑胸散白蚁（Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder）肠道共生古菌进行系统发育分析。【方法】采用古菌16S rDNA通用引物以黑胸散白蚁全肠DNA为模板扩增共生菌的16S rDNA并建立基因文库,对得到的基因序列进行系统发育分析。【结果】从黑胸散白蚁肠道得到5个不同的16S rDNA序列,它们之间的相似性为93.2%～99.2%,系统发育分析表明这5个16S rDNA序列代表的克隆分别与来源于黑胸散白蚁近缘种,栖北散白蚁和北美散白蚁肠道中的甲烷短杆菌克隆或     

高效降解木质纤维素的白蚁肠道微生物组

木食性白蚁是自然界木质纤维素的高效降解者,在长期进化过程中白蚁与其肠道微生物组协同作用发展出不同的纤维素降解机制。木食性白蚁具有分别来源于白蚁和共生微生物的两套纤维素酶系统。在低等白蚁中,木质颗粒经过白蚁前、中肠分泌的内源性酶初步消化后,在后肠共生鞭毛虫中被降解为乙酸、二氧化碳和氢。高等木食性白蚁在进化中丢失了鞭毛虫,木质颗粒经白蚁自身分泌的酶初步消化后,在后肠大量共生细菌的帮助下被有效降解。培菌类白蚁利用其菌圃中的蚁巢伞菌和肠道微生物协同作用降解木质纤维素。共生微生物在白蚁的氮素固定与循环、中间产物代谢及纤维素降解等过程中发挥了重要作用。学习和模拟白蚁高效降解木质纤维素的体系,对生物质能源的产业化发展具有积极的意义。     

台湾乳白蚁肠道鞭毛虫群落结构及三种研究方法的比较

大量鞭毛虫栖息在低等白蚁肠道内, 是白蚁赖以生存的共生微生物。不同种类的鞭毛虫共同作用形成了一套降解食物的系统, 为宿主提供营养和能量。研究鞭毛虫群落结构是揭示其各组成种类生理功能的基础。利用形态特征进行物种鉴定受鞭毛虫生长发育阶段、 样品制备方法等多种因素的影响, 而基于分子标记的分子生物学方法能不受这些因素的制约来研究复杂的微生物群落。本研究结合形态特征鉴定和分子生物学方法研究台湾乳白蚁Coptotermes formosanus肠道鞭毛虫群落结构, 并对这些方法进行了比较。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜进行形态观察鉴定, 确定了台湾乳白蚁肠道内的3种鞭毛虫, 分别为伪披发虫Pseudotrichonympha grassii、 全鞭毛虫Holomastigotoides mirabile和旋披发虫Spirotrichonympha leidyi。18S rDNA文库限制性片段长度多态性分析较形态鉴定能够反映群落更复杂的物种多样性。利用光学显微镜进行细胞计数较18S rDNA文库克隆数能更准确地反映各种鞭毛虫数量, 每头工蚁肠道内平均含伪披发虫780±179头, 全鞭毛虫1 630±391头, 旋披发虫2 950±1 003头。本研究建立了光学显微镜形态鉴定和18S rDNA分子标记相结合调查鞭毛虫多样性和数量的方法, 为进一步研究白蚁肠道共生生物的功能奠定了基础。     

低等白蚁肠道共生微生物的多样性及其功能

低等白蚁肠道里存在着复杂的微生物区系,包括真核微生物鞭毛虫和原核生物,细菌及古细菌。低等白蚁的后肠以特别膨大的囊形胃及其氢氧浓度的明显梯度分布和丰富的微生物区系为特征,是白蚁进行木质纤维素消化的主要器官。后肠内的鞭毛虫能将纤维素水解并发酵为乙酸,二氧化碳和氢,为白蚁提供营养和能源。系统发育研究表明,低等白蚁肠道共生细菌的主要类群为白蚁菌群1、螺旋体、拟杆菌,低G C mol%含量的革兰氏阳性菌和紫细菌等。而古细菌主要为甲烷短杆菌属的产甲烷菌。共生原核生物与二氧化碳的还原和氮的循环等代谢有关。但肠道共生微生物的具体功能和作用机制还有待进一步的揭示。     

七种白蚁消化道解剖形态的比较研究

本文对采自浙江省的7种白蚁（东方原白蚁、黄肢散白蚁、黑胸散白蚁、肖若散白蚁、家白蚁、杨之江近歪白蚁和和大鼻象白蚁）的消化道形态进行了解剖比较研究。并初步探讨了白蚁消化道形态在白蚁系统发育和进化中的意义。     

基于核糖体DNA联合序列的天牛总科高阶元分子系统学研究

【目的】利用核糖体DNA联合序列探讨天牛总科高阶元分子系统发育。【方法】本研究采用分子标记技术,分析测定了63种天牛核糖体28S rDNA D2和D3区以及18S rDNA V4和V7区的DNA序列,并采用邻接法、最大似然法和贝叶斯推论法分别构建了天牛总科2科6亚科63种的分子进化系统。【结果】序列联合比对分析,最终得到1 404 bp的联合数据组,其中可变位点446个（32.0%）,保守位点958（68.0%）,转换/颠换的平均值（R值）为1.73。28S rDNA和18S rDNA以及联合序列的饱和度分析显示碱基突变未达到饱和,说明这些序列适合于分子进化树的构建。利用不同系统发育重建方法得到进化树具有相似拓扑结构,结果支持沟胫天牛亚科、花天牛亚科和天牛亚科为单系群,这与形态学分类结果相似;狭胸天牛独立成为亚科得到了支持。【结论】利用28S rDNA D2和D3区以及18S rDNA V4和V7区联合序列成功构建出了天牛总科高阶元的系统发育树。研究表明联合序列分析是探讨天牛高阶元分类的有效的方法。     

醉马草免培养内生细菌的多样性

为了解醉马草内生细菌的组成和多样性,采用液氮研磨法提取醉马草总DNA,利用内生细菌16S rRNA基因特异性引物对醉马草总DNA 进行16S rRNA 基因扩增,构建醉马草内生细菌16S rRNA基因文库。对筛选到249个克隆进行Hae Ш酶切分析,得到57个操作分类单元(OTUs)。系统发育分析将其归为4个门:变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)以及1个未知类群。其中74%的克隆与可培养细菌中的37个属具有高的16S rRNA基因序列相似性 (97％-100％),其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus spp.)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium spp.)、黄单胞杆菌属(Xanthomonas spp.)最为丰富。另外26%的克隆序列与GenBank中已存细菌16S rRNA基因序列相似性小于96%。研究结果表明,醉马草中可培养内生细菌丰富,多样并且可能存在一些潜在新物种或新类群。     

白蚁及共生微生物木质纤维素水解酶的种类

白蚁是热带生态系统重要的木质纤维素降解者。白蚁种类丰富,可分成高等白蚁和低等白蚁,食性也具有各自特点。白蚁自身可以产生纤维素酶,主要是GHF9的内切葡聚糖酶(EG),也有β-葡萄糖苷酶(GB)。低等白蚁共生的原虫中已发现丰富的纤维素酶基因,属于GHF5,7和45。同时还有其他相关功能基因,如木聚糖酶和果胶类物质水解酶。高等白蚁肠道中没有共生原虫。高等培菌白蚁可以利用共生蚁巢伞属真菌促进木质纤维素降解,真菌可以产生纤维素酶,果胶质水解酶类、木聚糖酶,同时还产生可能与木质素分解相关的一种漆酶,但是从分子水平,关于共生真菌纤维素水解酶的研究还较少。白蚁肠道已分离出许多具有木质纤维素降解能力的菌株,最近的研究也发现了大量细菌纤维素酶基因。白蚁-共生系统丰富的木质纤维素水解酶类为发展生物方法开发纤维素乙醇这一思路提供有价值的资源。     

黑胸散白蚁对不同材料及3种处理方法偏好性的研究

为了寻找对黑胸散白蚁具有高诱食性的物质及处理方法对其取食偏好性的影响,本研究共选取了9种材料,通过测定其嗅觉反应,筛选出选择系数0.1的玉米杆、杨木和雪松;然后,对这3种材料分别进行了蒸煮、自然腐朽和人工接菌处理,测定其嗅觉反应并进行选择性取食量验证。结果表明,蒸煮处理可提高玉米杆和杨木对黑胸散白蚁的引诱力,但对雪松无此作用,并且蒸煮处理对选择性取食量无显著影响;腐朽处理可提高玉米杆、杨木和雪松的引诱力,但仅对玉米杆和杨木的选择性取食量存在显著影响;人工接种3种木腐菌,均可提高玉米杆对黑胸散白蚁的引诱力,且能够显著提高散白蚁对密粘褶菌玉米杆粉培养物和杨木粉培养物的选择性取食量。结果表明,玉米杆和杨木对黑胸散白蚁具有较好的引诱性,且经过腐朽处理或人工接种密粘褶菌后,可明显改善其诱食效果。因此,在研制针对黑胸散白蚁的毒饵技术时,可采用这两种诱食材料作为基饵。     

蕙兰病株根部内生细菌种群变化

为了研究褐斑病与蕙兰根部内生细菌群落结构和多样性的关联,从野生蕙兰健株和褐斑病株根部分离出内生细菌112株,采用核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性酶切分析(ARDRA),研究了健株和病株内生细菌多样性与群落结构。将内生细菌纯培养物扩增近全长的16S rDNA,并用ARDRA (Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis) 对所分离的菌株进行分型,根据酶切图谱的差异,将健株中的内生细菌分成8个ARDRA型,病株分成13个ARDRA型。并选取代表性菌株进行16S rDNA序列测定。结果表明,健株分离出内生细菌6个属,优势菌群为Bacillus;病株分离出11个属,优势菌群为 Mitsuaria和Flavobacterium。通过回接兰花植物和初步拮抗实验发现,从病株分离出的H5号菌株 (Flavobacterium resistens)使兰花产生病症,而健株中的B02 (Bacillus cereus) 和B22号菌株 (Burkholderia stabilis) 对菌株H5有拮抗作用。     

Isolation of n-paraffins and sec-alcohols from Isotachis japonica

Two homologous series of n-paraffins and sec-alcohols from C₂₀ to C₃₄ or C₃₅ were isolated a wax constituents of a liverwort, Isotachis japonica. In both series, odd-members were predominant compared with even-members: the ratio of the total amount of odd- to total amounts of even-members was 3·9 in the n-paraffin homologues, and 16·5 in the sec-alcohol homologues.     

Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis: An in vitro assay using the expression of GFP for screening of antileishmanial drug

Promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis were successfully transfected with p6.5-egfp to express green fluorescent protein. The transfectants remained infective to macrophages, providing an in vitro model for screening antileishmanial drugs. This was demonstrated by flow cytometry of macrophage-associated GFP after exposure of infected cultures to known antileishmanial drugs, i.e. amphotericin B and glucantime^®. Fluorescence of GFP diminished progressively from infected cells with increasing drug concentrations used in both cases. The availability of this fluorescent assay for infection of macrophages by L. (V.) panamensis facilitates drug discovery program for the Viannia species, which differ significantly from those of the Leishmania subgenus.     

Mycobiota associated with the ambrosia beetle Scolytodes unipunctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae)

Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) are associated with strictly entomochoric and mutualistic fungi. We studied the mycobiota associated with Scolytodes unipunctatus, ambrosia beetles that infest Cecropia trees in Central America. Isolates were characterized using morphology and rDNA sequences (ITS region, LSU, and SSU rDNA). Four species are described here: Raffaelea scolytodis sp. nov. (Ophiostomatales), Gondwanamyces scolytodis sp. nov., Custingophora cecropiae sp. nov., and Graphium sp. (Microascales). The genus Custingophora is emended to include Knoxdaviesia anamorphs of Gondwanamyces based on uniformity of DNA sequences and phenotype.     

Experimental evaluation of the pathogenicity of Perkinsusolseni in juvenile Manila clams Ruditapes philippinarum

We evaluated the pathogenicity of Perkinsus olseni towards the Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, by an experimental challenge. For production of prezoosporangia of P. olseni, we injected uninfected Manila clams with cells of a pure strain of P. olseni and reared them for 7 d. Prezoosporangia were isolated from the soft tissue of the injected clams after culturing in Ray’s fluid thioglycollate medium. Hatchery-reared, uninfected juvenile clams (3-10 mm shell length) were challenged by immersion in one of two concentrations of a prezoosporangial suspension of P. olseni for 6 d. The challenged clams had significantly higher mortality at both the concentrations than the unchallenged clams. The mortality due to infection dose-dependently began approximately 4 weeks and 7 weeks after challenge in the higher and lower concentrations, respectively. This is the first experimental evidence that P. olseni causes direct mortality in Manila clams. The lethal level of infection was estimated at approximately 10⁷ pathogen cells/g soft tissue weight.     

Systematics and evolution of the genus Torrubiella (Hypocreales, Ascomycota)

Torrubiella is a genus of arthropod-pathogenic fungi that primarily attacks spiders and scale insects. Based on the morphology of the perithecia, asci, and ascospores, it is classified in Clavicipitaceae s. lat. (Hypocreales), and is considered a close relative of Cordyceps s. 1., which was recently reclassified into three families (Clavicipitaceae s. str., Cordycipitaceae, Ophiocordycipitaceae) and four genera (Cordyceps s. str, Elaphocordyceps, Metacordyceps, and Ophiocordyceps). Torrubiella is distinguished morphologically from Cordyceps s. lat. mainly by the production of superficial perithecia and the absence of a well-developed stipitate stroma. To test and refine evolutionary hypotheses regarding the placement of Torrubiella and its relationship to Cordyceps s. lat., a multi-gene phylogeny was constructed by conducting ML and Bayesian analyses. The monophyly of Torrubiella was rejected by these analyses with species of the genus present in Clavicipitaceae, Cordycipitaceae, and Ophiocordycipitaceae, and often intermixed among species of Cordyceps s. lat. The morphological characters traditionally used to define the genus are, therefore, not phylogenetically informative, with the stipitate stromata being gained and/or lost several times among clavicipitaceous fungi. Two new genera (Conoideocrella, Orbiocrella) are proposed to accommodate two separate lineages of torrubielloid fungi in the Clavicipitaceae s. str. In addition, one species is reclassified in Cordyceps s. str. and three are reclassified in Ophiocordyceps. The phylogenetic importance of anamorphic genera, host affiliation, and stipitate stromata is discussed.