Influence of solar ultraviolet radiation on photosynthesis and motility of marine phytoplankton

Abstract: The effects of solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) on carbon uptake, oxygen evolution and motility of marine phytoplankton were investigated in coastal waters at Kristineberg Marine Research Station on the west coast of Sweden (58° 30'N, 11° 30'E). The mean irradiances at noon above the water surface during the investigation period were: photosynthetic active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) 1670 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹; ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A, 320–400 nm) 35.9 W m⁻² and ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) 1.7 W m⁻². UV-B radiation was much more attenuated with depth in the water column than were PAR and UV-A radiation. UV-B radiation could not be detected at depths greater than 100–150 cm. Inhibition of carbon uptake by UV-A and UV-B in natural phytoplankton populations was greatest at 50 cm depth and the effects of UV-B were greater than those of UV-A. At depths greater than 50 cm there was almost no effect of ultraviolet radiation on carbon uptake. PAR, UV-A and UV-B decreased oxygen evolution by the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum . Inhibition of oxygen evolution was greater after 4 h than 2 h but it was not possible to distinguish the negative effects of the different light regimes. The motility of P. minimum was not affected by PAR, UV-A and UV-B. The importance of exposure of phytoplankton to different light regimes before being exposed to natural solar radiation is discussed.     

Morphological and physiological responses of bean plants to supplemental UV radiation in a Mediterranean climate

During the last few decades many experiments have been performed to evaluate the responses of plants to enhanced solar UV-B radiation (280–320 nm) that may occur because of stratospheric ozone depletion; most of them were performed in controlled environment conditions where plants were exposed to low photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) levels and high UV-B irradiance. Since environmental radiative regimes can play a role in the response of plants to UV-B enhancement, it appears doubtful whether it is valid to extrapolate the results from these experiments to plants grown in natural conditions. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on physiology and morphology of a bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar Nano Bobis, exposed to supplemental UV radiation in the open-air. UV-B radiation was supplied by fluorescent lamps to simulate a 20% stratospheric ozone reduction. Three groups of plants were grown: control (no supplemental UV), UV-A treatment (supplementation in the UV-A band) and UV-B treatment (supplemental UV-B and UV-A radiation). Each group was replicated three times. After 33 days of treatment plants grown under UV-B treatment had lower biomass, leaf area and reduced leaf elongation compared to UV-A treatment. No significant differences were detected in photosynthetic parameters, photosynthetic pigments and UV-B absorbing compounds among the three groups of plants. However, plants exposed to UV-A treatment showed a sort of 'stimulation' of their growth when compared to the control. The results of this experiment showed that plants may be sensitive to UV-A radiation, thus it is difficult to evaluate the specific effects of UV-B (280–320 nm) radiation from fluorescent lamps and it is important to choose the appropriate control. Environmental conditions strongly affect plant response to UV radiation so further field studies are necessary to assess the interaction between UV-B exposure and meteorological variability.     

Cooling streams with riparian trees: Thermal regime depends on total solar radiation penetrating the canopy

Riparian planting is often recommended for stream restoration, notably to mitigate solar heating of stream waters. However, plant leaves shade photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) more efficiently than the near-infrared (NIR, 700–3000 nm) wavelengths that comprise about half of incident solar radiation and so contribute equally to water heating. Total solar radiation (NIR + PAR) exposure at the reach scale is needed to avoid bias when predicting the thermal response of streams. In this article, we alert stream ecologists and riparian restorers to the water heating contribution of NIR and provide a means to account for both NIR and PAR in total solar radiation penetrating riparian canopies. We used spectral pyranometers to simultaneously measure total solar radiation and its NIR component under different tree canopies over a wide range of shade conditions as indexed by PAR exposure. Measurements were made during full overcast (diffuse lighting) conditions so as to ‘sample’ transmission of radiation through the complete canopy. The NIR proportion of sub-canopy solar radiation increased steadily with increasing shade and was appreciably greater under willow than pine canopies, while NZ native broadleaf rainforest had intermediate (rather variable) NIR content. Our trend lines for different tree canopies permit total sub-canopy solar radiation to be estimated from PAR exposure for unbiased modelling of stream thermal regimes.     

Ultraviolet radiation and bio-optics in Crater Lake,Oregon

Crater Lake, Oregon, is a mid-latitude caldera lake famous for its depth (594 m) and blue color. Recent underwater spectral measurements of solar radiation (300–800 nm) support earlier observations of unusual transparency and extend these to UV-B wavelengths. New data suggest that penetration of solar UVR into Crater Lake has a significant ecological impact. Evidence includes a correlation between water column chlorophyll-a and stratospheric ozone since 1984, the scarcity of organisms in the upper water column, and apparent UV screening pigments in phytoplankton that vary with depth. The lowest UV-B diffuse attenuation coefficients (K _d,320) were similar to those reported for the clearest natural waters elsewhere, and were lower than estimates for pure water published in 1981. Optical proxies for UVR attenuation were correlated with chlorophyll-a concentration (0–30 m) during typical dry summer months from 1984 to 2002. Using all proxies and measurements of UV transparency, decadal and longer cycles were apparent but no long-term trend since the first optical measurement in 1896.     

Effects of UV-B radiation on photosynthesis and growth of terrestrial plants

The photosynthetic apparatus of some plant species appears to be well-protected from direct damage from UV-B radiation. Leaf optical properties of these species apparently minimizes exposure of sensitive targets to UV-B radiation. However, damage by UV-B radiation to Photosystem II and Rubisco has also been reported. Secondary effects of this damage may include reductions in photosynthetic capacity, RuBP regeneration and quantum yield. Furthermore, UV-B radiation may decrease the penetration of PAR, reduce photosynthetic and accessory pigments, impair stomatal function and alter canopy morphology, and thus indirectly retard photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Subsequently, UV-B radiation may limit productivity in many plant species. In addition to variability in sensitivity to UV-B radiation, the effects of UV-B radiation are further confounded by other environmental factors such as CO₂, temperature, light and water or nutrient availability. Therefore, we need a better understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance to UV-B radiation and of the interaction between UV-B and other environmental factors in order to adequately assess the probable consequences of a change in solar radiation.Abbreviations A_max light and CO₂ saturated rate of oxygen evolution - Ci internal CO₂ concentration - F_v/F_m ratio of variable to total fluorescence yield - PAR photosynthetically active radiation (400–700 nm) - PS II Photosystem II - _app apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis - SLW specific leaf weight - UV-B ultraviolet-B radiation between 290–320 nm     

Inhibition of photosynthesis by solar radiation in Dunaliella salina: relative efficiencies of UV-B, UV-A and PAR

Inhibition of photosynthesis after exposure to solar radiation was investigated in the marine green alga Dunaliella salina by monitoring photosynthetic optimal quantum yield F_v/F_m and efficiency of oxygen production. Samples were exposed to solar radiation in Ancient Korinth, Greece (37°58′ N, 23°0′ E) in August 1994. Within 30 min, F_v/F_m and efficiency of oxygen production decreased with similar kinetics with increasing exposure time. The inhibition, however, diminished when ultraviolet radiation was progressively excluded by means of colour filter glasses. Samples exposed for 3 h showed complete or partial recovery of photosynthesis, with almost the same rate under all irradition conditions. The fit of the experimental data with an analytical model describing inhibition of photosynthesis as a function of a linear combination of the photon fluence in the UV-B, UV-A and PAR allows one to estimate the relative mean effectiveness for inhibition by the three spectral ranges [about 2 × 10^?4, 4 × 10^?6 and 2 × 10^?7 (μmol photons m^?2)^?1 for UV-B, UV-A and PAR, respectively].     

Ultraviolet-B radiation causes shade-type ultrastructural changes in Brassica napus

Cell and chloroplast structural changes in palisade cells from mature leaves of Brassica napus L. cv. Paroll were quantified following exposure of plants to enhanced ultraviolet-B (280–320 nm; 13 kJ m^?2 day^?1 biologically effective UV-B) radiation at two different levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm; 200 and 700 μmol m^?2 s^?1). Short-term changes in leaf ultrastructure after 30 min and longer term changes after one day and one week were analyzed using stereological techniques incorporating light and electron microscopy and mathematical reconstruction of a mean cell for each sample. Ultraviolet-B together with either relatively high or low PAR resulted in cell structural changes resembling those typical of plants under shade conditions, with the most marked response occurring after 30 min of UV-B radiation. The ultrastructural changes at the cellular level were generally similar in both the relatively high and low PAR plus UV-B radiation treatments. The surface areas of all three thylakoid types, the appressed, non-appressed and margin thylakoids increased in the palisade tissue under supplemental UV-B irradiation. Although the appressed and non-appressed thylakoids increased in surface area, they did not increase equally, leaving open the possibility that the two thylakoid types have independent regulatory systems or different sensitivity to UV-B radiation. Increased thylakoid packing (mm² thylakoid membrane per mm² leaf surface) in UV-B-exposed plants may increase the statistical probability of photon interception. An increased level of UV-absorbing pigments after one week of supplemental UV-B radiation did not prevent or significantly ameliorate UV effects. Our data supported the assumption that UV-B radiation may have a regulatory role besides damaging effects and that an increased UV-B environment will likely increase this regulatory influence of UV-B radiation.     

Beneficial effects of enhanced UV-B radiation under field conditions: improvement of needle water relations and survival capacity of Pinus pinea L. seedlings during the dry Mediterranean summer

The possible mechanism(s) by which supplemental UV-B radiation alleviates the adverse effects of summer drought in Mediterranean pines (Petropoulou et al. 1995) were investigated with seedlings of Pinus pinea. Plants received ambient or ambient plus supplemental UV-B radiation (biologically equivalent to a 15% ozone depletion over Patras, 38.3° N, 29.1° E) and natural precipitation or additional irrigation. Treatments started on 1 February, 1994 and lasted up to the end of the dry period (29 September). In well-watered plants, UV-B radiation had no influence on photosystem II photochemical efficiency and biomass accumulation. Water stressed plants suffered from needle loss and reduced photosystem II photochemical efficiency during the summer. These symptoms, however, were less pronounced in plants receiving supplemental UV-B radiation, resulting in higher total biomass at plant harvest. Laboratory tests showed that enhanced UV-B radiation did not improve the tolerance of photosystem II against drought, high light, high temperature and oxidative stress. Enhanced UV-B radiation, however, improved the water economy of water stressed plants, as judged by measurements of needle relative water content. In addition, it caused an almost two-fold increase of cuticle thickness. No such UV-B radiation effects were observed in well-watered pines. The results indicate that the combination of water stress and UV-B radiation may trigger specific responses, enabling the plants to avoid excessive water loss and, thereby, maintain a more efficient photosynthetic apparatus during the summer. The extent of this apparently positive UV-B radiation effect would depend on the amount of summer precipitation. Abbreviations: DW – dry weight, F_v/F_m – ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence, A ₃₀₀ – absorbance at 300 nm, PAR – photosynthetically active radiation, PS II – photosystem II, RWC – relative water content, TCA – trichloroacetic acid, UV-B_BE – biologically effective ultraviolet-B radiation     

UV-B辐射对马尾松凋落叶分解和养分释放的影响

由大气臭氧层减薄导致的UV-B辐射变化将直接影响到凋落物的分解。目前,有关UV-B辐射影响木本植物凋落物分解的研究还很少,在国内还没有开展。采用分解袋法开展了马尾松凋落叶在自然环境和UV-B辐射滤减两种辐射环境下的分解试验。结果表明：在UV-B辐射滤减环境下的马尾松凋落叶年分解速率比对照环境减慢了47.74%。UV-B辐射极显著(p<0.01)地加快了马尾松凋落叶的分解速率,促进了凋落叶中碳、磷、钾的释放和木质素的降解,对氮的释放无明显影响。研究结果意味着UV-B辐射将加快马尾松林的营养循环速度,降低马尾松林凋落物层的碳储量。     

Effects of artificial and solar UV-B radiation on the gravitactic orientation of the dinoflagellate, Peridinium gatunense

Abstract The effects of artificial and solar UV-B radiation on the gravitactic (formerly called geotactic) orientation of the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium gatunense were measured under artificial UV-B radiation and in a temperature-controlled growth chamber under solar radiation in Portugal. Circular histograms of gravitaxis show the impairement of orientation after UV irradiation. The degree of orientation, quantified using the Rayleigh test and top quadrant summation, decreased as the exposure time to the radiation prolonged. The effects of artifical UV-B radiation on orientation are stronger than those of solar radiation, probably because the radiation source emits higher fluence rates below 300 nm than found in solar radiation. After UV radiation, the gravitactic orientation under artificially increased acceleration at 2 g was drastically affected.     

UV-B辐射增强对陆地植物次生代谢的影响

平流层臭氧的减薄已导致地表中波紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320nm)增强,由于UV-B能被许多生物大分子如蛋白质和核酸吸收并引起分子构象的变化,因此可对植物的各方面产生影响。本文将近年来特别是近5年的UV-B辐射增强对植物次生代谢物影响的研究工作进行了综述。主要包括：UV-B辐射增强对植物紫外吸收物的影响和可能的机制;环境因子的复合作用对植物紫外吸收物的影响和可能的机制;UV-B辐射增强对次生代谢物影响的生态学意义。并对该领域未来的研究作了展望。     

Effects of elevated ultraviolet radiation on Quercus robur and its insect and ectomycorrhizal associates

Saplings of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) were exposed at an outdoor facility to modulated levels of elevated UV-B radiation (280–315 nm) under treatment arrays of cellulose diacetate-filtered fluorescent lamps which also produced UV-A radiation (315–400 nm). Saplings were also exposed to UV-A radiation alone under control arrays of polyester-filtered lamps and to ambient levels of solar radiation under arrays of unenergized lamps. The UV-B treatment corresponded to a 30% elevation above the ambient level of erythemally weighted UV-B radiation. Sapling growth and the occurrence of associated organisms were examined over two years. In both years, leaves of saplings exposed to UV-B treatment were thicker and smaller in area relative to leaves exposed to ambient and control levels of radiation. UV-B treatment also retarded bud burst at one sampling in the first year of the study. Some responses were recorded which were common to both treatment and control arrays, implying that UV-A radiation, or some other factor associated with energized lamps, was responsible for the observed effects. Saplings under treatment and control arrays were taller in the first year of the study, suffered greater herbivory from chewing insects, and had lower root dry weights and greater insertion heights of secondary branches than saplings exposed to ambient levels of radiation. Exposure of saplings to elevated UV-A radiation alone under control arrays increased estimated leaf volumes in the second year of the study and reduced the number of secondary branches and the total number of branches per sapling after two years, relative to both treatment and ambient arrays. There were no effects of elevated ultraviolet radiation on shoot or total plant weight, root/shoot ratios, stem diameter, the numbers or insertion heights of primary or tertiary branches, total leaf number, timing of leaf fall or frequency of ectomycorrhizas. Our study suggests that any increases in UV-B radiation as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion will influence the growth of Q. robur primarily through effects on leaf morphology.     

Solar radiation transmission in and around canopy gaps in an uneven-aged <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nothofagus betuloides</Emphasis> forest

The transmission of direct, diffuse and global solar radiation in and around canopy gaps occurring in an uneven-aged, evergreen Nothofagus betuloides forest during the growing season (October 2006–March 2007) was estimated by means of hemispherical photographs. The transmission of solar radiation into the forest was affected not only by a high level of horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of the forest canopy, but also by low angles of the sun’s path. The below-canopy direct solar radiation appeared to be variable in space and time. On average, the highest amount of transmitted direct solar radiation was estimated below the undisturbed canopy at the southeast of the gap centre. The transmitted diffuse and global solar radiation above the forest floor exhibited lower variability and, on average, both were higher at the centre of the canopy gaps. Canopy structure and stand parameters were also measured to explain the variation in the below-canopy solar radiation in the forest. The model that best fit the transmitted below-canopy direct solar radiation was a growth model, using plant area index with an ellipsoidal angle distribution as the independent variable (R ² = 0.263). Both diffuse and global solar radiation were very sensitive to canopy openness, and for both cases a quadratic model provided the best fit for these data (R ² = 0.963 and 0.833, respectively). As much as 75% and 73% of the variation in the diffuse and global solar radiation, respectively, were explained by a combination of stand parameters, namely basal area, crown projection, crown volume, stem volume, and average equivalent crown radius.     

Seasonal and diurnal variations in ultraviolet-B and ultraviolet-A irradiances at and below the sea surface at Helgoland (North Sea) over a 6-year period

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation at four wavelengths (305, 320, 340 and 380 nm) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were measured from May 1994 to October 1999 using Biospherical UV radiometers. A surface reference sensor located on the roof of the Marine Station at Helgoland recorded values every 5 min, and an equivalent profiling underwater sensor was used for measurements in the sea at approximately monthly intervals. The ratio of 305-nm radiation to PAR varied seasonally, with a 14-fold increase from winter to summer. A much weaker seasonal trend (ca. 1.5-fold) was apparent in the ratio of 320-nm radiation to PAR, but there was no seasonal trend in the ratios of 340- or 380-nm radiation to PAR. The year-to-year variations in 305-nm radiation were also much greater relative to PAR than for the other UV wavelengths, but there was no evidence of a change in the 305 nm:PAR ratio over the study period. The ratios of both 305- and 320-nm radiation to PAR increased from dawn to midday, but those of 340- and 380-nm radiation were almost constant through the day, except shortly before sunrise and after sunset when the proportions of 340- and 380-nm radiation increased. Underwater measurements of PAR and UV suggest that the 1% depth for 305-nm radiation was little more than 1 m, but this estimate is valid only for summer and autumn because, in other seasons, few reliable readings for 305-nm radiation could be obtained underwater, and no attenuation coefficient could be calculated. The 1% depths recorded for the other UV wavelengths in the middle 6 months of the year were 2.0 m for 320 nm, 2.6 m for 340 nm and 4.6 m for 380 nm, compared with 12 m for PAR, but the attenuation of all wavebands increased sharply in October and remained higher until March. An analysis of the influence of sun angle, total column ozone concentration, the proportion of skylight, and cloud cover on the ratio of UV wavelengths to PAR in surface irradiance demonstrated that solar angle has a greater influence than ozone concentration on the irradiance at 305 nm, and that the typical occurrence of ozone "holes" in spring may not result in higher UV-B irradiances than occur under higher ozone concentrations in summer. The implications of the data for attempts to model the biological effects of natural UV radiation on marine organisms are considered. Received in revised form: 3 July 2000 Electronic Publication     

落叶阔叶林反照率的时间变化与影响因素

反照率原位测量对生态系统能量收支及其遥感应用至关重要,但目前坡面地形反照率的测量方式有局限且可见光与近红外波段反照率时间变化的差异尚不清楚。本研究以东北地区帽儿山森林生态站的落叶阔叶林为例,探究入射和反射太阳辐射(SR,300～2800 nm)、光合有效辐射(PAR,400～700 nm)、近红外辐射(NIR,700～2800 nm)的反照率时间变化特征及其影响因子,同时分析了两种辐射表安装方式反照率的差异。结果表明: 晴天SR和NIR反照率日变化呈上下午不对称的U型曲线,但PAR从早到晚递增;阴天反照率均先急剧下降后趋于稳定。平行于坡面测量增大了反照率的日均值,但缓和了SR、NIR反照率日不对称的现象。从整个生长季来看,SR、NIR与PAR反照率水平测量时最大值分别为0.16、0.27和0.11,最小值分别为0.07、0.11和0.03。SR和NIR反照率季节变化均为先增大后减小(7月为峰值),PAR则相反,SR反照率主要受NIR而不是PAR控制。各波段反照率季节变化的影响因子按照贡献率排序为宽带归一化植被指数(61.7%～78.5%,可表征叶面积指数)>太阳高度角(15.4%～36.9%)>晴空指数(0.4%～36.9%)。     

UV-B辐射对窄叶野豌豆生长繁殖的影响

采用增补和滤除掉部分自然UV-B辐射的模拟试验,研究了增强和近环境UV-B辐射对高寒草甸一年生牧草窄叶野豌豆生长和繁殖的影响.结果表明:增补UV-B辐射处理后,窄叶野豌豆的株高、生物量、分配向果实的生物量、总花数和种子百粒重均显著下降,花期延迟,开花集中度和繁殖成功率有所提高,而种子产量无显著变化.相对于减弱UV-B辐射处理,近环境UV-B辐射使窄叶野豌豆的株高先降后升,分配向果实的生物量减少,花期、花数和种子产量无显著变化,种子百粒重减小.增强和近环境UV-B辐射对窄叶野豌豆的生长和繁殖有一定的抑制作用,且增强UV-B辐射的影响更大.     

Leaf thickness and UV-B absorbing pigments of plants in relation to an elevational gradient along the Blue Mountains,Jamaica

Terrestrial plant species vary widely in their adaptation to (increasing) solar UV-B radiation. Among the various responses of higher plants to enhanced UV-B are increasing leaf thickness and increasing concentrations of UV-B absorbing compounds. In some (UV-B resistant) plant species increased leaf thickness and UV-B absorbance may form part of mechanisms protecting plants from UV-B damage. However, in UV-B sensitive plant species leaf thickness and UV-B absorbance may increase as well with enhanced UV-B radiation. In the latter case however, this response cannot prevent plant damage and disturbance. In the present field study the relationship between these plant parameters and a natural elevational UV-B gradient on the tropical island of Jamaica was described. Four plant species of the Blue Mountain Tropical Montane Forest, occurring on open forest sites along the roadside and paths were studied along an elevational gradient. Plant species studied are Redbush (Polygonum chinense), Wild ginger (Hedychium gardneranum), John Crow Bush (Bocconia frutescens) and White clover (Trifolium repens). The elevational sites were at 800, 1000, 1200, 1400 and 1600 m above sea level. Leaf thickness was measured of leaves of intact plants around midday in the field. Leaf disks (5 mm) were sampled and extracted with a methanol/HCl mixture. UV-B absorption of these leaf extracts was measured spectrophotometrically. For all species leaves from higher elevations were thicker than those from lower elevations. In addition, the absorption of UV-B of leaf extracts increased with increasing elevations. It is assumed that the calculated gradient of the UV-B_BE from 800 m above sea level: 9.45 kJ m^-2 day^-1 to 9.75 kJ m^-2 day^-1 at 1600 m is related to the measured increase of leaf thickness and UV-B absorbing compounds. The responsiveness of these plant parameters to the elevational gradient does not necessarily imply that the plant species are UV-B resistant. One possibility is that the species studied, which are growing on open, disturbed sites on the forest floor and along mountain-roads, are relatively sensitive to UV-B. In addition to clear sky conditions, mist and clouds occur frequently in this tropical mountane forest at Jamaica. Also, the low nutrient status of the soil (low pH, nutrient deficiency) and the high content of polyphenols in leaves of many plant species of the tropical montane rain forest may relate to the marked response of the species studied with increasing elevation. Abbreviations: asl – above sealevel, UV-B – ultraviolet-B radiation (280–320 nm), TMCF – Tropical Montane Cloud Forest.     

UV-B and PAR in a grass (Lolium perenne L.) canopy

The penetration of natural and artificial UV-B_BE (Biologically Effective UV-B, Caldwell 1971) and PAR (400–700 nm) in a grass canopy with increasing LAI was followed during 2 months. Overall, the transmission of UV-B_BE sunlight is significantly higher than of PAR sunlight. This is mainly due to the higher proportion of diffuse light in the UV-B. Under cloudy conditions no difference between UV-B_BE and PAR could be found. Sun angle and intensity of the radiation were less important in determining the penetration of light. Artificial light penetrates much more through the canopy, resulting in higher irradiation levels in the lower part of the canopy, but a lower UV-B_BE/PAR ratio (since UV-B transmittance of the leaves is lower). The UV-B_BE/PAR ratio reaching the leaves was influenced by LAI, sun angle, percent diffuse light and leaf angle. The large differences in UV-B_BE/PAR ratio per unit leaf area under natural and artificial light conditions are important in understanding the influence of UV-B on plants.     

不同天气类型下UV-B辐射对高山植物美丽风毛菊叶片PSII光化学效率的影响分析

以中国科学院海北高寒草甸试验站地区的美丽风毛菊(Saussurea superba)为材料, 通过短期滤除自然光谱中紫外线B (UV-B)辐射成分的途径, 研究了UV-B辐射对叶片光系统II (PSII)光化学效率的影响。不同天气的归纳分析表明, 随可见光辐射的降低, 暗适应3 min的PSII最大光化学量子效率(F_(v)/F_(m))显著升高; 与此同时PSII实际光化学量子效率(Φ_PSII)和光化学猝灭系数(q_P)也显著升高, 非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)则显著降低。滤除UV-B辐射后, 3种典型天气类型下的F_(v)/F_(m)均略有升高趋势; 且Φ_PSII和q_P增加, 而NPQ略有降低趋势。量子效率的相对限制(L_(PFD))和PSII反应中心开放程度(q_L)的进一步分析表明, UV-B辐射能显著影响辅酶A还原状态, 对高山植物美丽风毛菊的光合机构具有负影响。综上可知, 自然光中的可见光辐射是影响PSII激发能捕获效率的重要因素, PSII反应中心的光化学效率和非光化学能量耗散主要受光和有效辐射的影响; 滤除UV-B成分能减缓PSII反应中心的光抑制程度。     

Volatile organic compounds characterized from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec) berries increase at pre-harvest and in response to UV-B radiation

Ultraviolet-B solar radiation (UV-B) is an environmental signal with biological effects in plant tissues. Recent investigations have assigned a protective role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plant tissues submitted to biotic and abiotic stresses. This study investigated VOCs in berries at three developmental stages (veraison, pre-harvest and harvest) of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Malbec exposed (or not) to UV-B both, in in vitro and field experiments. By Head Space-Solid Phase Micro Extraction–Gas Chromatography–Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–EIMS) analysis, 10 VOCs were identified at all developmental stages: four monoterpenes, three aldehydes, two alcohols and one ketone. Monoterpenes increased at pre-harvest and in response to UV-B in both, in vitro and field conditions. UV-B also augmented levels of some aldehydes, alcohols and ketones. These results along with others from the literature suggest that UV-B induce grape berries to produce VOCs (mainly monoterpenes) that protect the tissues from UV-B itself and other abiotic and biotic stresses, and could affect the wine flavor. Higher emission of monoterpenes was observed in the field experiments as compared in vitro, suggesting the UV-B/PAR ratio is not a signal in itself.