老年COPD疾病进展与机体调节性T 细胞的关系分析

目的:探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者疾病进展与机体调节性T细胞(Treg)的关系。方法:选取我院收治的65例COPD患者(COPD组)以及同期在我院行体检的健康人群45例(正常对照组),将COPD患者分为急性期组41例及稳定期组24例,采用肺功能仪检测肺功能,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白介素4(IL-4)、IL-17水平,采用流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4+CD25+Treg细胞比例。结果:与正常对照组比较,COPD患者的FEV1、FVC、PEF、FEV1/FVC、6MWT、血清IL-4水平、外周血CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞比例均明显下降,血清IFN-γ、IL-17及Th1/Th2均显著升高。急性期COPD患者的CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞比例较正常对照组显著升高,而正常对照组患者的CD4~+CD25~+Treg细胞比例较稳定组COPD患者显著升高,组间比较均有明显差异(P0.05)。结论:老年CODP患者体内存在免疫功能失调,调节性T细胞可能参与了老年COPD疾病的发病以及急性加重过程,导致患者出现肺功能改变。     

脑脊液中CD4~+ CD25~+ Treg、sICAM-1及BAFF与动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血的相关性研究

目的探讨脑脊液中CD4~+CD25~+调节性T细胞(Treg)、可溶性细胞间黏附分子(sICAM-1)及B细胞活化因子(BAFF)与动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)的相关性。方法随机选择内蒙古医科大学附属医院神经外科2015年3月至2016年12月120例SAH患者作为观察组,选择同期健康体检人群40例作为对照组,均行脑脊液CD4~+CD25~+Treg、sICAM-1及BAFF水平检测,组间比较采用t检验,并采用Pearson参数法分析其与疾病严重程度(Hunt-Hess分级法)的相关性。结果观察组CD4~+CD25~+Treg水平(2.52±0.73)%低于对照组(4.52±1.08)%,差异有统计学意义(t=-12.563,P0.01);sICAM-1(853.25±155.36)pg/ml及BAFF(586.23±163.73)pg/ml水平高于对照组sICAM-1(315.65±132.58)pg/ml,(t=-19.569,P0.01)及BAFF(272.66±142.58)pg/ml,(t=-11.426,P0.01);随着Hunt-Hess分级的增加,SAH患者CD4~+CD25~+Treg水平呈逐渐降低趋势(3.12±0.82)%、(2.42±1.05)%、(1.28±0.61)%,sICAM-1(627.21±152.56)pg/ml、(794.78±106.36)pg/ml、(896.56±110.52)pg/ml及BAFF(395.32±162.53)pg/ml、(589.62±170.43)pg/ml、(789.61±173.52)pg/ml水平呈逐渐上升趋势,3组比较差异有统计学意义(F=7.214,12.372,11.581,P均0.01);CD4~+CD25~+Treg与SAH病情程度呈负相关(r=-0.824,P0.01)、sICAM-1、BAFF水平与病情程度成正相关(r=0.922,0.472,P均0.01)。结论 CD4~+CD25~+Treg是颅内动脉瘤患者的一种保护因素,其水平的含量降低,动脉瘤破裂后SAH的风险程度增加,sICAM-1、BAFF参与SAH的发生,其水平增高可加重动脉瘤SAH的炎症反应。     

分泌性中耳炎患者外周血Th1Th2细胞及T淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨分泌性中耳炎(SOM)患者外周血T辅助细胞1(Th1)、T辅助细胞2(Th2)细胞因子及T淋巴细胞亚群水平的表达及其临床意义。方法:选取我院于2015年1月至2018年1月期间收治的SOM患者135例记为SOM组,根据病程将患者分为急性组(病程14d,49例)、亚急性组(病程14-30d,53例)、慢性组(病程30d,33例)。另外选择同期于我院进行体检的100例健康者为对照组。分别对比SOM组和对照组受试者、不同病程SOM患者外周血Th1细胞因子[干扰素(INF-γ)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)]、Th2细胞因子[白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)]以及T淋巴细胞亚群[CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+]水平。采用Pearson相关性分析INF-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10与CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+的相关性。结果:SOM组患者外周血INF-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10水平高于对照组(P0.05);急性组患者外周血INF-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10水平低于亚急性组、慢性组,亚急性组患者外周血INF-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-10水平低于慢性组(P0.05)。SOM组患者外周血CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平低于对照组,CD8~+水平高于对照组(P0.05);急性组患者外周血CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平高于亚急性组、慢性组,CD8~+水平低于亚急性组、慢性组,亚急性组患者外周血CD3~+、CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平高于慢性组,CD8~+水平低于慢性组(P0.05)。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,SOM患者外周血INF-γ、IL-4与CD8~+呈正相关(P0.05),IL-4与CD3~+、CD4~+呈负相关(P0.05)。结论:SOM患者外周血Th1Th2细胞因子、T淋巴细胞亚群水平均表现异常,且其水平与疾病发生和发展存在一定联系,通过监测Th1Th2细胞因子、T淋巴细胞亚群有助于评估SOM患者病情。     

IL-12，IFN-γ，EPO及铁蛋白在急性白血病患者血清中的表达及临床意义

目的:研究急性白血病患者血清白介素-12(IL-12)、γ干扰素(IFN-γ)、促红细胞生成素(EPO)、铁蛋白的表达及临床意义。方法:选取2015年8月至2016年7月我院收治的76例急性白血病患者视为观察组,初治组31例,缓解组25例,复发组20例;另选择同期在我院进行健康体检的76例视为对照组。比较急性白血病患者、健康人群及不同疾病阶段的血清IL-12、IFN-γ、EPO、铁蛋白水平。结果:观察组的IL-12、IFN-γ水平显著低于对照组,EPO、铁蛋白水平显著高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。初治组、复发组的血清IL-12、IFN-γ显著低于缓解组[(84.21±5.43)pg/mL、(98.7±7.98)pg/mL比(112.43±10.21)pg/mL,(38.54±3.56)pg/mL、(49.87±4.02)pg/mL比(108.32±8.43)pg/mL](P0.05),EPO、铁蛋白水平显著高于缓解组[(402.32±42.31)mIU/mL、(321.58±30.21)mIU/mL比(98.21±9.45)mIU/mL,(653.21±54.24)ng/mL、(512.87±43.45)ng/mL比(342.15±25.12)ng/mL](P0.05)。结论:急性白血病患者血清IL-12、IFN-γ水平较低,EPO、铁蛋白的表达较高,可通过监测上述指标变化评估病情及预后。     

过敏性鼻炎患儿淋巴细胞亚群与血清IgE水平变化及意义

目的:研究过敏性鼻炎患儿淋巴细胞亚群与血清免疫球蛋白E(IgE)水平变化及其临床意义,为临床诊疗提供依据。方法:选取2015年6月到2016年6月我院收治的过敏性鼻炎患儿103例为研究组,另选取同期健康体检者103例为对照组,应用流式细胞技术检测CD3~+、CD4~+、CD19~+、CD8~+、CD4~+CD25~+水平,应用酶联免疫吸附法检测白介素-4(IL-4)、白介素-5(IL-5)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)水平,应用免疫比浊法检测IgE水平,对比两组淋巴细胞亚群水平、血清中IL-4、IL-5、IFN-γ水平及IgE水平的变化,并分析其相关性。结果:研究组CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+CD25~+显著低于对照组,CD19~+显著高于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组IL-4、IL-5水平显著高于对照组,IFN-γ水平显著低于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);研究组IgE水平显著高于对照组,比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);相关性分析显示:CD19~+与IgE水平呈正相关关系(P0.05)。结论:淋巴细胞亚群失衡、血清IgE均与过敏性鼻炎有关,在过敏性鼻炎发生和发展中发挥重要作用。     

EB病毒感染导致单核细胞增多症患儿免疫功能的变化及意义

探究EB病毒感染导致单核细胞增多症(IM)患儿免疫功能的变化及意义,以期为EB病毒感致IM的诊疗提供理论依据。研究对象选取2015年6月至2016年6月期间于我院诊治的80例EB病毒感染导致IM患者以及40例体检正常儿童,将确诊未开始治疗的IM患者设为观察组(40例),处于恢复期的IM患者设为治疗组(40例),将体检正常儿童设为对照组。检测淋T巴细胞亚群CD3~+T细胞、CD4~+T细胞、CD8~+T细胞比例以及CD4~+/CD8~+比值,并比较3组观察对象外周血白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)的水平。研究显示观察组CD3~+与CD8~+分别为(0.75±0.13)、(0.45±0.11),均显著高于对照组((0.53±0.09),(0.26±0.09))、治疗组((0.57±0.10),(0.30±0.10)),观察组CD4~+、CD4~+/CD8~+均显著低于对照组与治疗组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05),治疗组与对照组各项指标差异均不显著(p0.05);观察组IL-6、IL-8分别为(16.34±4.22)pg/m L、(17.96±4.32)pg/m L,显著高于对照组((9.32±3.21)pg/m L、(10.12±3.10)pg/m L)、治疗组((10.32±3.32)pg/m L、(10.78±3.16)pg/m L),差异具有统计学意义(p0.05),治疗组与对照组各项指标差异均不显著(p0.05)。综上可得EB病毒感染后患儿体内CD3~+与CD8~+显著升高,打破CD4~+/CD8~+平衡,免疫功能失常是IM发病的重要原因,对于探究免疫功能的变化对IM的诊治具有重要意义。     

参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊对肠易激综合征患者的肠黏膜屏障功能及5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平的影响

目的:探讨参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊对肠易激综合征患者的肠黏膜屏障功能及5-羟色胺(5-HT)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素8(IL-8)水平的影响。方法:选取2017年3月至2018年1月的89例肠易激综合征患者。按照随机数表法分为观察组(n=46)和对照组(n=43),对照组采用复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊治疗,观察组采用参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊治疗。观察两组治疗疗效,肠黏膜屏障功能(DAO、D-乳酸、细菌内毒素),血清5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平,不良反应发生率。结果:治疗后,观察组总有效率显著高于对照组[93.47%vs 72.09%](P0.05);中医症状积分显著低于对照组[(2.81±0.42)分vs(5.79±0.74)分](P0.05);DAO、D-乳酸、细菌内毒素水平均显著低于对照组[(10.02±1.50)U/L vs(11.85±1.98)U/L,(7.18±1.37)mg/L vs (8.56±1.53)mg/L,(0.60±0.08)pg/mL vs (0.75±0.12)pg/mL](P 0.05);血清5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平均显著低于对照组[(351.08±20.93)pg/mL vs(364.12±29.71)pg/mL,(26.95±5.02)pg/mL vs(31.28±6.10)pg/mL,(2.97±0.51)ng/L vs(4.03±0.62)ng/L](P0.05);不良反应总发生率显著低于对照组[6.52%(3/46)vs20.93%(9/43)](P0.05)。结论:参苓白术散联合复方谷氨酰胺肠溶胶囊治疗肠易激综合征患者的临床疗效显著,可改善临床症状,改善肠黏膜屏障功能,及5-HT、IFN-γ、IL-8水平,减轻炎症反应,安全可靠。     

抗结核治疗对肺结核病患者血清TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-10和IL-17表达差异的影响

目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白介素-10(IL-10)和白介素-17(IL-17)在肺结核病患者抗结核治疗前后表达的差异.方法 选择新发未治疗的肺结核病患者20例,经抗结核治疗后肺结核病好转的患者20例,采集患者血清,采用ELISA方法检测TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-10和IL-17的表达水平的差异,明确上述细胞因子在肺结核病患者抗结核治疗过程中的作用机制.结果 肺结核病初诊患者血清中TNF-α、IL-17的含量较肺结核病患者治疗后好转的明显增高,分别为(144.05 ±59.15)pg/mL vs (97.55 ±20.58)pg/mL和(33.10±19.07) pg/mL vs(10.80±1.50) pg/mL,两组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05);而IFN-γ在肺结核病患者治疗好转组血清中较肺结核病初诊患者明显升高[(97.40±48.00) pg/mL vs(30.98±16.72) pg/mL],两组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P=0.000);但肺结核病初诊患者和治疗后好转组血清IL-1O差异无统计学意义[(141.02±33.42) pg/mL vs (146.78 ±33.75)pg/mL].结论 肺结核病患者体内存在着明显的免疫紊乱,抗结核治疗后TNF-α、IL-17明显降低,而IFN-γ则明显升高,提示在抗结核治疗肺结核病患者的过程中,连续监测免疫学指标有助于判断抗结核治疗的疗效.     

ω-3 PUFAs对小鼠炎症性肠病调节性T细胞影响的研究

目的探究ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（ω-3PUFAs）对小鼠炎症性肠病（IBD） CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺调节性T细胞（Treg）的影响。 方法选取新疆医科大学第五附属医院实验动物中心提供健康雄性Balb/C小鼠120只,均采用三硝基苯磺酸诱导成IBD模型,根据腹腔注射药物随机分为空白对照组（生理盐水）、ω-3 PUFAs组[2.5g/（kg·d）浓度ω-3 PUFAs]、硬脂酸对照组（饱和脂肪酸硬脂酸）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）组。各组小鼠组织学评分,Treg细胞表型,胞内细胞因子mRNA表达水平,上清液中细胞因子水平比较采用单因素方差分析。 结果与空白对照组比较,硬脂酸空白对照组、DHA组与ω-3 PUFAs组小鼠组织学评分[（4.12±0.89）分比（3.82±0.51）分、（2.51±0.74）分、（1.04±0.36）分] 、干扰素（IFN）-γ水平[（203.51±10.29） pg/mL比（165.32± 11.67） pg/mL、（128.34±6.77）pg/mL、（105.29±6.81）pg/mL]均下降,CD4⁺ CD25⁺ Foxp3⁺ Treg细胞表型比例[（3.80±0.89）﹪比（7.22±1.13）﹪、（3.90±0.75）﹪、（10.10±1.29）﹪]、细胞Foxp3 mRNA表达水平[（96.74±6.65）比（107.33±6.82）、（122.67±8.53）、（165.22±10.43）]、白细胞介素10（IL-10） mRNA表达水平[（0.59±0.18）比（0.98±0.29）、（1.22±0.59）、（1.47±0.53）]、上清液中细胞因子IL-10水平[（83.51±4.67） pg/mL比（108.35±7.22）pg/mL、（122.29±15.33）pg/mL、（153.67±15.28） pg/mL]、Foxp3水平[（9.65±1.29）pg/mL比（13.73± 1.32）pg/mL、（15.67± 2.57）pg/mL、（19.53±2.18）pg/mL]均升高,差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）;与硬脂酸对照组比较,ω-3 PUFAs组与DHA组细胞Foxp3、IL-10 mRNA表达水平、上清液中细胞因子IL-10、Foxp3水平均升高,IFN-γ水平降低,差异具有统计学意义（P均< 0.05）。 结论ω-3 PUFAs可以有效调节IBD小鼠免疫功能紊乱,减轻机体炎症水平,为IBD治疗提供新思路。     

白细胞介素21对SHIV感染的恒河猴外周血CD8~＋ T细胞分泌γ干扰素的影响

目的研究白细胞介素21（interleukin 21,IL-21）对SHIV感染CD8＋T细胞分泌干扰素γ（interferon-γ,IFN-γ）的影响。方法从SHIV/恒河猴模型外周血中分选出CD8＋T细胞,加入IL-21诱导培养,应用ELISA方法检测细胞培养上清液中IFN-γ浓度,RT-PCR方法检测细胞中IFN-γmRNA的表达水平,流式细胞术检测分泌IFN-γ的CD8＋T细胞所占的百分比。结果 10 ng/mL IL-21明显促进CD8＋T细胞分泌IFN-γ（P〈0.05）,IFN-γmRNA的表达明显升高,4 h为刺激CD8＋T细胞胞内IFN-γ合成的最佳时间。结论 IL-21对CD8＋T细胞分泌IFN-γ有促进作用。     

Race and Racism in America and in Anthropology

Race in North America: Origin and Evolution of a Worldview . Audrey Smedley
Anthropology and Race . Eugenia Shanklin     

Degradation and conversion of somatostatin in normal and diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro

Plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in the portal and jugular veins of streptozotocin diabetic rats was compared with that in normal control rats. In the diabetic group, somatostatin levels in the portal (p less than 0.05) and jugular (p less than 0.01) veins were both elevated compared with those in the control group. Moreover, the degree of elevation was greater in the jugular vein than in the portal vein. To further investigate the role of the liver in the clearance of somatostatin-28 in vivo, 2 micrograms of somatostatin-28 was administered as a bolus into the external jugular vein of intact and functionally hepatectomized rats. The mean half-time of somatostatin-28 was significantly longer in intact diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.05). The functional hepatectomy did not cause a significant difference in the half-time in diabetic rats but made it longer in control rats. These results suggest that the longer half-time of somatostatin-28 in diabetic rats in vivo is due to its slower hepatic clearance. The hepatic clearance of somatostatin-28 and somatostatin-14 was further studied in vitro using a recirculating liver perfusion method. The hepatic clearance of 1.2 nM of either somatostatin-28 or somatostatin-14 was significantly lower in diabetic rats than in controls (p less than 0.01). This indicates that elevated plasma somatostatin levels in diabetic rats are caused at least in part by decreased hepatic clearance of somatostatin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees

Electroejaculation was performed in 3 chimpanzees, 1 pygmy chimpanzee, and 2 gorillas with an instrument that delivers a modified sine wave current with a frequency of 24 Hz. The current stimuli were applied by a rectal probe with longitudinal electrodes. The electrical parameters varied from 6 to 12 V and from 30 to 40 mA for response of erection and lay between 8 and 18 V and between 40 and 145 mA during semen emission. Eleven chimpanzee semen samples showed the following data (x ± SD): total volume 1.9 ± 1.3 ml, volume of the liquid fraction 0.3 ± 0.2 ml, spermatozoa per ejaculate 743 ± 376 × 10⁶, sperm motility 52.7 ± 9.6%, morphologically abnormal spermatozoa 12.2 ± 7.5%. From an adult gorilla, three semen samples were collected, in each case without spermatozoa. The electrostimulation of a 6-year-old gorilla led to an erection, but not to semen emission. Three female chimpanzees were inseminated with fresh or frozen semen, each of them within three different estrous cycles. None of these inseminations led to a pregnancy.     

Advances in purine and pyrimidine metabolism in health and diseases

ABSTRACT

In June, 2015, the Purine and Pyrimidine Society organized the 16th biennial symposium on Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism at the Faculty House of Columbia University, New York City. This exciting meeting focused on these important molecules, new developments in inborn errors of metabolism; therapeutic analogs. In addition, the biochemistry of mammalian and non-mammalian systems were discussed. Due to significant advances in molecular medicine, the boundaries between clinical and basic sciences have merged into exciting translational research, of which a small portion was highlighted in the presymposium.     

Trajectories and Constraints in Brain Evolution in Primates and Cetaceans

A negative allometric relationship between body mass (BM) and brain size (BS) can be observed for many vertebrate groups. In the past decades, researchers have proposed several hypotheses to explain this finding, but none is definitive and some are possibly not mutually exclusive. Certain species diverge markedly (positively or negatively) from the mean of the ratio BM/BS expected for a particular taxonomic group. It is possible to define encephalization quotient (EQ) as the ratio between the actual BS and the expected brain size. Several cetacean species show higher EQs compared to all primates, except modern humans. The process that led to big brains in primates and cetaceans produced different trajectories, as shown by the organizational differences observed in every encephalic district (e.g., the cortex). However, these two groups both convergently developed complex cognitive abilities. The comparative study on the trajectories through which the encephalization process has independently evolved in primates and cetaceans allows a critical appraisal of the causes, the time and the mode of quantitative and qualitative development of the brain in our species and in the hominid evolutionary lineage.     

Variation in infectivity and aggressiveness in space and time in wild host-pathogen systems: causes and consequences

Variation in host resistance and in the ability of pathogens to infect and grow (i.e. pathogenicity) is important as it provides the raw material for antagonistic (co)evolution and therefore underlies risks of disease spread, disease evolution and host shifts. Moreover, the distribution of this variation in space and time may inform us about the mode of coevolutionary selection (arms race vs. fluctuating selection dynamics) and the relative roles of G × G interactions, gene flow, selection and genetic drift in shaping coevolutionary processes. Although variation in host resistance has recently been reviewed, little is known about overall patterns in the frequency and scale of variation in pathogenicity, particularly in natural systems. Using 48 studies from 30 distinct host–pathogen systems, this review demonstrates that variation in pathogenicity is ubiquitous across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Quantitative analysis of a subset of extensively studied plant–pathogen systems shows that the magnitude of within‐population variation in pathogenicity is large relative to among‐population variation and that the distribution of pathogenicity partly mirrors the distribution of host resistance. At least part of the variation in pathogenicity found at a given spatial scale is adaptive, as evidenced by studies that have examined local adaptation at scales ranging from single hosts through metapopulations to entire continents and – to a lesser extent – by comparisons of pathogenicity with neutral genetic variation. Together, these results support coevolutionary selection through fluctuating selection dynamics. We end by outlining several promising directions for future research.     

MPD and DNA Bending in Crystals and in Solution

Bending of 15 to 24° is observed within crystal structures ofB-DNA duplexes, is strongly sequence-dependent, and exhibits no correlation with the concentration of MPD (2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol) in the crystallizing solution. Two types of bends are observed: facultative bends or flexible hinges at junctions between regions of G·C and A·T base-pairs, and a persistent and almost obligatory bend at the center of the sequence R-G-C-Y. Only A-tracts are characteristically straight and unbent in every crystal structure examined to date. A detailed examination of normal vector plots for individual strands of a double helix provides an explanation, in terms of the stacking properties of guanine and adenine bases. The effect of high MPD concentrations, in both solution and crystal, is to decrease local bending somewhat without removing it altogether. MPD gel retardation experiments provide no basis for choosing among the three models that seek to explain macroscopic curvature of DNA by means of microscopic bending: junction bending, bent A-tracts, or bent general- sequence DNA. Crystallographic data on the straightness of A-tracts, the bendability of non-A sequences, and the identity of inclination angles in A-tract and non-A-tractB-DNA support only the general-sequence bending model. The pre-melting transition observed in A-tract DNA probably represents a relaxation of stiff adenine stacks to a flexible conformation more typical of general-sequence DNA.