癫痫及伴腹泻癫痫患儿肠道菌群失衡的相关性研究CSCD

目的探究癫痫和伴腹泻癫痫婴幼儿的肠道菌群特征。方法选取2019年5月至2020年6月在西北妇女儿童医院儿童神经内科就诊的0到1岁婴儿10例,其中癫痫病例5例,伴腹泻癫痫病例5例。另选取同期在本院儿保科体检的健康婴儿作为正常组。留取所有受试者的粪便标本提取总DNA,对样本16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行PCR扩增、测序,对扩增子测序结果进行生物信息学分析。结果癫痫患儿肠道菌群多样性显著低于正常婴儿(P<0.05),腹泻对肠道菌群均匀度分布无显著影响(P>0.05)。癫痫、伴腹泻癫痫患儿及正常婴儿肠道菌群组成和群落结构存在明显差异(P<0.05)。优势菌群主要由放线菌门、变形菌门和厚壁菌门等组成。其中癫痫患儿变形菌门相对丰度显著下降(P<0.05);伴腹泻癫痫患儿变形菌门相对丰度显著升高(P<0.01),为最优势菌门,放线菌门相对丰度显著下降(P<0.01)。属水平中,癫痫患儿肠道双歧杆菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.05);伴腹泻癫痫患儿大肠埃希志贺菌属相对丰度显著升高(P<0.01),双歧杆菌属相对丰度显著下降(P<0.01)。对婴儿肠道菌群组间显著性差异物种分析显示,乳杆菌属、嗜血杆菌属在健康婴儿肠道中丰度较高;Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis在癫痫患儿肠道中相对丰度较高;Clostridium_sensu_stricto、克雷伯菌属、肠球菌属在伴腹泻癫痫患儿肠道中相对丰度较高。结论肠道菌群的失调与癫痫症状的发生、发展存在关联,其中双歧杆菌属和Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis可能与癫痫症状存在相关性,而埃希志贺菌属、Clostridium_sensu_stricto可能与伴腹泻癫痫患儿症状存在相关性。癫痫与菌群失衡的因果关系需要进一步研究。     

食积大鼠肠道菌群结构与胃肠动力的关系

目的探讨高热量饮食对食积大鼠胃肠动力和肠道菌群的影响。方法 SPF级KM小鼠和SD大鼠各20只(雌雄各半),KM小鼠和SD大鼠均随机分为正常组和食积组(每组10只)。每天固定时间称量小鼠体质量,处死后进行胃排空、肠推进和D-木糖试验;大鼠胃窦和十二指肠进行病理学检查;大鼠盲肠菌群进行高通量测序。结果与正常小鼠相比,食积大鼠体质量增长缓慢,胃肠动力显著下降;高热量饮食并未造成大鼠病理性改变;但食积大鼠Observed-species、Chao1、Simpson和Shannon指数显著下降(均P0.05),PCoA和LEfSe分析结果显示食积大鼠肠道菌群结构发生显著变化;食积组布劳特菌属、脱硫弧菌属、真杆菌属、红蝽菌属和梭菌属相对丰度显著降低(均P0.05),Akkermansia和醋弧菌属相对丰度显著上升(均P0.05)。结论高热量饮食诱导食积大鼠胃肠动力下降和肠道菌群失衡,为胃肠动力和肠道菌群关系研究提供参考。     

基于16S rDNA测序绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群结构与功能性分析

目的 通过16S rDNA测序技术对绝经综合征抑郁患者肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能进行分析,探讨肠道菌群与绝经综合征抑郁发生的关联。方法 选取2021年6月至2022年3月就诊于我院妇科门诊的绝经综合征抑郁患者19例为观察组（A组）,同期绝经综合征患者10例为对照组（C组）。利用16S r DNA基因测序法对患者肠道菌群进行物种注释分析和功能比较,统计两组肠道菌群分布、多样性和基因功能的变化。结果 两组肠道菌群差异明显。GraPhlAn物种组成图显示,患者肠道菌群总体以厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门组成。在门水平,与C组相比,A组放线菌门、变形菌门相对丰度较低,拟杆菌门相对丰度较高。在属水平,与C组相比,A组拟杆菌属、小杆菌属、巨单胞菌属、Lachnospiracea＿incertae＿se相对丰度较高,而Gemmiger、布劳特菌属、普雷沃菌属、粪球菌属、粪杆菌属、双歧杆菌属相对丰度偏低。进一步在属水平上选取了10种相对丰度差异具有统计学意义的菌群（P<0.05）：韦氏球菌属、消化球菌属、巨单胞菌属、史雷克菌属在A组的相对丰度较高（P<0.05）,柯林斯菌属、C...     

感染草鱼呼肠孤病毒对肠道菌群多样性的影响

为揭示草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass Carp Reovirus, GCRV)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道菌群的影响, 在通过人工浸泡方式感染GCRV后, 采用针对16S rRNA基因的高通量测序技术对草鱼肠道菌群的组成和多样性进行了研究。结果显示, 感染组与对照组差异显著(MRPP, Anosim, Adonis, P<0.01), 且感染组肠道菌群的Alpha多样性指数(Shannon-Wienner、Inverse Simpson、Pielou evenness)显著低于对照组(t-test, P<0.05)。此外, 肠道菌群在感染组个体间差异显著大于对照组(Wilcoxon test,P<0.05), 表明患病草鱼肠道菌群失去原有平衡而变得紊乱。尽管病毒感染组和对照组草鱼肠道优势菌门均为Proteobacteria、Firmicutes、Bacteroidetes、Fusobacteria, 但在OTU水平仍表现出明显的变化, 如OTU_69(Pasteurellaceae)、OTU_504(Comamonadaceae)和OTU_1898(Cetobacterium)在感染GCRV组丰度显著降低(t-test, P<0.05), 也表明GCRV感染可使草鱼肠道微生态发生紊乱。肠道菌群结构稳定对于宿主健康具有重要意义, 研究患病鱼肠道菌群状况为鱼类常见疾病的防控提供科学依据, 也为健康养殖提供参考。     

温度骤变对日本医蛭肠道菌群的影响

目的研究急性温度应激条件下日本医蛭肠道微生物菌群多样性的组成及变化。方法选取健康日本医蛭200尾,设置对照组与试验组(各100尾),对照组25℃水体温度饲养、试验1组养殖水体温度急剧降温(30℃→4℃)、试验2组养殖水体温度急剧升温(4℃→25℃)。采用高通量测序技术分别研究对照组和试验组的日本医蛭肠道菌群特征及多样性变化。结果门分类水平上,日本医蛭肠道核心主导菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);属分类水平上,温度急剧变化后,气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)丰度显著增加,Mucinivorans丰度显著减少,脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)丰度减少。结论温度骤变对日本医蛭肠道主导菌多样性组成及丰度产生了一定的影响,有害致病菌增加,有益菌减少,从而最终导致水蛭出现病态及死亡现象。本研究对于指导人工养殖实践、日本医蛭药材资源可持续利用以及深入开展肠道微生物分子调控机制研究都具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

老年阿尔茨海默病患者肠道微生态改变及其与认知功能的关系探讨

目的探讨老年阿尔茨海默症患者肠道微生态结构与认知功能的关系。方法将2016年7月-2019年5月医院收治的86例老年阿尔茨海默病患者和73例健康志愿者,分别记为研究组和对照组。采用简易精神状态评价量表(MMSE)进行评分评价两组认知功能,采用高通量测序检测两组肠道微生物多样性。比较两组肠道微生物多样性与MMSE评分,并比较研究组中认知功能正常者与障碍者肠道微生物结构;采用Pearson相关性分析法探讨肠道微生物结构与认知功能障碍者的相关性。结果研究组肠道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌科、乳杆菌科、拟杆菌科、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属、MMSE评分均低于对照组(均P0.05);研究组厚壁菌门、变形菌门、子囊菌门、梭菌科、假单胞菌科、葡萄球菌科、肠杆菌科、隐球酵母科、梭状芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、葡萄球菌属、变形杆菌属、假丝酵母菌属相对丰度均高于对照组(均P0.05);研究组中认知功能障碍发生率为70.93%,且认知功能障碍者肠道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数,门、科、属水平相对丰度与认知功能正常者对比和上述结果一致;研究组与对照组肠道拟杆菌门、子囊菌门、拟杆菌科、梭状芽胞杆菌属、假丝酵母菌属、放线菌门、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属相对丰度差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05);研究组认知功能障碍与认知功能正常者肠道未分类拟杆菌门、子囊菌门、假单胞菌属、拟杆菌属、变形杆菌属、梭状芽孢杆菌属、拟杆菌门、拟杆菌科、假丝酵母菌属相对丰度差异具有统计学意义(均P0.05);研究组中肠道菌群Chao1指数、Shannon指数,放线菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌科、乳杆菌科、拟杆菌科、双歧杆菌属、乳杆菌属、拟杆菌属相对丰度与MMSE评分均呈正相关,厚壁菌门、变形菌门、子囊菌门、梭菌科、假单胞菌科、葡萄球菌科、肠杆菌科、隐球酵母科、梭状芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属、葡萄球菌属、变形杆菌属、假丝酵母菌属相对丰度与MMSE评分均呈负相关。结论老年阿尔茨海默病患者肠道微生物结构存在异常,且认知功能障碍者更加严重,认知功能与肠道微生物相关。     

铁皮石斛和百令胶囊对老年SD大鼠肠道菌群的影响

目的探讨铁皮石斛和百令胶囊对自然衰老SD大鼠肠道菌群组成和多样性的影响。方法选取自然衰老SD雄性大鼠30只随机分为5组,分别为铁皮石斛高(400 mg/kg)、中(200 mg/kg)、低(100 mg/kg)剂量组及百令胶囊组(40 mg/kg)、空白对照组,每组6只,对各组大鼠连续灌胃8周。在灌胃结束后,取各组大鼠的新鲜粪便,通过16S rRNA测序技术分析粪便菌群,采用生物信息学方法对大鼠肠道菌群结构和多样性进行分析。结果与空白对照组相比,PCoA和韦恩图分析结果显示铁皮石斛和百令胶囊使大鼠肠道菌群结构发生显著变化;铁皮石斛高剂量组放线菌门(Actinobacteria)菌群数量增多,Patescibacteria和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)菌群数量减少,并且铁皮石斛高剂量组增加了肠道菌群种类的丰富度,如新增疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia);百令胶囊组肠道菌群组成差异不显著,在原菌群的基础上调整其组成比例,表现为厚壁菌门数量增多,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)数量减少。结论铁皮石斛和百令胶囊对自然衰老大鼠肠道菌群具有调节作用,不同剂量的铁皮石斛对肠道菌群有不同的调节作用。铁皮石斛高剂量组对肠道菌群的调节具有重要意义,可增加有益菌的丰度,降低有害菌的丰度。     

基于16S rDNA高通量测序技术对克罗恩病患儿肠道菌群变化的研究

目的研究克罗恩病(Crohn′s disease, CD)儿童和正常人群肠道菌群的分布,寻找与CD发生发展显著相关的菌属结构。方法纳入CD患儿36例和健康儿童21例,CD患儿分为活动期22例、缓解期14例,采用16S rDNA高通量测序技术,分析各组肠道菌群的生物多样性与结构组成。结果 CD组患儿(活动期与缓解期)肠道菌群丰富度指数、香浓多样性指数较健康儿童组有明显下降,差异有统计学意义(F=8.829 0,P=0.001 0,P=0.004 5;F=8.890 0,P=0.000 3,P=0.035 6)。在门类水平,所有CD患儿肠道菌群的放线菌门数量减少,变形菌门数量增多。在菌属水平,与健康儿童组相比,所有CD组患儿Faecalibacterium相对丰度显著减低,Klebsiella(克雷伯菌属)、Enterococcus(肠球菌属)相对丰度显著升高。活动期CD组Blautia(布劳特菌属)、Bifidobacterium(双歧杆菌属)、Subdoligranulum、Lachnospira(毛螺旋菌属)、Anaerostipes(丁酸弧菌属)、Eubacterium_rectale_group(直肠杆菌属)的相对丰度明显下降。结论 CD患儿肠道菌群结构及相对丰度较健康儿童存在显著差异。肠道菌群结构的异常与儿童CD的发生发展存在相关性。     

细菌性阴道病肠道菌群与阴道菌群16S rDNA测序分析

目的通过对细菌性阴道病(BV)患者肠道菌群及阴道菌群16S rDNA扩增子测序,分析其结构、多样性、相关性以及BV对肠道菌群的影响,为今后治疗BV提供新的思路。方法选取符合纳入标准的BV患者11例(BV组),健康者9例(C组),留存阴道分泌物及新鲜粪便进行16S rDNA基因检测分析。结果C组阴道菌群以乳杆菌属为主,BV与加德纳菌属、普雷沃菌属、Sneathia、窄食单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、阿托波菌属、Shuttleworthia、巨型球菌属密切相关。BV组肠道、阴道菌群丰富度均高于C组。Alpha多样性分析中C组和BV组肠道菌群、阴道菌群的Shannon指数组间比较,χ²值为29.137, P=0.000<0.05,两组阴道菌群Shannon指数组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),BV组高于C组。物种多样性曲线反映本研究样本测序数据量的合理性,表明BV组的肠道菌群多样性、丰富度均高于C组,主坐标分析表明C组肠道与阴道的菌群结构差距较大,BV组肠道与阴道的菌群结构有相似之处,且两组肠道菌群结构接近。BV组阴道菌群中厚壁菌门丰度较C组低,放线菌门、拟杆菌门较C组高;BV组肠道菌群中拟杆菌门丰度较C组低;C组肠道中拟杆菌门明显高于阴道,厚壁菌门明显低于阴道; BV组阴道菌群中放线菌门丰度高于C组,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论BV阴道菌群与肠道菌群具有相关性,BV可能引起肠道菌群结构比例和多样性的改变。     

实验室饲养和野外生存条件下东方田鼠肠道菌群的多样性

目的探讨实验室饲养和野外生存条件下东方田鼠肠道菌群的分布和差异。方法应用高通量测序技术测定实验室饲养和野外捕捉东方田鼠的肠道细菌16S rDNA-V4-V5区序列,统计操作分类单元(OTUs)数量,分析菌群物种丰度、分布及差异性。结果稀疏曲线表明取样数量合理,测序充分。在门水平,实验室饲养和野外生存的肠道菌群分布和占比基本相似,实验组有1个独有的门,即黏胶球形菌门(Lentisphaerae),野生组有3个独有的门,分别是梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)、奇古菌门(Thaumarchaeota)和未分类的门,丰度差异最大的为软壁菌门(Tenericutes)。在属水平,野外东方田鼠肠道细菌较实验室饲养的丰富,丰度差异最大的为瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus)。结论获得了实验室饲养和野外生存条件下东方田鼠肠道菌群结构和差异性,进一步充实了东方田鼠基础生物学数据。     

Symbiotic microflora in fishes of different ecological groups

Published data on the taxonomic composition of the intestinal bacterial flora in fishes living under different conditions (marine and freshwater fishes) and differing in the type of feeding are reviewed. The results confirm the conclusion that the composition of intestinal microflora differs depending on fish ecology. A limited number of bacterial taxa found in the intestines of some fish species may be evidence not only for a low diversity of these bacteria but also for insufficient knowledge about them. Considerable differences in the composition of intestinal microflora in marine and freshwater fishes are described.     

异育银鲫消化道微生物群落对恢复投喂的响应

以实验室养殖的异育银鲫（Carassius auratus gibelio）中科3号成鱼为对象, 利用PCR-DGGE技术比较研究了其经饥饿与恢复投喂后消化道微生物多样性的变化。实验共检测到23条谱带, 其中饥饿组、投喂组谱带数分别为18条和17条（共有谱带12条）, 投喂组大部分谱带亮度高于饥饿组。基于PCR-DGGE所得到的谱带进行的CA （Correspondence Analysis）分析和聚类都表明饥饿组与投喂组消化道微生物存在明显不同。结果表明, 在充分饥饿处理后, 恢复饲料投喂可导致消化道微生物种类减少及微生物平均密度的增加, 同时对消化道微生态系统内微生物种类组成有显著影响。研究为进一步阐述消化道微生物功能基因奠定了基础, 也为水产鱼类肠道菌群研究提供一些基础数据。       

广西野生淡水鱼类的物种多样性及其资源的可持续利用

广西地形复杂,河流众多,适于不同鱼类的栖息和繁殖.经对分布于广西境内的各水系鱼类资源的调查、对相关馆藏标本的进一步鉴定以及对相关文献的整理,目前已知广西淡水鱼类15目37科143属290种和亚种,其中很多种类具有重要经济价值.对广西及其邻近省区鱼类多样性指数的计算、比较和分析表明,广西地区G指数最高,F指数和G-F指数除低于云南外,高于广东、海南、贵州和湖南.广西野生淡水鱼类的显著特点是物种多样性高,特有属、种多,很多物种分布区狭窄,区系成分表现出明显的东洋界特点,不同水系鱼类组成各具特色.近年来,广西自然水域的野生鱼类资源的破坏较为严重,本文对广西野生淡水鱼类资源的可持续利用进行了讨论.     

Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione S-transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major Chinese freshwater fishes

Two full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The silver carp and bighead carp GST cDNA were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. Partial GST cDNA sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius auratu), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). All these GSTs could be classified as alpha-class GSTs on the basis of their amino acid sequence identity with other species. The three-dimensional structure of the silver carp GST was predicted using a computer program, and was found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Using the genome walker method, a 875-bp 5'-flanking region of the silver carp GST gene was obtained, and several lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response elements were identified in the promoter region of the phytoplanktivorous fish GST gene, indicating that the GST gene expression of this fish might be regulated by LPS, released from the toxic blue-green algae producing microcystins. To compare the constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene among the six freshwater fishes with completely different tolerance to microcystins, beta-actin was used as control and the ratio GST/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined as 130.7 +/- 6.6 (grass carp), 103.1 +/- 8.9 (bighead carp), 92.6 +/- 15.0 (crucian carp), 72.3 +/- 7.8 (mud carp), 58.8 +/- 11.5 (silver carp), and 33.6 +/- 13.7 (tilapia). The constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene clearly shows that all the six freshwater fishes had a negative relationship with their tolerance to microcystins: high-resistant fishes (phytoplanktivorous silver carp and tilapia) had the lowest tolerance to microcystins and the high-sensitive fish (herbivorous grass carp) had the highest tolerance to microcystins. Taken together with the reciprocal relationship of constitutive and inducible liver GST expression level in some of the tested fish species to microcystin exposure, a molecular mechanism for different microcystin detoxification abilities of the warm freshwater fishes was discussed.     

Effect of temperature on proteinase activities of enteral microbiota and intestinal mucosa of fish of different ecological group

Effect of temperature on proteinases activities of enteral microbiota and of intestinal mucosa was studied in five fish species (roach Rutilus rutilus, crucian carp Carassius carassius, common perch Perca fluviatilis, pike-perch Zander lucioperca, and pike Esox lucius) belonging by the nutrition type to different ecological groups. Essential differences of temperature characteristics of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and of enteral microbiota are revealed in fish belonging by the nutrition type to different ecologic groups. The character of the t0-function of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and enteral microbiota by casein and hemoglobin as a rule is different. The highest values of relative proteinases activities for casein in the zone of low temperatures (38 and 45.3 % of the maximal activity) are found at study of proteinases of enteral microbiota in common perch and crucian carp. The latter indicates a significant adaptability of the enteral microbiota proteinases of common perch and crucial carp to functioning at low temperatures.     

关于湖蛭属及其一新种的记述

我国原有鱼蛭科湖蛭属两种,其中中华湖蛭广泛分布华中地区,严重危害鲤、鲫鱼。据对安徽巢湖的调查,鲤鱼的感染率较鲫鱼高,大个体的感染率又较小个体的高。此蛭每年4月上旬开始离开鱼体到湖底繁殖,12月下旬新生幼体开始侵袭鱼体。哲罗湖蛭则仅限于黑龙江流域。1964年在青岛附近的黄海以及1975年在秦皇岛附近的渤海从两种硬骨鱼体上共得到4条属同一种的大型湖蛭,经鉴定为冈湖蛭Limnotrachelobdella okae,这是该种在我国首次记载。1985年在厦门附近的南海从赤点石斑鱼鳍上得到两条同属一种的小型湖蛭,被定为新种福建湖蛭(Limnotrachelobdella fujianensis sp.nov.)。本文给予此一新记录和一新种以详细的描述。       

Effect of meal size on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in fishes with different locomotive and digestive performance

Effects of feeding on pre-exercise VO₂ and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after exhaustive exercise were investigated in sedentary southern catfish, active herbivorous grass carp, omnivorous crucian carp, and sluggish omnivorous darkbarbel catfish to test whether feeding had different effects on EPOC and to compare EPOC in fishes with different ecological habits. For fasting fish, the pre-exercise and peak post-exercise VO₂ were higher and recovery rates were faster in crucian carp and grass carp compared to those of darkbarbel catfish and southern catfish. EPOC magnitudes of grass carp and southern catfish were significantly larger than those of crucian carp and darkbarbel catfish. Feeding had no significant effect on peak post-exercise VO₂, recovery rate, and EPOC magnitude in grass carp. Both the pre-exercise and peak post-exercise VO₂ increased with meal size, while the EPOC magnitude and duration decreased significantly in the larger meal size groups of crucian carp and southern catfish. In darkbarbel catfish, both the pre-exercise and peak post-exercise VO₂ increased with meal size, but the VO₂ increment elicited by exercise was larger in feeding groups compared with the fasting group. These results suggest that (1) the characteristics of the post-exercise VO₂ profile, such as peak post-exercise VO₂ and recovery rate, were closely related to the activity of fishes, whereas the EPOC magnitude was not and (2) the effects of feeding on EPOC were more closely related to the postprandial increase in VO₂.     

淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因的克隆

微囊藻毒素去毒酶在鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒过程中起着关键作用,研究成功克隆鲢鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼、鲫鱼、鳜鱼、罗非鱼等淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因cDNA核心片段而首次获得这些淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶氨基酸序列。鲢鱼、鳙鱼、草鱼、鲫鱼、鳜鱼、罗非鱼微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因与人、小鼠、大鼠、牛、猪、羊的谷胱甘肽S-转移酶基因氨基酸同源性为60%左右,表明淡水鱼类微囊藻毒素去毒酶基因在进化上变异性较大,与其承担微囊藻毒素去毒代谢之特殊功能相适应。     

Effect of temperature on proteinase activites of enteral microbiota and intestinal mucosa of fish of different ecological groups

Effect of temperature on proteinases activities of enteral microbiota and of intestinal mucosa was studied in five fish species (roach Rutilus rutilus, crucian carp Carassius carassius, common perch Perca fluviatilis, pike-perch Zander lucioperca, and pike Esox lucius) belonging by the nutrition type to different ecological groups. Essential differences of temperature characteristics of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and of enteral microbiota are revealed in fish belonging to different ecological groups. The character of the t-function of proteinases of intestinal mucosa and enteral microbiota for casein and hemoglobin as a rule is different. The values of the apparent E _act proteinases of intestinal mucosa for casein in most cases are higher than those of enteral microbiota, while those for hemoglobin, on the contrary, are lower. The lowest values of relative proteinase activities for casein in the zone of low temperatures (38 and 45.3% of the maximal activity) and the E_act value (less than 2.0 kcal/mol) are found at study of proteinases of enteral microbiota in common perch and crucian carp. The latter indicates a significant adaptability of the enteral microbiota proteinases of common perch and crucian carp to functioning at low temperatures.     

Coexistence of diploid, triploid and tetraploid crucian carp (Carassius auratus) in natural waters

Background

Crucian carp (abbreviated CC) belongs to the genus of Carassius within the family of Cyprinidae. It has been one of the most important freshwater species for Chinese aquaculture and is especially abundant in the Dongting water system of Hunan province. CC used to be considered as all diploid forms. However, coexistence of diploid (abbreviated 2nCC), triploid (abbreviated 3nCC) and tetraploid crucian carp (abbreviated 4nCC) population of the Dongting water system was first found by our recently researches.

Results

We examined the ploidy level and compared biological characteristics in different ploidy CC. In reproductive mode, 2nCC was bisexual generative and 4nCC generated all-female offspring by gynogenesis. However, 3nCC generated progenies in two different ways. 3nCC produced bisexual triploid offspring fertilized with 3nCC spermatozoa, while it produced all-female triploid offspring by gynogenesis when its ova were activated by heterogenous spermatozoa. The complete mitochondrial DNA of three different ploidy fishes was sequenced and analyzed, suggesting no significant differences. Interestingly, microchromosomes were found only in 3nCC, which were concluded to be the result of hybridization. Allogenetic DNA fragments of Sox genes were obtained in 3nCC and 4nCC, which were absent in 2nCC. Phylogenetics analysis based on Sox4 gene indicated 3nCC and 4nCC formed a separate group from 2nCC.

Conclusions

In summary, this is the first report of the co-existence of three types of different ploidy crucian carps in natural waters in China. It was proved that the coexistence of different ploidy CC was reproductively maintained. We further hypothesized that 3nCC and 4nCC were allopolyploids that resulted from hybridization. The different ploidy CC population we obtained in this study possesses great significance for the study of polyploidization and the evolution of vertebrates.