南海表层沉积物中微体动物群的分布及沉积环境特征的探讨

根据沉积物中微体动物群及小壳类遗壳的分布与海洋沉积环境关系,记述在不同的沉积相中各类生物群的种类组成,分布特点及环境意义。     

早寒武世腹足类开放松旋型初始壳（胎壳）形态学及研究意义

对中国早寒武世软体动物腹足类标本的再研究表明,早期腹足类Archaeospiriids,Auriculaspiriids和Xinjispiriids无一例外都以开放松旋型初始壳(胎壳)为特征,但这些腹足类的胎壳与后续螺壳的分界各具标志.这种胎壳是古生代腹足类特有的特征.研究结果证明,以开放松旋型初始壳为特征的腹足类胎壳可以追溯到早寒武世的梅树村期.这种开放松旋型胎壳的特征使一直以来颇受争议的Archaeospiriids和Auriculaspiriids是否归属于腹足类得到了肯定.梅树村期的Archaeospiriids胎壳直径在200-250 μm之间,表明其幼体是一种非漂浮营养型的生活模式,而沧浪铺期的Auriculaspiriids和Xinjispiriids胎壳直径均小于130μm,其幼体可能是一种漂浮营养型的生活模式.因此,早期腹足类首先选择的是非漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式,而从发育非漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式到发育漂浮营养型的幼体生活模式,这种多样性的变化可能在寒武纪大爆发主幕阶段就已呈现.实现腹足类幼体生活模式多样化的因素除了捕食作用产生的生物竞争压力所诱导的逃逸本能外,动荡的水动力环境和由此引起的营养悬浮物进一步增加可能是促使早期腹足类幼体生活模式发生根本性变化的重要因素.     

贵州寒武系杷榔组杷榔化石库埋藏学初步研究———以剑河辣子寨剖面为例*

贵州剑河辣子寨村辣子寨剖面杷榔组的杷榔动物群是近期发现的一个化石丰度较高且较复杂多样的动物群。该产地的化石库含有两个化石富集的层位,即下化石层和上化石层。通过对两个化石富集层的岩石结构、构造、沉积特征、生物类群组成及化石丰度和保存特征等方面的分析研究表明,下化石层与上化石层内化石组合和埋藏特征存在较大差异。下化石层类群组成多样、化石丰度较高,以掘头虫类三叶虫、三叶形虫Naraoia、大型双瓣壳节肢动物Isoxys、Tuzoia及古蠕虫、海绵等为主,且化石主要保存在事件沉积层内,保存质量较好,为外陆棚沉积环境下大量生物个体发生原位快速沉积埋藏作用形成。而上化石层内化石以具硬壳的三叶虫为主,有较大的埋藏量,少量或碎片状的Naraoia,Isoxys,且这类化石数量少,主要在背景层中保存,可能为静水沉积时,沉积界面积累了大量生物遗体并暴露于基底表面一定时间后,再被沉积物逐渐堆积掩埋而形成,为生物遗壳的原位或近原位埋藏。     

松辽盆地三肇地区泉头组三段上部介形类化石的指相意义

松辽盆地三肇地区白垩系下统泉头组三段上部(杨三组—杨一组)以大套的紫红、红色砂、泥岩沉积为主,在紫红色泥岩中含有较丰富、完整的介形类及其它门类化石。以往认为,这套以红色为基调的地层属河流相沉积。对其中介形类等化石的古生态、埋藏特征及丰度变化的研究表明,该地层的沉积环境应为浅水湖泊环境,而非河流等水上环境。湖相沉积自杨三组就已存在,向上分布范围不断扩大,反映了湖泊水域面积呈现逐渐扩大的趋势。     

东太湖全新世水下河道沉积特征及环境演变

在详细研究东太湖Ｅ２孔全新世沉积基础上,总结和归纳了水下河道的沉积特征和相组合规律。识别出高湖面型和低湖南型两种沉积层序,划分了东太湖晚更新世末以来环境演变阶段：１）１５８８５－６５７５ａＢ．Ｐ．冲积黄土基础上发育而成的古河道;２）６５７５－５８００ａＢ．Ｐ．高湖面时期水下河道沉积环境;３）５８００ａＢ．Ｐ．后,演化为低湖面型水下河道,并逐渐淤积形成开敞湖缘环境。结合西太湖Ｗ１孔沉积特征和层位对比     

福建敖江口表层沉积硅藻空间分布特征

为探讨福建敖江口表层沉积硅藻空间分布特征,2019年7月对敖江口进行表层沉积硅藻的采样调查,并研究了硅藻与环境因子的关系。结果表明,从13个站点共检出硅藻114种,隶属于39属。硅藻丰度具有从河口向外海先减少后增加的变化特征。聚类分析表明,主要硅藻属种可划分为淡水种组合带和半咸水-咸水种组合带。典型对应分析（CCA）表明,表层海水温度和盐度是影响硅藻分布的主要环境变量。河口区盐度相对较低,主要分布淡水种双面曲壳藻、优美曲壳藻和颗粒沟链藻;外海区北部盐度相对较高,主要分布咸水种流水双菱藻;外海区南部盐度相对较低,主要分布淡水种优美曲壳藻和颗粒沟链藻;滩涂的沉积物较粗,主要分布优美曲壳藻。此外,河口区和外海区南部可能存在一定的水体污染。     

流溪河水库沉积物粒度的时空分布及其沉积动力学意义

重建水库建库以来的沉积环境演变过程对水库管理具有重要意义。以流溪河水库4 个沉积物柱状样为研究对象, 分析沉积物的粒级组成及粒度参数特征。结果显示: (1)流溪河水库自建库以来, 沉积速率经历了“高-低-高-低”的演变规律; (2)河流是水库的主要沉积物来源, 沿入库口至大坝方向, 水动力逐渐减弱, 沉积颗粒呈现“由粗到细”的空间变化特征; (3)入库口(S3)主要受河流水动力作用影响; 库湾区(S8)远离入库口, 反映了稳定的湖心沉积环境; 过渡区(S4 和S6)受河流搬运营力、再沉积作用及库区消落带侵蚀的共同作用, 呈现由“双峰向单峰”的变化, 反映了上述三种主要营力互为消长的演变过程。     

侏罗纪菊石形态──特提斯喜马拉雅海的深度标志

侏罗纪菊石类化石的形态特征是其生存环境水深的良好标志,而通过对菊石壳体结构（体管和隔壁沟）强度的裂限水深（ｉｍｐｌｏｓｉｏｎｄｅｐｔｈｌｉｍｉｔ）计算可获得半定量的水深数据。对西藏南部的聂拉木－古错地区的中保罗世阿连期至晚侏罗世提唐期沉积环境的分析,共识别出１３个自水下２０ｍ到水下５５０ｍ的陆棚至陆坡的不同水深环境。中侏罗世阿连－早巴柔期时,该区内的海水深度表明基本限于浅水碎屑－碳酸岩台地型的内陆棚环境,从晚巴柔至早提唐期间,沉积环境颇不稳定,互相转换于外陆棚和陆坡之间,尤以位于陆棚和陆坡转折端、水深１５０—３００ｍ的中等水深环境延续较长时间。相对下降较快的地块出现浊积底栖相沉积。而在晚提唐期则表现为相对稳定的外陆坡沉积环境。整个侏罗纪期间的特提斯喜马拉雅海最大水深大概不会超过５５０ｍ。菊石类所提供的年代格架及古生态研究所得到的水深数据,可以比较合理地解释本区中、上侏罗统所以有巨大的沉积厚度和复杂的沉积相组合,在很大程度上是源于特提斯被动大陆边缘发育的同沉积断裂为特征的张性犁式断层系和地垒－地堑地质构造的叠加作用。     

侏罗纪菊石形态──特提斯喜马拉雅海的深度标志

侏罗纪菊石类化石的形态特征是其生存环境水深的良好标志，而通过对菊石壳体结构（体管和隔壁沟）强度的裂限水深（ｉｍｐｌｏｓｉｏｎｄｅｐｔｈｌｉｍｉｔ）计算可获得半定量的水深数据。对西藏南部的聂拉木－古错地区的中保罗世阿连期至晚侏罗世提唐期沉积环境的分析，共识别出１３个自水下２０ｍ到水下５５０ｍ的陆棚至陆坡的不同水深环境。中侏罗世阿连－早巴柔期时，该区内的海水深度表明基本限于浅水碎屑－碳酸岩台地型的内陆棚环境，从晚巴柔至早提唐期间，沉积环境颇不稳定，互相转换于外陆棚和陆坡之间，尤以位于陆棚和陆坡转折端、水深１５０—３００ｍ的中等水深环境延续较长时间。相对下降较快的地块出现浊积底栖相沉积。而在晚提唐期则表现为相对稳定的外陆坡沉积环境。整个侏罗纪期间的特提斯喜马拉雅海最大水深大概不会超过５５０ｍ。菊石类所提供的年代格架及古生态研究所得到的水深数据，可以比较合理地解释本区中、上侏罗统所以有巨大的沉积厚度和复杂的沉积相组合，在很大程度上是源于特提斯被动大陆边缘发育的同沉积断裂为特征的张性犁式断层系和地垒－地堑地质构造的叠加作用。     

苏北辐射沙洲沿岸有孔虫埋葬群特征及其与环境的关系

经３４个表层沉积物样品的有孔虫定量分析,表明苏北辐射沙洲沿岸潮滩的有孔虫为混合埋葬群,由原地生活分子和外海的异地分子混合而成。其特点是分异度偏高,丰度变化大,壳径偏小,壳体机械破坏较明显,富含壳径细小的浮游有孔虫。这些特点反映出埋葬群在形成过程中辐射沙洲区强大潮流的搬运作用,在搬运、沉积和埋葬过程中有孔虫壳体经受机械分选和破坏作用。埋葬群与生态环境因素和埋葬环境因素均有密切关系。     

Long-term dynamics and community structure of freshwater gastropods exposed to parasitism and other environmental stressors

1. Freshwater communities are subject to various abrupt environmental disturbances and increasing pollution levels in their habitat. According to the nature and the periodicity of disturbances (i.e. punctuated, recurrent or continuous), one may expect different kinds of response of the target gastropod communities. 2. The gastropod community of a French lake has been investigated for 10 years to study its responses to three main environmental disturbances: supra‐seasonal droughts, recurrent proliferations of cyanobacteria and parasitism by trematodes. The relationship between this latter factor, considered as a continuous stressor, and the gastropod community was a particular focus. 3. A total of 13 280 gastropods belonging to 17 species (mostly Pulmonata with Planorbidae as the dominant family) have been sampled in the lake over the 10‐year time series. Species composition of the gastropod community varied strongly during the study period as did species richness (0–14, mean of 6.5 ± 0.4 species) and abundance of gastropods (0–4456, mean of 192 ± 72 individuals). Trematode larvae belonging to 11 morphotypes of cercariae were detected in 15 of the 17 species of gastropods and had a total prevalence of 2.9%. 4. Droughts (punctuated stressor) were responsible for the disappearance of nearly all gastropod species, and thus represent a severe environmental stressor for them. Nevertheless, the extent of this stressor was limited since the gastropod community was highly resilient. 5. Recurrent proliferations of toxic cyanobacteria (recurrent stressor) coincided with the large decline of the gastropod community, corresponding to a strong decrease in abundance and species richness. Intoxication of gastropods by toxic cyanobacteria was demonstrated by the bioaccumulation of microcystins in all gastropod tissues. 6. Trematode parasitism (continuous stressor) did not affect the gastropod community despite the possibly strong impact of parasites on some host species (those with monthly prevalence as high as 100% at some times). Indeed, abundance and species richness of gastropods were scarcely influenced by trematode prevalence or species richness.     

Changes in habitat complexity negatively affect diverse gastropod assemblages in coralline algal turf

The physical structure of a habitat generally has a strong influence on the diversity and abundance of associated organisms. I investigated the role of coralline algal turf structure in determining spatial variation of gastropod assemblages at different tidal heights of a rocky shore near Sydney, Australia. The structural characteristics of algal turf tested were frond density (or structural complexity) and frond length (the vertical scale over which structural complexity was measured). This definition of structural complexity assumes that complexity of the habitat increases with increasing frond density. While frond length was unrelated to gastropod community structure, I found significant correlations between density of fronds and multivariate and univariate measures of gastropod assemblages, indicating the importance of structural complexity. In contrast to previous studies, here there were negative relationships between the density of fronds and the richness and abundance of gastropods. Artificial habitat mimics were used to manipulate the density of fronds to test the hypothesis that increasing algal structural complexity decreases the richness and abundance of gastropods. As predicted, there were significantly more species of gastropods in loosely packed than in tightly packed turf at both low- and mid-shore levels. Despite large differences between gastropod assemblages at different tidal heights, the direction and magnitude of these negative effects were similar at low- and mid-shore levels and, therefore, relatively independent of local environmental conditions. These novel results extend our previous understanding of the ecological effects of habitat structure because they demonstrate possible limitations of commonly used definitions of structural complexity, as well as distinct upper thresholds in the relationship between structural complexity and faunal species richness.     

Are gastropods, rather than ants, important dispersers of seeds of myrmecochorous forest herbs?

Seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory) is widespread, and seed adaptations to myrmecochory are common, especially in the form of fatty appendices (elaiosomes). In a recent study, slugs were identified as seed dispersers of myrmecochores in a central European beech forest. Here we used 105 beech forest sites to test whether myrmecochore presence and abundance is related to ant or gastropod abundance and whether experimentally exposed seeds are removed by gastropods. Myrmecochorous plant cover was positively related to gastropod abundance but was negatively related to ant abundance. Gastropods were responsible for most seed removal and elaiosome damage, whereas insects (and rodents) played minor roles. These gastropod effects on seeds were independent of region or forest management. We suggest that terrestrial gastropods can generally act as seed dispersers of myrmecochorous plants and even substitute myrmecochory, especially where ants are absent or uncommon.     

Factors affecting the structure of epiphytic gastropod communities in the St. Lawrence River (Quebec,Canada)

A study of epiphytic gastropods associated with two submerged macrophytes (Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria americana) was conducted at a soft and at a hard water site in the St. Lawrence River during two non-consecutive years in order to compare effects of macrophyte species and biomass, site and year in gastropod community structure. There was no effect of macrophyte species on total gastropod abundance nor on gastropod diversity, and few gastropod species showed a marked preference for either macrophyte species. Inter-site and inter-annual variations in diversity, total gastropod abundance and gastropod community structure were greater than variations among macrophytes. However, analysis of variations of epiphytic gastropod communities in one of the two sites shows that abiotic factors are important in explaining epiphytic gastropod distribution. Our results and results of other studies on gastropod population dynamics in the St. Lawrence River indicate that intra- and interspecific competition between gastropods is important on macrophytes and that they must be carefully considered in order to understand epiphytic community structure and population dynamics.     

Environmentally‐mediated consumer control of algal proliferation in Florida springs

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Responses of temporal distribution of gastropods to individual and combined effects of elevated CO2 and N deposition in annual grassland

Terrestrial gastropods have been shown to exert major impacts on the plant structure and species composition of temperate grasslands and other terrestrial plant communities. In order to develop predictions of plant community responses to changing environments, it is critical to understand how factors structuring plant communities will be influenced by global changes. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential for the size and abundance of gastropods to be altered by the individual and combined effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂ and increased deposition of N. Previous work suggests that responses of herbivore abundance to these global changes seem likely to depend, in part, upon the changes in the quantity of plant biomass available for consumption, and changes in the nutritional quality of this plant material for gastropod survival, development, and reproduction. Therefore, in this study we investigated the effect of elevated CO₂ and increased N deposition on gastropod size and abundance, as well as the effects on plant community production and N status. Elevated CO₂ depressed the size of gastropods early in the growing season by 29% to 42%, increased mid-season gastropod abundance by 38% to 43%, and depressed abundance late in the growing season by 21% to 29%. These changes in gastropod size and abundance were due largely to the modification of plant tissue quality and quantity. Increased N deposition, in contrast, influenced neither gastropod abundance nor per capita biomass during any part of the growing season. Neither elevated CO₂ nor increased N deposition disrupted the temporal synchrony between plant production and slug abundance.     

Differences in environmental predictability underlie divergent competitive abilities in three congeneric hydroids

Species in which individuals experience predictable and uniform environments should be most finely adapted to their environment. Many hydrozoan species in the genus Hydractinia simultaneously occupy similar microhabitats (gastropod shells inhabited by hermit crabs) but experience considerable differences in their immediate environment (size and species of shells and hosts). In the present study, hydroid species experience differences in environmental predictability and traits that mediate competitive ability (growth form and growth rate). The inferred competitive ability was directly proportional to the extent to which the gastropod environment promotes interactions between small, juvenile colonies, which always end in competitive elimination. Extensive intraspecific variation in competitive ability was explained primarily by crab host species or site. Dense host populations impose more severe disturbance regimes that favour competitively inferior, but disturbance-resistant, phenotypes. Interplay between different types of variation (gastropods and hermit crabs) provides a possible mechanism for the maintenance of intraspecific growth form variation.  © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2009, 96 , 322–338.     

Intensified grazing affects endemic plant and gastropod diversity in alpine grasslands of the Southern Carpathian mountains (Romania)

Alpine grasslands in the Southern Carpathian Mts, Romania, harbour an extraordinarily high diversity of plants and invertebrates, including Carpathic endemics. In the past decades, intensive sheep grazing has caused a dramatic decrease in biodiversity and even led to eroded soils at many places in the Carpathians. Because of limited food resources, sheep are increasingly forced to graze on steep slopes, which were formerly not grazed by livestock and are considered as local biodiversity hotspots. We examined species richness, abundance and number of endemic vascular plants and terrestrial gastropods on steep slopes that were either grazed by sheep or ungrazed by livestock in two areas of the Southern Carpathians. On calcareous soils in the Bucegi Mts, a total of 177 vascular plant and 19 gastropod species were recorded. Twelve plant species (6.8%) and three gastropod species (15.8%) were endemic to the Carpathians. Grazed sites had lower plant and gastropod species richness than ungrazed sites. Furthermore, grazed sites harboured fewer gastropod species endemic to the Carpathians than ungrazed sites. On acid soils in the Fagaras Mts, a total of 96 vascular plant and nine gastropod species were found. In this mountain area, however, grazed and ungrazed sites did not differ in species richness, abundance and number of endemic plant and gastropod species. Our findings confirm the high biodiversity of grasslands on steep slopes in the Southern Carpathian Mts and caution against increasing grazing pressure in these refuges for relic plants and gastropods as well as for other invertebrates.     

Pelagic larvae of benthic gastropods from shallow Antarctic waters of Admiralty Bay,King George Island

The occurrence, distribution and summer variation of pelagic larvae of benthic gastropods in the shallow coastal area of Admiralty Bay were determined for the summers of 1993/1994, 1994/1995 and 1996/1997 from plankton samples taken at 15- to 30-m depths in 12 stations. Significant differences were found among years at the end of January and February. Results of Principal Component Analysis showed the inverse relation of high wind speed and abundance of gastropod larvae in the three austral summers sampled, and suggested that environmental conditions prevalent during 1994/1995 and 1995/1997 were similar and differed from those of 1993/1994, which may have influenced the number of larvae observed.     

Contributions of climate and Brassica oleracea cultivar to gastropod abundance and assemblage in southeastern Brazil

1. Terrestrial gastropods (slugs and snails, Mollusca: Eupulmonata) are destructive pests of brassica crops. These organisms defoliate plants and contaminate the harvest, leading to reduced crop yield and marketability. Losses caused by molluscs have escalated in recent years in Brazil.
2. We aimed to determine the seasonal activity of gastropods in brassica fields and unravel the environmental variables associated with these dynamics. Gastropod abundance, assemblage and within-plant distribution were also compared among Brassica oleracea cultivars (broccoli, cabbage and cauliflower).
3. Mild temperatures and rainy periods were found to coincide with gastropod peaks. Regression analyses confirmed a positive association of rainfall and humidity with gastropod abundance, whereas gastropod abundance increased with decreasing temperature. Deroceras laeve (Müller) (Agriolimacidae) and Bradybaena similaris (Férussac) (Bradybaenidae) were the most constant species. Mollusc abundance and assemblage differed amid B. oleracea cultivar; cabbage had the highest abundance and its species composition differed from broccoli and cauliflower. Slugs and snails were more concentrated on lower plant portions, regardless of the cultivar.
4. Management efforts should be reinforced in mild-temperature and rainy periods to reduce damage by gastropods, and cabbage should be monitored more closely than other cultivars.