Effects of drought-rewatering-drought on photosynthesis and growth of maize

Aims Our objective was to investigate the responses of maize photosynthesis and growth to repeated drought.Methods Maize seedlings were exposed to different soil water deficit for three weeks, then rewatering for one week, and again to different water deficit for three weeks, to examine the effects of repeated drought on photosynthesis and growth.Important findings After the first water deficit treatments, under severe drought, plant height, total leaf area of individual plant, shoot and root biomass declined significantly, also transpiration rate (T_r), stomatal conductance (G_s), intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), net photosynthetic rate (P_n), maximum net photosynthetic rate (A_max), but light compensation point and dark respiration rate increased significantly. Under medium drought, plant height, leaf area, and shoot biomass decreased significantly, but root biomass did not vary, hence, the ratio of roots to shoots (R/S) increased. Moreover, plants did not show significant differences in photosynthetic parameters. After rewatering, photosynthesis and growth rate of plants previously exposed to water deficit could recover to the levels of well-watered plants, but plant height and leaf area did not recover to the levels of the control. When maize were subjected to recurrent drought, plants pre-exposed to medium drought showed no significant difference in plant height, biomass, and photosynthetic parameters, but a significant decrease in leaf area, compared to plants only exposed to second medium drought. Plants pre-exposed to severe drought had significantly higher T_r, G_s, C_i, P_n, A_max, and, apparent quantum yield but significantly lower plant height, leaf area, and biomass than plants without previous exposure. These results indicated that the first severe drought significantly reduced photosynthetic capacity and maize growth, rewatering could recover photosynthesis and growth rate to the levels of well-watered plants, but could not eliminate the adverse influence of the first drought on growth. The first medium drought could stimulate the growth of maize root system and significantly increased R/S, which can enhance maize drought resistance to subsequent repeated drought, and maintain the total biomass in the control level; the first severe drought could enhance maize drought resistance to subsequent repeated drought in the aspect of photosynthesis, but could not compensate for the adverse effect of early drought on plant growth. Hence, in practice, drought hardening should be limited in the level of medium drought, and avoiding severe drought.     

干旱-复水-再干旱处理对玉米光合能力和生长的影响

为了探求玉米(Zea mays)光合作用和生长对重复干旱的响应机制, 采用盆栽试验, 分别测定了不同程度土壤干旱处理3周时、随后复水1周时以及再次不同程度干旱处理3周时玉米幼苗光合参数和生长的变化。第一次土壤干旱处理后, 重度干旱处理显著降低玉米株高、单株总叶面积、地上部分及根系生物量以及叶片的蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、净光合速率(P_n)和最大净光合速率(A_max), 但显著提高光补偿点和暗呼吸速率; 中度干旱处理同样显著降低玉米株高、叶面积和地上部分生物量, 但对根系生物量无影响, 因而根冠比增大, 对上述光合参数的负效应也不具有显著性。复水可使前期经受中度和重度干旱处理的玉米植株的光合能力和生长速率恢复到正常水分条件下生长的植株的水平, 但株高和叶面积没有恢复到对照水平。当玉米再次经受水分亏缺处理时, 与只遭受第二次中度或重度干旱处理的植株相比, 经历过前期中度干旱处理的植株的株高、生物量和光合参数没有显著变化, 但叶面积显著下降; 经历过前期重度干旱处理植株的T_r、G_s、C_i、P_n、A_max和表观量子效率显著升高, 而株高、叶面积和生物量显著降低。综上所述, 第一次重度干旱处理显著降低玉米叶片的光合能力和生长, 复水可使光合能力和生长速率恢复到正常水分条件下生长植株的水平, 但不能消除前期干旱对生长产生的不利影响。前期中度干旱可以刺激玉米根系的生长和显著提高根冠比, 有利于提高对二次干旱的抵抗能力, 并使总的生物量保持在对照水平, 而前期重度干旱处理虽然在光合作用上能提高植株对二次干旱的抵御能力, 但不能弥补前期干旱处理对生长的不利影响。因此, 在生产实践中, 如果进行抗旱锻炼, 应限制在中度干旱水平, 避免重度干旱。     

Influence of flood-preconditioning and drought on leaf gas exchange and plant water relations in seedlings of pecan

Four-month old seedlings of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] were either not flooded or flooded for 14 days, then transferred to well-drained conditions for 23 days. Water was withheld from one-half of the trees for 6 days, then trees were rewatered, and water was withheld from all trees. Leaf expansion, leaf dry weight, and the number of new leaves that developed were reduced by flooding, but not trunk or root dry weights. Evapotranspiration rates of flooded trees after transfer to well-drained conditions were initially higher than those of unflooded trees, but decreased to rates of control trees after 12 days. Flooding had no effect on photosynthesis after trees had been transferred to well-drained conditions for 23 days. Drought-stressed trees with leaf water potentials as low as − 1.93 MPa had lower leaf photosynthetic CO₂ assimilation rate (A), transpiration (E), and leaf conductance to CO₂ (g_L) as compared to wellwatered trees. Leaf internal CO₂ concentration (c_i) was reduced only by the most severe water-stress treatment. Water use rates and relative water content were lower at the permanent wilting point during a second drought stress when trees had been exposed previously to drought stress.     

乡土风箱果和紫叶风箱果叶片光合特性对土壤干旱的响应

研究叶片光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数对土壤干旱的响应,分析濒危的乡土风箱果和引种紫叶风箱果的抗旱能力及其差异.结果表明: 土壤干旱第7天时,紫叶风箱果叶片明显失水萎蔫,而乡土风箱果却有较高的叶片含水率和水分利用效率.土壤干旱降低了2种风箱果叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率,紫叶风箱果降低幅度明显大于乡土风箱果.土壤干旱7 d时,紫叶风箱果叶片的胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)高于未干旱处理,而乡土风箱果C_i低于未干旱处理.乡土风箱果叶片的电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学淬灭系数(q_P)明显降低,而PSⅡ反应中心光能捕获效率(F_v′/F_m′)没有发生明显变化;但是紫叶风箱果叶片的F_v′/F_m′、ETR和q_P均明显降低,并且其降低幅度大于乡土风箱果.土壤干旱7 d时,乡土风箱果叶片OJIP曲线上J点的相对可变荧光(V_J)没有发生明显变化,而紫叶风箱果叶片V_J明显增加.紫叶风箱果的叶片碳同化能力和PSⅡ功能对土壤干旱的敏感性明显大于乡土风箱果,土壤干旱降低乡土风箱果光合能力的原因以气孔因素限制为主,而紫叶风箱果以非气孔因素限制为主.     

不同光合类型牧草对干旱-复水的光合生理响应及生长适应策略

基于干旱频率增加、强度增大这一全球降水变化背景, 探究干旱-复水条件下不同功能群(C₃和C₄)植物的光合生理响应及生长适应策略有助于预测降水格局变化条件下草地的植被组成和生态系统功能。该研究采用盆栽实验, 以松嫩草地生长的一年生C₃ (4种)和C₄ (3种)牧草为实验材料, 设置了对照、中度干旱和重度干旱3个水分处理水平, 在干旱末期及复水期对植物进行气体交换、生物量和比叶质量的测量。在干旱条件下, 各物种净光合速率和气孔导度均呈下降趋势, 水分利用效率呈上升趋势。干旱对不同植物光合指标的影响存在功能群差异, 随干旱程度的增加C₄植物逐渐丧失光合优势, 重度干旱对C₄植物净光合速率的影响较C₃植物更加明显。由于干旱条件下C₃植物光合固碳主要受气孔限制而C₄植物主要受代谢限制, 因此复水后C₄植物净光合速率恢复速度较C₃植物慢。干旱条件下, 各物种的生物量降低, 根冠比和比叶质量升高, 干旱对C₃植物各生长指标的影响均大于C₄植物; 复水处理后, C₃植物生物量随干旱强度增加呈下降趋势, 而C₄植物的生物量与对照相比无显著差异。     

Comparison of the physiological responses of Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata cultivars when submitted to drought conditions

Three cultivars differing in their susceptibility to water stress were compared—Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Carioca (susceptible), Vigna unguiculata cv. IT83D (intermediately tolerant) and V. unguiculata cv. EPACE-1 (tolerant)—during an imposed water stress treatment. Variation in leaf gas exchange (i.e. assimilation and stomatal conductance) and leaf relative water content in response to progressive substrate water depletion were investigated. To verify the extent of the injury caused by the drought treatment, leaf gas exchange was measured after rehydration. In the three cultivars, stomatal conductance declined before leaf relative water content was affected. P. vulgaris showed the largest decrease in the rate of stomatal conductance with decreasing substrate water content compared to both V. unguiculata cultivars. Photosynthetic assimilation rates were largely dependent on stomatal aperture, but there was evidence of the participation of non-stomatal factors in the reduction of CO₂ fixation. The response of leaf gas exchange parameters to severe water stress conditions differed significantly between P. vulgaris and V. unguiculata cultivars. After rehydration, cultivars can be characterised according to the degree of injury induced by the drought treatment: V. unguiculata cv. EPACE-1 as the least affected, V. unguiculata cv. IT83D slightly affected and P. vulgaris cv. Carioca strongly affected. Similar ranking was obtained with experiments previously performed at a cellular and subcellular level. Our results confirm the utility of physiological parameters as early screening tools for drought resistance in bean cultivars.     

QTLs affecting morph-physiological traits related to drought tolerance detected in overlapping introgression lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Plant photosynthetic traits such as net photosynthetic rate (P_n), stomata conductance (g_s), transpiration rate (T_r), and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i), are known to relate to drought tolerance in plants, but the genetic basis of these traits remains largely uncharacterized because of the difficulty in phenotyping physiological traits in a large mapping population. In this study, a set of 55 overlapping introgression lines (ILs) in the Teqing (indica) background were used to genetically dissect several morph-physiological traits and their relationship with grain yield under water stress and non-stress conditions. These traits included specific leaf weight (SLW), chlorophyll content (CC), leaf stomata frequency (SF), P_n, g_s, T_r, and C_i. A total of 40 QTLs affecting the measured traits were identified and mapped to 21 genomic regions in the rice genome. Clustered QTLs affecting P_n, g_s, T_r, and C_i in the same genomic regions suggest common genetic bases for the physiological traits. Low or no phenotypic correlations between leaf morphological traits and photosynthetic traits and between morph-physiological traits and grain yield (GY) appeared to be due to inconsistence in QTL effect for clustered QTLs, unlinked QTLs affecting different traits, and to possible epistasis that could not be adequately addressed in this study. Our results indicate that improving drought tolerant (DT) of rice by selecting any single secondary traits is not expected to be effective and the identified QTLs for GY and related morph-physiological traits should be carefully confirmed before to be used for improving DT in rice by MAS.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落中多枝柽柳的光合特征及水分利用效率

干旱区植物的生长和生存主要受水分限制,采用滴灌方式对防护林植物进行水分补给是维持人工生态屏障稳定性的重要手段.本研究通过测定塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘防护林和自然群落多枝柽柳的气体交换参数和稳定性碳同位素值,研究不同水分来源多枝柽柳的光合特征和水分利用效率.结果表明: 滴灌群落多枝柽柳受灌溉和土壤盐分的影响水势普遍较低;自然群落多枝柽柳清晨和正午水势较其他植物低,表明其遭受到严重的水分胁迫;滴灌群落多枝柽柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和最大光合速率(P_{n max})均明显低于自然群落多枝柽柳,表明滴灌群落多枝柽柳光合能力弱于自然群落多枝柽柳;灌溉造成的盐分胁迫导致滴灌群落多枝柽柳比自然群落拥有较高的长期水分利用效率.总之,现行的灌溉模式虽能提供防护林植物生长所需水分,但技术的缺陷和土壤盐分的积累可能会影响防护林体系的长期稳定性.     

关键发育期干旱及复水过程对春玉米主要生理参数的影响

为深入了解玉米在关键发育期干旱条件下的耗水特征及致灾机理,对春玉米‘丹玉39’分别从拔节(T₁)和抽雄(T₂)期开始采用持续无补水方式进行干旱及复水试验,基于对叶和根水势、主要光合变量(净光合速率P_n、蒸腾速率T_r、气孔导度g_s、胞间CO₂浓度C_i)以及茎流速率(SF)的动态观测,研究各生理参数对干旱及复水过程的响应特征.结果表明: 叶、根水势均与土壤湿度呈对数关系,不同时期干旱使二者都减小,对根水势的影响比叶水势提前,与拔节期相比,抽雄期叶水势的干旱响应偏早,根水势偏晚;叶水势在T₁处理复水后能得到恢复,但不能恢复到正常水平,T₂处理不能恢复;T₁处理的根水势对复水的响应比叶水势更快,且更接近于正常水平.P_n和T_r对T₂处理的响应快于T₁处理;复水后二者对T₁处理的恢复速度快于T₂处理,T₁和T₂处理P_n分别超过和达到正常水平,而T_r分别能和不能达到正常水平;T_r对T₁处理的响应早于P_n,二者对T₂处理的响应一致;各处理g_s对干旱的响应与P_n一致;T₁处理的C_i与P_n趋势一致,T₂处理相反.各干旱处理SF比对照减小,在晴天比阴天响应明显,SF对T₂处理的响应比T₁处理敏感,在一定干旱水平后响应敏感性减弱;复水后SF比对照明显增大,T₂处理的增幅小于T₁处理.     

外源钙离子对盐胁迫玉米气孔特征、光合作用和生物量的影响

探讨盐胁迫下玉米气孔特征、光合作用和生物量对外源钙离子的响应,有助于深入理解添加外源钙离子(Ca²⁺)缓解玉米盐胁迫的作用机理.以‘京科665’品种为试材,研究了NaCl胁迫下(100 mmol·L^-1)添加不同浓度外源Ca²⁺(0、5、10、20、40、80 mmol·L^-1)对玉米幼苗气孔特征、光合作用和生物量的影响.结果表明: 不同Ca²⁺浓度对盐胁迫下玉米的气孔密度影响不大,但显著减小了气孔形状指数、气孔面积、气孔长度、气孔宽度和气孔周长.同时,随着外源Ca²⁺浓度的逐渐提高,玉米叶片的净光合速率(P_n)呈先升高后降低的趋势,且气孔导度(g_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均显著降低,表明不同浓度Ca²⁺通过改变玉米气孔结构特征进一步限制光合作用过程,最终导致P_n降低.另外,外源Ca²⁺促进盐胁迫下玉米幼苗生物量增加,但根冠比显著降低,表明盐胁迫下添加外源Ca²⁺对地上部分的缓解作用大于地下部分.     

Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth responses of Genipa americana seedlings to soil flooding

Effects of soil flooding on photosynthesis and growth of Genipa americana L. seedlings, a neotropical fruit-tree species used in gallery forest restoration programs, were studied under glasshouse conditions. Despite the high survival rate and wide distribution in flood-prone habitats of the neotropics, previous studies demonstrated that growth of G. americana is reduced under soil flooding. Using leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, we tested the hypothesis that stomatal limitation of photosynthesis is the main factor that reduces carbon uptake and growth rates of G. americana seedlings. Throughout a 63-day flooding period, the survival rates were 100%. The maximum values of the net photosynthetic rate (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapor (g_s) of control seedlings were 9.86 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ and 0.525 mol H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹, respectively. The earliest effects of flooding were significant decreases in g_s and A, development of hypertrophied lenticels and decrease in the dry weight of roots. A strong effect of the leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficit (LAVPD) on g_s and A were observed that was enhanced under flooded conditions. Between 14 and 63 days after flooding, significant reductions in g_s (31.7% of control) and A (52.9% of control) were observed followed by significant increments in non-photochemical quenching (q_N) (187.5% of control). During the same period, there were no differences among treatments for the ratio between variable to initial fluorescence (F_v/F₀), the maximum quantum efficiency of the photosystem II (F_v/F_m) and photochemical quenching (q_P), indicating that there was no damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Based on the results, we conclude that decreases in stomatal opening and stomatal limitation of photosynthesis, followed by decrease in individual leaf area are the main causes of reductions in carbon uptake and whole plant biomass of flooded seedlings.     

干旱胁迫对不同土壤基质下核桃楸幼苗的生理特性的影响

为探究不同土壤基质条件下核桃楸幼苗对干旱胁迫生理特性的响应,以两年生核桃楸幼苗为研究对象,在腐殖土、壤土和砂壤土三种基质条件下进行控水试验,水分梯度分别设置为CK(正常供水,80%田间持水量)、T1(轻度胁迫,60%田间持水量)、T2(中度胁迫,40%田间持水量)和T3(重度胁迫,20%田间持水量),测定幼苗叶片叶绿素、丙二醛、脯氨酸、抗氧化酶和光合指标。结果表明,随着胁迫程度的加深,叶绿素含量和Chla/b均呈逐渐降低的趋势(P<0.05),在胁迫60d时,T3处理下的叶绿素a(Chla)和叶绿素b(Chlb)分别比CK低65.41%和51.57%,3种基质中叶绿含量大小顺序为:腐殖土>壤土>砂壤土。随着胁迫程度的加深,叶片脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)则呈逐渐升高的趋势(P<0.05),胁迫60d时,砂壤土中T3处理的Pro含量最高为83.37mg·g-1,比CK高86.32%。腐殖土中幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均随胁迫程度加深而升高,壤土中叶片SOD活性则呈先升高后降低的变化规律。3种土壤基质中核桃楸叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均随着胁迫程度的加深而降低,但不同基质中幼苗叶片的气孔限制和非气孔限制发生的时间不同,T3处理的叶片胞间CO2浓度(Ci)在腐殖土中是12:00时最低,而在壤土和砂壤土中则是10:00时最低。土壤全氮、全磷、渗透速率和蒸腾速率与叶绿素含量存在显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),土壤容重与叶绿素含量存在显著的负相关关系(P<0.05)。因此,土壤基质和干旱胁迫对核桃楸幼苗的生理生化和光合特性产生了显著的影响,重度胁迫对幼苗的叶绿素、渗透物质和酶体系产生了严重的损伤,同时降低了核桃楸幼苗的光合生产力。总体上,腐殖土中的幼苗有着较好的抗旱表现。     

CO2浓度增加和水分亏缺对典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响

探讨大气CO₂浓度和水分变化对3种典型绿肥植物光合性能及水分利用效率的影响,可为未来气候变化情形下草地生态系统适应性管理提供理论支持。本试验利用可精准控制CO₂浓度的人工气候室,设置400(自然大气)和800 μmol·mol^-1(倍增)两个CO₂浓度,80%土壤田间持水量(FC)(充分灌水对照)、55%～60%FC(轻度水分亏缺)、35%～40%FC(中度水分亏缺)、<35%FC(重度水分亏缺)4个水分梯度,研究CO₂浓度增加和水分亏缺对甘蓝型油菜、白三叶和紫花苜蓿叶绿素含量、气体交换参数及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明: 同一CO₂浓度下,与充分灌水对照相比,当土壤水分<40%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素含量和气体交换参数均显著降低;土壤水分为55%～60%FC时,3种植物的叶绿素总含量无显著变化,而白三叶和紫花苜蓿的光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)降低了6%～25%,但WUE无显著性差异。与大气CO₂浓度相比,CO₂浓度倍增使充分灌水处理下甘蓝型油菜的P_n显著降低了21.5%,而显著增加了轻度水分亏缺下3种植物的P_n,且增加了中度水分亏缺下甘蓝型油菜和紫花苜蓿的P_n,但只对重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的P_n有所改善;CO₂浓度倍增显著增加了白三叶和紫花苜蓿在所有水分处理下的WUE,但只增加了甘蓝型油菜在轻度水分亏缺下的WUE。CO₂浓度和水分的交互作用对3种植物的P_n均有显著影响,但仅对甘蓝型油菜的WUE有显著影响。综上,3种植物对大气CO₂浓度倍增和水分亏缺的响应存在明显差异,CO₂浓度升高能改善轻度水分亏缺对3种植物光合性能和WUE的不利影响,但只改善了重度水分亏缺下紫花苜蓿的光合性能。     

遮阴对闽楠叶绿素含量和光合特性的影响

为探讨闽楠对不同光环境的光合适应机制,以2年生闽楠幼苗为材料,设置3个光照处理(全光照、遮光率50%和遮光率78%),适应6个月后,测定其叶绿素含量、气体交换和叶绿素荧光同步数据,研究不同光环境处理对闽楠叶片叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光参数和光合特性的影响.结果表明: 3种光照处理下,闽楠叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素(a+b)和类胡萝卜素含量大小次序为78%遮光率>50%遮光率>全光照,但不同光照处理对闽楠叶绿素a/b值没有显著影响.遮阴条件下,闽楠叶片光补偿点(LCP)降低,光饱和点(LSP)和表观量子效率(AQY)升高,说明遮阴条件下闽楠叶片对弱光和强光的利用能力均有所提高;最大净光合速率(P_{n max})、光下暗呼吸速率(R_d)和最大电子传递速率(J_max)均增大.在不同处理间,闽楠叶片净光合速率(P_n)、CO₂气孔导度(g_sc)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶肉导度(g_m)均存在显著差异.P_n和g_m的大小顺序为: 78%遮光率>50%遮光率>全光照.78%遮光率处理下g_sc显著大于全光照.50%遮光率条件和78%遮光率条件下C_i均显著小于全光照.78%遮光率条件下PSⅡ实际光量子产量(F_v′/F_m′)、PSⅡ光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)和电子传递速率(J)均显著大于50%遮光率条件和全光照.由此可知,在遮阴条件下闽楠可以通过增加叶绿素含量、AQY、J、g_sc和g_m来增大光合能力.     

Drought stress in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is enhanced in the presence of the compacting earthworm Millsonia anomala

Earthworms increase growth of most plant species through a number of poorly investigated mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that earthworm modifications of soil structure and the resulting changes in water availability to plants explain this positive effect. Addition of endogeic earthworms Millsonia anomala induced a 40% increase in shoot biomass production and a 13% increase in CO₂ assimilation rate of well watered rice plants grown in pots. Conversely, when plants were subjected to water deficit, presence of earthworms had no effect on shoot biomass production and a negative impact on CO₂ assimilation rate (−21%). Early stomatal closure in presence of earthworms indicated lower water availability. The hypothesis that earthworms improve plant biomass production through soil physical structure modification was thus rejected. Three hypotheses were tested to explain this decrease in water availability: (i) a decrease in soil water retention capacity, (ii) an increase in evaporation from the soil or/and (iii) an increase in plant transpiration. Results showed that earthworms significantly reduced soil water retention capacity by more than 6%, but had no effect on evaporation rate. Water losses through transpiration were greater in the presence of earthworms when the soil was maintained at field capacity, but this was not the case under drought conditions. This experiment showed that the endogeic compacting earthworm M. anomala significantly increased plant photosynthesis by an undetermined mechanism under well-watered conditions. However, photosynthesis was reduced under drought conditions due to reduced soil water retention capacity.     

太行山南麓栓皮栎和刺槐光合作用-CO2响应模拟

采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400XT)对太行山南麓栓皮栎、刺槐2个树种叶片光合作用-CO₂响应曲线进行测定,利用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)以及直角双曲线的修正模型—叶子飘模型(YZP)进行曲线拟合,并对3种光合模型的拟合参数(最大净光合能力A_max、初始羧化速率η、光呼吸速率R_p、CO₂补偿点CCP和CO₂饱和点CSP)进行比较.结果表明: 与NRH和YZP模型相比,RH模型所得的A_max、η、R_p和CCP较高,分别高出实测值59.8%、128.6%、133.4%和19.8%.与RH模型和YZP模型相比,NRH模型拟合得出的A_max较大,高于实测值11.1%,η、R_p和CCP接近于实测值.YZP模型能较好地模拟光合作用对CO₂的饱和现象,在A_max和CSP的拟合效果上较好.栓皮栎阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP比阳叶分别低31.3%、5.2%和14.3%.刺槐阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP分别高出阳叶23.5%、11.0%和5.4%.栓皮栎、刺槐阴叶的η分别比阳叶高6.9%和7.0%.刺槐叶片的R_p和CCP与温度、光强均具有显著线性关系,η与气孔导度(g_s)具有显著线性关系.栓皮栎叶片的η与光强和气孔导度具有显著线性关系,CCP主要受温度和湿度影响.栓皮栎叶片的A_max与相对湿度和g_s具有显著的正线性相关关系.     

太行山南麓栓皮栎和刺槐光合作用-CO2响应模拟

采用便携式光合仪(Li-6400XT)对太行山南麓栓皮栎、刺槐2个树种叶片光合作用-CO₂响应曲线进行测定,利用直角双曲线模型(RH)、非直角双曲线模型(NRH)以及直角双曲线的修正模型—叶子飘模型(YZP)进行曲线拟合,并对3种光合模型的拟合参数(最大净光合能力A_max、初始羧化速率η、光呼吸速率R_p、CO₂补偿点CCP和CO₂饱和点CSP)进行比较.结果表明: 与NRH和YZP模型相比,RH模型所得的A_max、η、R_p和CCP较高,分别高出实测值59.8%、128.6%、133.4%和19.8%.与RH模型和YZP模型相比,NRH模型拟合得出的A_max较大,高于实测值11.1%,η、R_p和CCP接近于实测值.YZP模型能较好地模拟光合作用对CO₂的饱和现象,在A_max和CSP的拟合效果上较好.栓皮栎阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP比阳叶分别低31.3%、5.2%和14.3%.刺槐阴叶的A_max、R_p和CCP分别高出阳叶23.5%、11.0%和5.4%.栓皮栎、刺槐阴叶的η分别比阳叶高6.9%和7.0%.刺槐叶片的R_p和CCP与温度、光强均具有显著线性关系,η与气孔导度(g_s)具有显著线性关系.栓皮栎叶片的η与光强和气孔导度具有显著线性关系,CCP主要受温度和湿度影响.栓皮栎叶片的A_max与相对湿度和g_s具有显著的正线性相关关系.     

减氮运筹对甘薯光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响

光合性能是决定作物产量形成的关键,氮肥的合理施用是调控作物光合特性和产量形成的重要措施.于2016—2017年开展盆栽试验,研究了减氮和施肥方式对甘薯叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响.试验以常规习惯基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2为对照(FP),在常规施氮量的基础上减氮20%,同时设置3种氮肥运筹方式:100%基施(JS)、100%移栽后35 d追施(KS)、50%基施+50%移栽后35 d追施(FS).结果表明:与常规基施氮肥100 kg·hm^-2相比,减氮条件下氮肥全部基施显著降低了全生育期甘薯光合性能,但追施处理显著提高了块根膨大期净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)和叶绿素(Chl a+b)含量.不同处理下,P_n、g_s、C_i和Chl a+b均以50%基施+50%追施处理最高.减氮分施处理甘薯块根膨大期的PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Φ_PSⅡ)、光化学淬灭系数(q_P)、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o) 提高,而初始荧光(F_o)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)则降低.氮肥分施通过提高PSⅡ的光化学效率和电子传递速率,降低光能的热耗散,提高了甘薯块根膨大期功能叶的光合速率.2个品种不同年际间表现相同.表明氮肥一次性基施或追施均不利于提高甘薯叶片光合性能.减氮20%水平下,50%基施+50%追施可减缓叶片早衰,延长叶片功能期,提高甘薯的光合生产能力和生物量,有利于产量形成.     

外源褪黑素对高温胁迫下菊花光合和生理特性的影响

以切花菊品种‘神马'为试材,研究外源褪黑素(MT)对菊花抗高温胁迫的影响。将供试菊花叶面喷施200 μmol·L^-1的MT后,进行40 ℃(昼)/35 ℃(夜)高温胁迫,观察菊花叶片叶绿体和内囊体超微结构,测定光合和生理指标。结果表明:与常温对照(CK)相比,高温胁迫下菊花叶片叶绿体和类囊体受损,叶绿素含量和最大荧光(F_m)显著降低,OJIP曲线发生变化,K点和J点荧光升高,净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(g_s)均显著降低,胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)均显著增加;相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)、活性氧(ROS)、渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性显著增加。外源喷施MT可维持高温胁迫下植株叶绿体和类囊体结构的完整性,明显降低OJIP曲线中K点和J点上升的幅度,F_m、P_n、g_s、T_r和光合色素含量显著提高,C_i显著下降,缓解了高温胁迫对菊花光合和荧光作用的抑制。同时,外源喷施MT处理显著降低了高温胁迫下菊花REC、MDA和ROS含量,增强了菊花叶片中渗透调节物质含量和抗氧化酶活性。可见,外源MT可通过保护菊花叶片叶绿体结构的完整性,增强光合作用,抑制高温胁迫下菊花植株体内ROS的过度产生,提高抗氧化酶系统的活性,降低膜质过氧化水平和保护脂膜的完整性,从而提高菊花植株抗高温胁迫能力。     

Effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on photosynthetic physiology in females and males of Populus deltoides exposed to cadmium pollution

Aims Populus deltoides is an important plantation tree species in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in Huai River Plain. The extensively cultivated varieties are consisted of both females and males of P. deltoides. The objective of this paper was to characterize the difference in cadmium (Cd) tolerance between the sexes and the effects of symbiosis with Rhizophagus intraradices on their Cd tolerance.
Methods The experiment was carried out under semi-controlled conditions in a natural light greenhouse, protected from rain. Rhizophagus intraradices was inoculated on roots of both females and males when transplanting to a sand culture substrate. After one month, half of cuttings were exposed to Cd pollution (10 mg·kg^-1). All cuttings were irrigated with sterile water to avoid infection by other microorganism. About three months later, the gas exchange rate, net photosynthesis rate (P_n)-intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) curve, chlorophyll fluorescence, osmotic adjustment and phytohormone content of both females and males of P. deltoides were measured.
Important findings Our main results are as follows: (1) when compared to the controls, decreases in P_n, stomatal conductance, C_i, transpiration rate, maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), effective quantum yield of PSII, photo-chemical quenching coefficient, maximum rate of carboxylation of Rubisco, photosynthetically active radiation-saturated rate of electron transport and rate of triose phosphate utilization to a different degree in both sexes of P. deltoides under Cd pollution were found, and females exhibited a greater decrease in such parameters than males. Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation mitigated the toxic effect of Cd on such parameters to a different degree in females, not in males. (2) Under Cd pollution, there was an increase in proline content in both sexes when compared to the controls. A further increase in proline content occurred in females, not in males, when inoculated with R. intraradices. (3) When compared to the controls, there was a decrease in indoleacetic acid, but an increase in abscisic acid in leaves of both sexes when exposed to Cd pollution. The amplitude changed in both phytohormones in females was greater than that in males. Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation was helpful for recovery of phytohormone balance in females, which was not observed in males. Therefore, our results indicated that (1) there were a greater negative effect exerted by Cd pollution on gas exchange rate, carbon fixation capacity and phytohormone balance and a more impairment of photosynthetic apparatus in females when compared to males, showing a less tolerance to stress conditions in females; (2) Rhizophagus intraradices inoculation could enhance the osmotic adjustment capacity in females, thus mitigate the negative effect of Cd stress on ability of carbon fixation and phytohormone balance in females. However, such positive effects derived from R. intraradices symbiosis were not observed in males.