2003～2012年北京儿童急性呼吸道感染中腺病毒监测及流行型别分析

2003~2012年连续10年对北京地区儿科急性呼吸道感染患儿腺病毒(Adenovirus,ADV)的监测,了解儿科急性呼吸道感染患儿中ADV感染状况和流行型别。收集39 214份儿科急性呼吸道感染患儿标本(包括来自住院及重症监护患儿的32 016例鼻咽分泌物标本及门诊的咽拭子标本7 198例)进行病毒分离和/或免疫荧光法进行ADV检测,对其中848份毒株和/或阳性标本提取DNA,通过两套巢式聚合酶链反应(nested-PCR)进行ADV分型。首先用3、7型2对分型引物的PCR可确定3、7型ADV,对少数扩增阴性的标本或毒株再使用2对可扩增AF各组ADV的通用引物对其DNA六邻体片段进行扩增后直接测序,并与GenBank中的序列比较以确定其型别。在39 214份呼吸道标本中,经病毒分离和/或免疫荧光法确定为ADV阳性的标本884份,总阳性率为2.25%(884/39 214),其中住院患儿ADV检测阳性率为2.08%(665/32 016),门诊患儿为3.04%(219/7 198)。以ADV年检出率统计,2003~2012年10年期间只有2010年的阳性率较高,为3.69%,其余年份均在3.0%以下。对其中848份毒株或阳性标本的分型结果显示:3型ADV占53.18%(451/848),7型ADV占36.79%(312/848),2型占3.78%(32/848),55型占2.24%(19/848),1型占2.0%(17/848),5型占0.94%(8/848),14型占0.47%(4/848),6型占0.35%(3/848),4型占0.24%(2/848)。除2012年优势型别为7型,2003年和2007年为3、7型外,占23例(88.5%)。12例诊断为扁桃体炎患儿11例为ADV3(91.7%)感染。0~3岁年龄组ADV阳性检出率高于4岁以上年龄组。男女性别比为1.9:1。近10年中ADV3和ADV7为主要的流行型别。儿童ADV重症肺炎多是由ADV7造成的。由11和14型重组的55型ADV从2006年开始在北京儿童中出现。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌耐药性基因型分析

检测我院产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性和基因型。表型确定临床分离产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌56株,应用PCR基因扩增技术及双脱氧DNA测序方法,分别对TEM、SHV、CTX-M-1、CTX-M-2和CTX-M-9编码基因进行分析。产酶菌株对亚胺培南、美洛培南、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟耐药性较低,对其他16种抗生素耐药性较高。在56株菌株中有50株为CTX-M型,占89%,34株为TEM型(60.7%),20株SHV型(35.7%);其中CTX-M-9型共计39株占78%,CTX-M-1型19株占38%,CTX-M-2型16株占32%。产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性值得关注,主要临床流行基因型是CTX-M型。     

广东韶关地区54 597例女性HPV感染情况及 其基因型分布

目的探讨广东韶关地区女性人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染现状及病毒基因型分布情况。方法采用PCR-反向点杂交技术对54 597例女性宫颈脱落细胞标本进行23种HPV基因分型检测。结果 54 597例女性中共检出HPV阳性13 824例,阳性率为25.32%。全部标本中高危型感染占19.91%(10870/54597),主要包含HPV52 (2187/54597)、HPV16 (1852/54597)、HPV58 (1226/54597)、HPV53(801/54597)和HPV68 (729/54597)。低危型感染占5.41%(2954/54597),主要包含HPV43 (896/54597)和HPV81 (833/54597)。感染类型中单一感染占79.22%(8545/10787),二重感染占15.62%(1685/10787),三重及以上感染占5.16%(557/10787)。结论韶关地区女性HPV感染率较高,且以高危型和单一型感染为主。病毒主要基因型为HPV52、HPV16和HPV58。进行HPV基因分型检测对宫颈癌的防治和疫苗研发接种具有重要意义。     

中国河北省卢龙县儿童轮状病毒腹泻研究

轮状病毒是我国儿童重症腹泻的主要病原。按照WHO轮状病毒监测方案,于1999年7月至2003年6月,在河北省卢龙县开展了医院和社区为基础<5岁儿童轮状病毒腹泻的监测。结果表明:卢龙县<5岁儿童腹泻的发病率为1 3次/人/年。4年中全县共有2350名<5岁急性腹泻患儿住院,占所有住院儿童的38%(2350/6213)。住院的腹泻患儿每年有两个高峰,一个是夏季(6～8月),占全年腹泻住院病例的22%;另一个在冬季(12月至次年2月),占58%。住院的轮状病毒腹泻只有一个高峰,是在冬季(12月至次年2月),高峰期的轮状病毒腹泻住院患儿数占全年轮状病毒腹泻患儿住院数的86%。按全年统计,轮状病毒腹泻占住院腹泻患儿的46%,轮状病毒腹泻的住院率为11/1000儿童/年。在门诊腹泻患儿中轮状病毒腹泻患儿占28%,在社区腹泻患儿中轮状病毒腹泻占10%。轮状病毒毒株的分布,G3型(45%)最常见,其次为G1型(35%)、G2型(8%)、G4型(3%)、G9型(0 6%),混合感染较少(1%)。还有8%的毒株未能分出型别。在轮状病毒腹泻患者中,9～11月龄的儿童检出率最高(53%),其次是12～17月龄(51%)、18～23月龄(36%)和6～8月龄(30%)。在4年研究期间共有5～10名1～59月龄儿童可能因为轮状病毒腹泻死亡,其中有1例确诊为P[8]G1型毒株感染。初步估计,该县1～59月龄儿童轮状病毒腹泻的死     

菲菊头蝠回声定位信号特征及下丘神经元频率调谐

研究了菲菊头蝠自由飞行状态下的回声定位信号和下丘神经元的声反应特性。菲菊头蝠在自由飞行时发射的CF/FM型回声定位叫声含2-3个谐波,主频为105.3±1.7kHz,时程为39.5±9.6ms,脉冲间隔为73.9±16.0ms。在所记录到的159个下丘神经元中,E型(Echolocation)神经元为32.7%(52/159),其中CF1型(Constantfrequency)占11.3%(18/159),FM1型(Frequencymodulated)占20.1%(32/159),FM2型占1.3%(2/159);NE型(Nonecholocation)神经元的比例为67.3%(107/159)。这些神经元的最佳频率(Bestfrequency,BF)与记录深度之间存在线性关系(r=0.9471,P<0.01)。E型神经元的深度范围为349-1855(1027.5±351.6)μm,阈值范围为6-74(43.1±14.5)dBSPL,潜伏期范围为10.0-26.0(14.6±3.8)ms。NE型神经元的分别为93.0-1745.0(733.3±290.3)μm、2-70(36.5±23.8)dBSPL、5.0-23.0(13.5±3.7)ms。记录到的53个IC神经元的调谐曲线(Frequencytuningcurve,FTC)均为开放型,51个为单峰型,2个为双峰型。单峰型神经元中大部分为狭窄型(Q10dB>5),占70.6%(36/51),E型神经元全部为狭窄型,Q10dB为10.4±7.1(5.5-31.6),其中CF1型为18.3±11.2(5.5-31.6),FM1型为8.7±4.7(5.5-24.3),FM2型为6.9±0.3(6.7-7.1);NE型神经元既有宽阔型也有狭窄型,Q10dB为6.6±5.1(1.6-25.6)。两个双峰型FTC主、副峰分别偏向高、低频区,高频边对应的是E型神经元。     

恶性肿瘤患者化疗前后血糖变化的临床观察

目的:探讨化疗对恶性肿瘤患者血糖的影响。方法:取江苏省溧水县人民医院2008年1月~2011年3月收治的153例恶性肿瘤患者,采取回顾性分析方法对合并2型糖尿病的患者比例,以及化疗前、化疗中、化疗后血糖变化情况进行临床观察。结果:153例患者中,化疗前诊断糖尿病者占9.15%(14/153),未诊断糖尿病者139例,13.67%(19/139)化疗后空腹血糖升高,其中糖耐量异常者11人,占7.91%(11/39),诊病者5人,占3.60%(5/139),一过性血糖升高3人,占2.16%(3/153)。结论:恶性肿瘤患者接受化疗可以引起血糖升高,甚至出现糖耐量异常或2型糖尿病,需进一步分析原因,探索该现象与恶性肿瘤患者治疗效果和预后的关系。     

河北地区26385例女性宫颈细胞HPV基因分型分析

目的分析河北地区女性人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)感染率及感染亚型情况。方法回顾性分析2014年4月到2017年8月来河北省人民医院妇科门诊就诊的26 385例患者,采用荧光定量PCR法对患者宫颈脱落细胞样本进行21种HPV亚型的检测,不同年龄组HPV感染率比较采用卡方检验。结果 26 385例受检者中,HPV感染率为33.05%(8 719/26 385),其中高危型HPV感染率为26.50%(6 992/26 385),阳性患者中占比80.19%(6992/8719);共计检出21种HPV亚型,12 901例次HPV感染,其中高危型HPV感染11 059例次,占比91.46%,感染前三位依次为HPV16、HPV58、HPV52,均为高危亚型;15~25岁和≥56岁年龄组HPV感染率较高,分别与其他三组比较差异均有统计学意义(χ~2=203.281,P0.01;χ~2=42.033,P0.01)。结论妇科门诊患者HPV感染率较高,以高危型HPV感染为主,主要感染型别为HPV16、HPV58、HPV52。15~25岁和≥56岁年龄组HPV感染率相对较高。     

大黄鱼微卫星标记的开发及其遗传方式分析

采用FIASCO方法构建大黄鱼(AC)n微卫星富集文库,从文库中随机挑选90个白色克隆,经过菌液PCR筛选得到60(66.7%)个阳性克隆进行测序,其中有56个克隆(93.3%)含有CA/GT重复数大于5的微卫星序列。56个微卫星序列中,二核苷酸微卫星51个(91.1%),三核苷酸微卫星5个;二核苷酸重复中有48个为(AC)n重复,占二核苷酸总数的94.1%。根据Weber的微卫星分类规则,完美型占75.0%,非完美型占8.9%,复合型微卫星占16.1%。共设计引物52对,在1个大黄鱼家系中35对引物所在位点具有多态性,28个(80.0%)位点子代基因型为1∶1∶1∶1(AB×CD/AB×AC)分离类型,6个位点属1∶1分离类型,1个位点属1∶2∶1(AB×AB)分离类型。35个位点中有32个位点的分离符合孟德尔分离比(P>0.05),另外3个位点(LYC0137、LYC0139、LYC0152)明显偏离1∶1或者1∶1∶1∶1的孟德尔分离比(P<0.05)。本研究开发的微卫星标记为大黄鱼微卫星遗传连锁图谱构建以及群体遗传学、分子进化和系统发育等研究提供了有用的分子工具。     

中国人群中抗肌萎缩蛋白基因突变类型和分布特点及其与临床症状的相关性

假性肥大型进行性肌营养不良症(Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy,DMD)是源于横纹肌的一种X-连锁隐性致死性遗传病,由编码抗肌营养不良蛋白(dystrophin)基因突变所致。为了探讨中国人群中DMD患者的dystrophin基因突变类型和分布特点及其与临床症状的相关性,文章采用Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification(MLPA)方法对720例DMD患者及其母亲和20例正常成年男性进行dystrophin基因分析。结果显示,检出率为64.9%(467/720),54.3%(391/720)的患者为基因缺失;10.6%(76/720)的患者为基因重复。累及Exon45-54缺失突变型占全部缺失型患者的71.9%(281/391);重复突变型累及Exon1-40占全部重复型患者82.9%(63/76);检出的患者中,DMD型和中间型营养不良症(Intermediate muscular dystrophy,IMD)型占90.6%(423/467),Becker型营养不良症(Becker muscular dystrophy,BMD)型占9.4%(44/467)。表明假肥大型肌营养不良症以dystrophin基因缺失突变为主,突变发生在整个基因中非均匀分布,存在突变热区,在缺失和重复的位置和片段长度与肌病的临床症状严重程度之间并不存在简单的相关关系。     

云南省威信县24例肺吸虫病病原追踪调查

目的对云南省威信县肺吸虫病病原进行疫点追踪调查。方法收集2008～2011年确诊的来自威信县的肺吸虫病患者24例,根据病例追踪,自当地疫点采集溪蟹,带回实验室检查并殖吸虫囊蚴,鉴定虫种。结果 24例患者中游走性包块11例,占45.83%,胸腔积液型11例,占45.83%,脑型1例,占4.16%,睾丸鞘膜积液1例,占4.16%。患者主要来自扎西镇、长安乡和双河乡。检查溪蟹278只,斯氏并殖吸虫囊蚴感染率为34.17%(95/278),其中扎西镇溪蟹囊蚴感染率为33.08%(43/130),平均感染度11.63(500/43),长安村溪蟹囊蚴感染率为35.14%(52/148),平均感染度8.98(467/52)。结论云南威信县是肺吸虫病疫源地,第二中间宿主为锯齿华溪蟹,致病虫种为斯氏并殖吸虫,应加强当地肺吸虫病防治。     

白族手掌主线分布的研究

目的:研究300名正常白族人的手掌主线分布,为人类学、医学、遗传学提供正常参数。方法:在知情同意手续下,捺印调查对象的手纹。结果:A主线,Ⅲ型占96%、Ⅴ型2.17%、Ⅰ型1.83%;B主线,Ⅴ型93%、Ⅶ型7%;C主线,Ⅴ型44.5%、Ⅶ型40.67%、Ⅸ型11.67%、O型3.16%;D主线,Ⅸ型47%、Ⅶ型46%、Ⅺ型7%。主线分布以35′5″7、35′79、35″79为主(占76.67%)。39.67%的个体双手主线对称分布,以35′5″7为主(15%)。MLI平均为6.25±1.37,MLIT为22.52±3.00,二者均为男性大于女性(P0.05)。3.17%的个体缺失c三叉。结论:白族人的手掌主线和其他民族有共性又有其特异性。     

Incidence of Clostridium botulinum in honey of various origins

By the dilution-centrifugation method, 270 honey samples, both domestic and imported, were examined and Clostridium botulinum was detected in 23 samples (8.5%); type A in 11 samples, type B in two, type C in 10, and type F in one. Of 58 domestic honey samples, six (10%) were positive; three gave type A and the other two type C. Among imported honey samples, Chinese honey gave 12% positives (types A, B, and C) and Argentina honey 20% positives (types A and F). The incidence was higher with samples taken from drums (18%) and from apiaries (23%) than marketing honey (5%). It was estimated that most positive samples contained spores in one per gram or lower concentrations. One sample contained 4 type A spores per gram and another 36-60 type F spores per gram. No distinct biochemical properties were found with the honey isolates.     

Circular dichroic and fluroescence spectroscopic study of the conformation of botulinum neurotoxin types A and E

Summary Botulinum neurotoxin (NT) is synthesized byClostridium botulinum in any of seven antigenically distinct forms, called types A through G. Protease(s) endogenous to the bacteria, or trypsin, nicks the single chain protein to a dichain molecule which generally is more toxic. The conformation of dichain type A (nicked by endogenous protease), single chain type E, and dichain type E NT (nicked by trypsin) have been determined using circular dichroism (CD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The high degree of ordered secondary structure (α helix 28%, β sheet 42%, total 70%) found in type A NT at pH 6.0 was similar to that found at pH 9.0 (α 22%, β 47%, total 69%). The secondary structure of the single chain type E NT at pH 6.0 (α 18%, β 37%, total 55%) differed somewhat from these values at pH 9.0 (α 22%, β 43%, total 65%). The dichain type E NT at pH 6.0 assumed a secondary structure (α 20%, β 47%, total 67%) more similar to that of dichain type A than the single chain type E NT. Examination with the fluorogenic probe toluidine napthalene sulfonate revealed that the hydrophobicity of the type A and E NTs were higher at pH 9.0 than at pH 6.0. Also, the hydrophobicity of the dichain type E NT was higher than its precursor the single chain protein and appeared similar to that of the dichain type A NT. The CD and fluorescence studies indicate that conversion of the single chain type E NT to the dichain form (i.e. nicking by trypsin) induced changes in conformation. The ordered secondary structure (a + β contents) of botulinum NT, 70% for type A and 67% for dichain type E, agree well with 65% of α + β contents of tetanus toxin [21] that is produced byClostridium tetani.     

Serotyping of Dutch Staphylococcus aureus strains from carriage and infection

International epidemiological studies have shown that clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are usually capsulated with either type 5 or 8 capsular polysaccharides (CPs). Because all noncapsulated strains were found to be cross-reactive with polysaccharide 336 (336PS) antibodies, the noncapsulated strains were denoted as type 336PS. The capsular types of 162 Dutch methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains derived from individuals living in the Rotterdam area were determined. The serotype distribution was 28.4% serotype 5, 53.7% type 8, and 17.9% type 336PS. Serotyping was in agreement with genotyping by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and multi locus sequence typing (MLST). Among 49 nasal carriage isolates from healthy children 24.5% belonged to serotype 5, 67.3% were type 8 and 8.2% were type 336PS. For 28 adult patients on chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) the serotype incidences among carriage isolates obtained from the nose, catheter exit-site, and abdominal skin were 45.1%, 41.2% and 13.7%, respectively. Among S. aureus strains deriving from blood cultures, the serotype incidences were 17.7% serotype 5, 53.2% type 8, and 29.0% type 336PS. Apparently, type 336PS strains are more prevalent (P=0.017) among bacteraemia isolates as compared with the nasal carriage isolates obtained from healthy children and CAPD patients. In conclusion, all Dutch S. aureus isolates belonged to types 5, 8, or 336PS, which is in agreement with data from other countries. Thus, addition of the 336PS conjugate to a type 5- and type 8-CP protein conjugate vaccine would significantly extend the vaccine coverage.     

治疗性乙肝疫苗研究及疗效考核

我们采用治疗性乙肝疫苗（免疫复合物型和佐剂型）分别对１４５例各型乙型肝炎进行治疗,结果显示：乙肝主要指标ＡＬＴ复常率、ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ及ＨＢｅＡｇ阴转率,免疫复合物组分别为９２．９％、５０％和４１．９％;佐剂组分别为９４．１％、４２．８％和３５．２％,均明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。Ｔ细胞亚群中ＣＤ＋４／ＣＤ＋８细胞平均比值明显提高。试验表明：免疫复合物型疫苗和佐剂型疫苗对慢性肝炎,尤其是慢性活动性肝炎有较好疗效,而免疫复合物型优于佐剂型。本制剂无毒副作用,为生物制剂治疗乙型肝炎开辟了一条新途径     

Regulation of alveolar epithelial cell phenotypes in fetal sheep: roles of cortisol and lung expansion

Our aim was to determine whether cortisol's effect on alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) phenotypes in the fetus is mediated via a sustained alteration in lung expansion. Chronically catheterized fetal sheep were exposed to 1) saline infusion, 2) cortisol infusion (122-131 days' gestation, 1.5-4.0 mg/day), 3) saline infusion plus reduced lung expansion, or 4) cortisol infusion plus reduced lung expansion. The proportions of type I and II AECs were determined by electron microscopy, and surfactant protein (SP)-A, -B, and -C mRNA levels were determined by Northern blot analysis. Cortisol infusions significantly increased type II AEC proportions (to 38.2 +/- 2.2%), compared with saline-infused fetuses (23.8 +/- 2.4%), and reduced type I AEC proportions (to 59.0 +/- 2.2%), compared with saline-infused fetuses (70.4 +/- 2.4%). Reduced lung expansion also increased type II AEC proportions (to 52.9 +/- 3.5%) and decreased type I AEC proportions (to 34.2 +/- 3.7%), compared with control, saline-infused fetuses. The infusion of cortisol into fetuses exposed to reduced lung expansion tended to further increase type II (to 60.3 +/- 2.1%, P = 0.066) and reduce type I AEC (to 26.6 +/- 2.3%, P = 0.07) proportions. SP-A, -B, and -C mRNA levels changed in parallel with the changes in type II AEC proportions. These results indicate that cortisol alters the proportion of type I and type II AECs via a mechanism unrelated to the degree of fetal lung expansion. However, reductions in fetal lung expansion appear to have a greater impact on the proportion of AECs than cortisol.     

Guinea Pig Striatum as a Model of Human Dopamine Deamination: The Role of Monoamine Oxidase Isozyme Ratio, Localization, and Affinity for Substrate in Synaptic Dopamine Metabolism

The kinetic properties of type A and type B monoamine oxidase (MAO) were examined in guinea pig striatum, rat striatum, and autopsied human caudate nucleus using 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine, DA) as the substrate. MAO isozyme ratio in guinea pig striatum (28% type A/72% type B) was similar to that in human caudate nucleus (25% type A/75% type B) but different from that in rat striatum (76% type A/24% type B). Additional similarities between guinea pig striatum and human caudate nucleus were demonstrated for the affinity constants (Km) of each MAO) isozyme toward DA. Endogenous concentrations of DA, 3-methoxytyramine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and homovanillic acid were also measured in guinea pig and rat striatum following selective type A (clorgyline-treated) and type B (deprenyl-treated) MAO inhibition. In guinea pig, DA metabolism was equally but only partially affected by clorgyline or deprenyl alone. Combined treatment with clorgyline and deprenyl was required for maximal alterations in DA metabolism. By contrast, DA metabolism in rat striatum was extensively altered by clorgyline but unaffected by deprenyl alone. Finally, the deamination of DA in synaptosomes from guinea pig striatum was examined following selective MAO isozyme inhibition. Neither clorgyline nor deprenyl alone reduced synaptosomal DA deamination. However, clorgyline and deprenyl together reduced DA deamination by 94%. These results suggest that the isozyme localization and/or isozyme affinity for DA, rather than the absolute isozyme content, determines the relative importance of type A and type B MAO in synaptic DA deamination. Moreover, based on the enzyme kinetic properties of each MAO isozyme, guinea pig striatum may serve as a suitable model of human DA deamination.     

Study of folliculogenesis in vivo in guinea pig

Understanding normal folliculogenesis in guinea pigs is fundamental as a first step towards the development of a guinea pig follicle culture system. The aims of this study were (1) to characterise morphological changes during follicular development in vivo and (2) to describe the growth pattern of follicles. Cycling guinea pigs were infused with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine for 1 or 2 weeks and sacrificed at time points ranging from 0 to 37 days after the infusion. The granulosa cell number in the largest cross-sections increased from 25.0+/-6.1 (mean+/-S.D.) in primary (type 2) to 192.0+/-65.9 in preantral (type 5) and 256.3+/-96.9 in antral (type 6) follicles. The oocyte diameter increased from 44.8+/-6.2 microm (type 2) to 72.8+/-9.1 microm (type 5) and 78.9+/-9.3 microm (type 6) and the follicle diameter from 67.9+/-10.1 microm (type 2) to 188.9+/-29.7 microm (type 5) and 231.0+/-56.1 microm (type 6). After a 1-week labelling period, about 71% of type 2 follicles had at least one labelled granulosa cell, as did 95% of type 3-4, and 100% of type 5 and 6. About 1 week was needed to achieve 95% mitotic activity in granulosa cells (GC) of type 5 and 6 follicles, while about 2 weeks was required to achieve 100% mitotic activity in GC of type 3-4 and more than 2 weeks for GC of type 2 follicles. These data provide some baselines for the examination of a guinea pig follicle culture system.     

Anti-GAD-positive patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have higher prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis than anti-GAD-negative patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

The aim of our study was to evaluate antibodies against thyroglobulin (anti-TG) and thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) - markers of autoimmune thyroiditis - in several groups of adult patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We were particularly interested whether the presence of thyroid antibodies is related to the positivity of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (anti-GAD). We found elevated anti-GAD in 46 % (97/210) patients with type 1 DM. All patients with type 2 diabetes were anti-GAD-negative. At least one thyroid antibody (anti-TG and/or anti-TPO) was found in 30 % (62/210) patients with type 1 DM and 27 % (22/83) type 2 diabetes patients. The patients with type 1 DM were further grouped according to their anti-GAD status. The anti-GAD-positive patients had a higher prevalence of anti-TG antibodies than the anti-GAD-negative patients (25 % vs. 12 %, p=0.03) as well as anti-TPO antibodies (32 % vs. 12 %, p<0.001). At least one thyroid antibody was detected in 39 % (38/97) of anti-GAD-positive but only in 21 % (24/113) of anti-GAD-negative patients with type 1 DM (p=0.006). No significant difference in the frequency of thyroid antibodies was found between anti-GAD-negative patients with type 1 and type 2 DM (21 % vs. 27 %, p=0.4). The groups with or without thyroid antibodies in both type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients did not differ in actual age, the age at diabetes onset, duration of diabetes, body mass index or HbA1c level. Patients with elevated thyroid antibodies had significantly higher levels of TSH than those without thyroid antibodies (1.86 vs. 3.22 mIU/l, p=0.04 in type 1 DM; 2.06 vs. 4.89 mIU/l, p=0.003 in type 2 DM). We conclude that there is a higher frequency of thyroid-specific antibodies in anti-GAD-positive adult patients with type 1 DM than in anti-GAD-negative patients or in patients with type 2 DM. Patients with or without thyroid antibodies do not differ in age, DM onset and duration, BMI or HbA1c. Thyroid antibodies-positive patients have higher levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).     

Stretch-shortening cycle exercises: an effective training paradigm to enhance power output of human single muscle fibers.

Functional performance of lower limb muscles and contractile properties of chemically skinned single muscle fibers were evaluated before and after 8 wk of maximal effort stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) exercise training. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of eight men before and after the training period. Fibers were evaluated regarding their mechanical properties and subsequently classified according to their myosin heavy chain content (SDS-PAGE). After training, maximal leg extensor muscle force and vertical jump performance were improved 12% (P<0.01) and 13% (P<0.001), respectively. Single-fiber cross-sectional area increased 23% in type I (P<0.01), 22% in type IIa (P<0.001), and 30% in type IIa/IIx fibers (P<0.001). Peak force increased 19% in type I (P<0.01), 15% in type IIa (P<0.001), and 16% in type IIa/IIx fibers (P<0.001). When peak force was normalized with cross-sectional area, no changes were found for any fiber type. Maximal shortening velocity was increased 18, 29, and 22% in type I, IIa, and hybrid IIa/IIx fibers, respectively (P<0.001). Peak power was enhanced in all fiber types, and normalized peak power improved 9% in type IIa fibers (P<0.05). Fiber tension on passive stretch increased in IIa/IIx fibers only (P<0.05). In conclusion, short-term SSC exercise training enhanced single-fiber contraction performance via force and contraction velocity in type I, IIa, and IIa/IIx fibers. These results suggest that SSC exercises are an effective training approach to improve fiber force, contraction velocity, and therefore power.