循环滤泡辅助性T细胞亚型与重症肌无力患者临床特点之间的相关性分析

目的:分析循环滤泡辅助性T(c Tfh)细胞亚型与重症肌无力(MG)患者临床特点之间的关系。方法:横断面研究30例MG患者外周血c Tfh细胞各个亚型百分比和临床特点之间的关系。c Tfh细胞亚型的百分比是通过流式细胞术获取的。MG患者的临床特点包括性别、年龄、病程、胸腺情况、美国重症肌无力协会(MGFA)分型和重症肌无力量化(QMG)评分。结果:CD4~+CXCR5~+ICOS~+、CD4~+CXCR5~+PD-1~+和CD4~+CXCR5~+CXCR3-CCR6~+(Th17样)c Tfh细胞亚型百分比与QMG评分之间存在正相关关系;全身型重症肌无力(GMG)患者在CD4~+CXCR5~+ICOS~+、CD4~+CXCR5~+PD-1~+和Th17样c Tfh细胞亚型百分比要高于眼肌型重症肌无力(OMG)患者,OMG患者在CD4~+CXCR5~+CXCR3-CCR6-(Th2样)c Tfh亚型细胞百分比要高于GMG患者。c Tfh细胞各个亚型百分比与MG患者的性别、年龄、病程、胸腺情况均无显著相关性。结论:CD4~+CXCR5~+ICOS~+、CD4~+CXCR5~+PD-1~+和Th17样c Tfh细胞亚型百分比与MG病情严重性间存在正相关关系,提示c Tfh细胞与MG之间的密切关系。     

321例重症肌无力患者睡眠质量分析

目的:分析312例重症肌无力患者病情稳定期的睡眠质量。方法:收集2013年2月—2014年6月第四军医大学唐都医院神经内科门诊就诊的重症肌无力患者,应用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)对患者进行近1月的睡眠质量问卷调查、重症肌无力定量评分表(QMG)进行病情评分,以P0.05为有统计学意义,对MG患者睡眠质量指数、各因子分进行分析研究。结果:符合重症肌无力诊断标准、知情同意并纳入研究患者共有321例,男156,女165。研究发现,多数重症肌无力患者有睡眠质量问题:性别与睡眠质量、病情评定无相关性(P0.05);重症肌无力患者睡眠质量问题主要表现为入睡时间、睡眠效率、睡眠障碍、日间功能方面。结论:重症肌无力患者存在睡眠质量差这一问题。改善MG患者肌无力症状的同时,应注重改善患者的睡眠质量。     

中国西北部1221例重症肌无力患者的临床特点分析

目的:分析中国西北部重症肌无力患者的临床特点。方法:收集2006年1月~2013年9月第四军医大学唐都医院神经内科及胸外科收治的重症肌无力患者,应用重症肌无力定量评分表(QMGs)进行病情评分,胸腺组织学类型以WHO分类为主,同时对部分患者进行随访观察。结果:共纳入1221例重症肌无力患者,包括男性595例,女性626例。Ⅰ型MG患者的起病年龄最轻,其次是Ⅲa;各临床类型MG患者的病程比较均无明显统计学差异(P0.05);Ⅳb型MG患者的QMGs评分最高,病情最严重,Ⅰ型最低,病情最轻。合并胸腺增生的MG患者起病年龄最轻,其次是胸腺正常患者,合并胸腺瘤患者的起病年龄最大,显著大于合并胸腺增生者(P0.05);不同胸腺病理状态MG患者的QMGs比较无统计学差异(P0.05)。合并不同类型胸腺瘤MG患者的起病年龄、QMGs比较均无明显统计学差异(P0.05)。与住院期间QMGs相比,随访患者各组QMGs均较前明显下降,且以胸腺瘤各组QMGs评分下降显著。结论:1眼肌型MG患者起病年龄最轻,临床症状也最轻;2胸腺增生患者起病年龄较胸腺瘤明显早,而胸腺瘤不同病理分型间起病年龄无明显区别;3胸腺手术切除患者病情恢复明显优于未切除胸腺患者,提示手术切除胸腺对于治疗MG是行之有效的方法。     

重症肌无力患者的免疫指标与临床疗效分析

目的:探讨并分析重症肌无力(MG)患者的免疫指标和临床治疗效果。方法:选取我院2010年6月~2014年6月接收的200例重症肌无力患者,在治疗前和治疗后采用细胞仪检测外周血CD3、CD4和CD8及采用比浊法检测IgG、IgA和IgM,进行分类比较其变化。结果:全身型重症肌无力患者的IgG、IgA较眼肌型高(P0.05),差异具有统计学意义。在治疗前后的免疫指标(CD3、CD4、CD8、IgG、IgA及IgM)和临床资料(男/女、眼肌型/全身型、检测时病程、检测时年龄)的对比中,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在体液免疫低下组中,用丙种球蛋白治疗的缓解率比未用丙种球蛋白组的缓解率高(P0.01),差异具有统计学意义。结论:重症肌无力患者免疫指标IgG、IgA、IgM、CD3、CD4、CD8虽然不能作为重症肌无力患者的病情和疗效的唯一评价指标,但对指导治疗具有一定的参考价值,且体液免疫低下者用丙球蛋白的疗效较好。     

Tfh 细胞在NOD小鼠糖尿病发病过程中的作用机制的研究

目的:研究滤泡辅助性T细胞(Follicular Helper T cell,Tfh)在非肥胖性糖尿病小鼠(Non-obese Diabetic mice,NOD)发病过程中的作用机制。方法:实验动物NOD小鼠按血糖值分为胰岛炎组(血糖浓度≤9 mmol/L)及糖尿病组(血糖浓度≥20 mmol/L)。ELISA法检测各组中糖尿病自身抗体谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(65-kda glutamate decarboxylase antibody,GAD65Ab)、抗胰岛素自身抗体(Insulin autoantibody,IAA)表达水平,Western blot检测B细胞型淋巴瘤6蛋白(B-cell lymphoma 6 protein,Bcl-6)及可诱导共刺激分子(Inducible costimulatory molecule,ICOS)表达,流式细胞仪检测各组外周血及脾脏Tfh细胞水平。结果:糖尿病组NOD鼠自身抗体GAD65Ab(1.21±0.23 nmol/L)、IAA(0.96±0.12 nmol/L)浓度较胰岛炎组(0.32±0.09 nmol/L,0.25±0.06 nmol/L)均有明显升高;糖尿病组NOD鼠Bcl-6及ICOS表达较胰岛炎组NOD鼠有明显升高,外周血和脾脏Tfh细胞水平糖尿病组NOD鼠(24.55%)较胰岛炎组NOD鼠(4.27%)升高明显。结论:NOD小鼠自发糖尿病与自身抗体浓度升高相关,Tfh细胞可能参与NOD鼠糖尿病发生及发展过程。     

重症肌无力患者抗乙酰胆碱受体抗体的测定及意义

用ELISA法对56例重症肌无力(MG)患者治疗前后的血清乙酰胆碱受体(AchR)抗体进行了检测。检测结果为MG患者治疗前后的血清AchR抗体阳性率46.4%。而且发病年龄越大,患者体内AchR抗体阳性率越高。患者患病时间越长体内AchR抗体含量降低。伴发胸腺瘤的患者AchR抗体阳性率明显高于胸腺正常者,全身型MG患者AchR抗体检测阳性率高于眼肌型患者。     

滤泡辅助性T细胞在特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者的变化及其意义

目的：研究滤泡辅助性T细胞（T follicular helper cells,Tfh）在免疫性血小板减少性紫癜（immune thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP）患者的表达并探讨其临床意义。方法：用流式细胞术检测20例健康人、25例ITP患者外周血CXCR5＋CD4＋T细胞占CD4＋T细胞的比例。结果：与健康对照组相比,ITP患者外周血CXCR5＋CD4＋T细胞占CD4＋T细胞的比例显著增高（P〈0.05）。结论：Tfh在ITP患者外周血比例增高,为Tfh能否为ITP的免疫调节和干预提出新的方向提供了证据。     

滤泡辅助性T 细胞在特发性血小板减少性紫癜患者的变化及其意义*

目的:研究滤泡辅助性T细胞(T follicular helper cells,Tfh)在免疫性血小板减少性紫癜(immune thrombocytopenic purpura,ITP)患者的表达并探讨其临床意义。方法:用流式细胞术检测20例健康人、25例ITP患者外周血CXCR5+CD4+T细胞占CD4+T细胞的比例。结果:与健康对照组相比,ITP患者外周血CXCR5+CD4+T细胞占CD4+T细胞的比例显著增高(P<0.05)。结论:Tfh在ITP患者外周血比例增高,为Tfh能否为ITP的免疫调节和干预提出新的方向提供了证据。     

生物Fas和Bcl-2在胸腺瘤患者瘤组织表达中与并发重症肌无力的相关性研究

探讨胸腺瘤患者瘤组织中凋亡诱导基因Fas和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2的表达情况及其与胸腺瘤患者并发重症肌无力（MG）的相关性。通过免疫组化S-P法,检测经手术治疗的胸腺瘤伴MG患者切除瘤组织中Fas、Bcl-2的表达水平,并以胸腺瘤不伴MG患者瘤组织中Fas、Bcl-2的表达水平作为对照。Fas在伴有MG的胸腺瘤中的表达高于对照组,差别有显著性意义（P〈0.01）;Bcl-2在伴有MG的胸腺瘤中的表达低于对照组,差别有显著性意义（P〈0.01）。胸腺瘤合并MG患者瘤组织中凋亡诱导基因Fas呈高表达和凋亡抑制基因Bcl-2呈低表达与胸腺瘤患者并发MG有相关性。     

芪参地黄颗粒对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力大鼠B细胞介导的免疫机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨芪参地黄颗粒对实验性自身免疫性重症肌无力（EAMG）大鼠B细胞介导的免疫机制。方法：通过Rα97-116肽段和完全弗氏佐剂免疫,成功将30只Lewis大鼠构建EAMG模型,将EAMG大鼠随机分为模型组、芪参地黄颗粒低、中、高剂量组和阳性药组,每组6只。进一步观察大鼠体重及临床症状,检测血清中乙酰胆碱受体抗体（AChR-Ab）含量、脾脏组织CD19和CD27的蛋白表达、B淋巴细胞刺激因子（BAFF）、B细胞趋化因子CXC配体13（CXCL13）、C-X-C趋化因子受体5型（CXCR5） mRNA表达。结果：经给药治疗后芪参地黄颗粒低、中、高剂量组和阳性药组与模型组相比体重增加（P＜0.05）,临床症状评分均下降（P＜0.05）。经给药治疗后,与模型组相比,芪参地黄颗粒低、中、高剂量组血清中AChR-Ab含量均降低（P<0.05）,芪参地黄颗粒中、高剂量组脾脏组织CD27蛋白表达、CD19蛋白表达和BAFF mRNA表达降低（P＜0.05）,芪参地黄颗粒高剂量组脾脏组织CXCL13和CXCR5 mRNA表达降低（P＜0.05）,且芪参地黄颗粒中、高剂量组脾脏组织CD19蛋白表达较阳性药组下降（P＜0.05）。结论：芪参地黄颗粒通过降低EAMG大鼠CD19和CD27蛋白、BAFF、CXCL13和CXCR5 mRNA的表达,减少B细胞的分化增殖,抑制B细胞产生AChR-Ab,减少对乙酰胆碱受体的破坏,使EAMG大鼠体重增加,临床症状得到改善。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Antibacterial and Antifugal Mono- and Di-substituted Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Triazine-derived Schiff-bases and their Transition Metal Complexes

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal triazine-derived mono- and di-substituted (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) Schiff-bases and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments and IR and electronic spectral measurements. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as tridentate towards divalent metal ions via a trazine-N, the azomethine-N and, indole-NH and deprotonated-O of salicylaldehyde. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)complexes and square-pyramid for Cu(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and for antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against two or more species as compared to the uncomplexed Schiff-base ligands.