重度肥胖患者肠道内机会性致病菌Escherichia coli微多样性分析

本研究利用志贺氏菌显色培养基和ERIC-PCR指纹图谱技术,从一名重度肥胖患者肠道内分离出19种不同ERIC类型的分离物。选取不同ERIC类型的代表菌株进行16S r RNA基因分子鉴定并构建系统发育树,发现19种代表菌株的16S r RNA基因和埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella)的相似性达到99%。经生理生化反应鉴定,19种代表菌株均为肠杆菌科的肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)。体外生物学分析发现19种E.coli代表菌株在生化特性、耐药性、毒性方面有明显差异。本研究表明来自一名重度肥胖患者肠道内同一种群的E.coli在菌株水平上具有丰富的微多样性,不同ERIC类型的E.coli在生理生化特性上存在较大的差异,且部分菌株具有潜在致病性。     

微泡菌属菌株YPW1和YPW16多糖降解特性分析

【背景】海洋环境中分离到的微泡菌属菌株具有多糖降解能力,在环境中可以作为糖类代谢的重要执行者参与海洋碳循环过程。【目的】测定2株微泡菌属菌株的多糖降解活性,通过与微泡菌属其他菌株基因组比较分析2株菌的多糖降解基因特征。【方法】通过3,5-dinitrosalicylicacid(DNS)定糖法测定多糖降解活性,同时利用高通量测序技术对菌株基因组序列进行测定与组装,并与其他基因组注释结果进行比较分析。【结果】分离得到2株微泡菌属菌株YPW1和YPW16,二者均为潜在新种。结果表明,菌株YPW1能够降解琼胶、褐藻胶、果胶、几丁质、木聚糖、淀粉、普鲁兰等7种多糖,而菌株YPW16仅可降解淀粉和普鲁兰。基因组分析表明,YPW1具有上述7种多糖的降解酶基因,但菌株YPW16只具有淀粉酶与普鲁兰酶降解基因。相较于其他微泡菌属菌株,菌株YPW1多糖降解范围、多糖降解酶基因种类与丰度较高,但菌株YPW16多糖降解范围却较为狭窄。由此可知,多糖降解酶基因在微泡菌属基因组中的分布差异性较大。【结论】本研究为微泡菌属提供了2株潜在的新型菌株资源,为生物多糖降解提供了生化工具,也为研究微泡菌属菌株中多糖降解基...     

戈登氏菌属放线菌的研究进展

戈登氏菌属(Gordonia)放线菌是一类棒状稀有放线菌。自Tsukamura于1971年首次发现以来,目前共分离纯化获得41个有效种。这些菌株广泛分布于红树林根际、油井、碳氢化合物污染的土壤、废水和患病的人类中。戈登氏菌的生物转化功能、生物降解功能和活性物质合成能力,使这些细菌在新药开发、环境修复方面具有潜在的用途。本文对戈登氏菌属放线菌的建立、分类学特征、生物活性物质、生物降解功能等进行了系统综述,以期为推进戈登氏菌属资源的高质量开发奠定基础。     

Gordonia sp. LAM0048的分离鉴定及其降解正十六烷的研究

以正十六烷为唯一碳源,从长期受石油污染的土壤中筛选到一株高效降解正十六烷的菌株LAM0048。通过形态学观察、生理生化试验、细胞化学组分分析、16S rRNA基因序列分析、细胞脂肪酸和极性脂试验,确定其属于棒杆菌亚目(Corynebacterineae)、诺卡菌科(Nocardiaceae)、戈登氏属(Gordonia),且可能为戈登氏属的一株新种。采用单因素实验对菌株LAM0048在无机盐培养基中降解正十六烷的降解率进行初步探讨,发现该菌株能在以正十六烷为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,菌株LAM0048能够在36 h内完全降解0.05%(V/V)的正十六烷,当烷烃浓度达到1.0%(V/V)时,降解率达46.4%。结果表明LAM0048是一株具有耐受高浓度烷烃的石油降解菌,在石油污染环境的微生物修复中具有一定的应用潜力。     

马铃薯块茎蛾肠道细菌分离鉴定及其对植物源大分子化合物的降解作用

为弄清马铃薯块茎蛾肠道可培养细菌的群落结构及其功能。本研究采用牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基,对马铃薯块茎蛾4龄幼虫肠道细菌进行了分离培养,采用16S r DNA序列对各菌株进行种属鉴定,并采用酶鉴定培养基法测定了肠道各细菌对淀粉、纤维素、木聚糖和果胶等植物源大分子物质的降解作用。从马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内共分离到细菌8属10种,分别为不动杆菌属Acinetobacte、葡萄球菌属Staphylococcus、肠杆菌属Enterobacter、节细菌属Arthrobacter、鞘氨醇杆菌属Sphingobacterium、寡养单胞菌属Stenotrophomonas、束村氏菌属Tsukamurella和克雷白氏杆菌属Klebsiella。其中仅鞘氨醇杆菌属菌株LZD10、阿氏节杆菌属菌株LZN13、烟草节杆菌属菌株HZN9对淀粉具有明显的降解作用,但对纤维素、木聚糖和果胶无降解作用,而其余菌株对4种化合物均无降解作用。该研究结果将为深入研究马铃薯块茎蛾对马铃薯块茎的食物适应机制及防治提供理论依据。     

酱醪中魏斯氏菌的分离及特性分析

【背景】魏斯氏菌广泛存在于发酵食品中,它们与食品发酵进程和风味物质的形成密切相关。酱油发酵过程酱醪中细菌的优势菌属是魏斯氏菌,研究魏斯氏菌的生理和代谢特性对于揭示菌株对环境的适应性和与酱油发酵相关的功能具有重要意义。【目的】从酱油酱醪中分离获得魏斯氏菌属中主要种的菌株,研究它们在酱油发酵过程的数量变化以及菌株的生理和生化特性,阐明菌株对酱油发酵体系的适应性和与酱油发酵相关的特性。【方法】通过菌株绝对数量的定量分析和耐受性比较,以及考察高盐条件下魏斯氏菌合成短链脂肪酸、胞外多糖、生物胺和氨基甲酸乙酯或其前体等特性,研究各类魏斯氏菌对酱油发酵和其安全性的影响。【结果】从高盐稀态酱油的酱醪中共分离得到16株魏斯氏菌,分别属于融合魏斯氏菌(Weissella confusa)、类肠膜魏斯氏菌(Weissellaparamesenteroides)和食窦魏斯氏菌(Weissellacibaria)。其中类肠膜魏斯氏菌可耐受高盐条件,是酱醪中魏斯氏菌属的主要菌种。它们合成短链脂肪酸的能力高于融合魏斯氏菌和食窦魏斯氏菌。酱醪来源的魏斯氏菌合成氨(胺)类危害物的特性区别较大,类肠膜魏斯氏菌的部分菌株产生物胺并可利用精氨酸积累瓜氨酸,食窦魏斯氏菌则能够降解多种生物胺。【结论】揭示了酱醪中主要魏斯氏菌的耐盐特性、在较低温度下生长情况和物质代谢规律,对于阐明魏斯氏菌与酱油发酵相关的功能和特性以及对酱油加工过程安全控制具有重要意义。     

拟孢囊菌属放线菌的研究进展

拟孢囊菌属(Kibdelosporangium)是一个经典的丝状放线菌类群。自Shearer等于1986年建立该属以来,不断有新的菌株从不同生境中被纯培养分离得到,目前已有效发表8个种、2个亚种。拟孢囊菌属作为稀有放线菌属,是获得新型抗生素类次生代谢产物的重要资源。本文结合我们分离到的一株该属菌株的功能研究、基因组分析和相关文献资料,系统综述了拟孢囊菌属放线菌的建立、分类学特征、属内种的分布、活性次级代谢产物的发现以及其他功能应用和开发前景,以期为该属其他新分离菌株的分类鉴定、新颖次级代谢产物的发现、功能基因资源的挖掘与开发提供借鉴。     

印度洋深海沉积物石油烃降解菌分离、鉴定与多样性分析

烃类物质在海洋环境中广泛分布,深海可能含有特殊的烃降解微生物。本研究通过对西南印度洋中脊与印度洋中部深海沉积物中石油降解菌的富集培养和分离鉴定,从6个站点的样品中共分离得到800株菌,通过BOX-PCR去重复菌株后,对其中183株菌进行了16S rRNA基因序列分析,发现这些菌分属于23个属;其中,γ-变形菌纲的食烷菌属(Alcanivorax)和放线菌纲的微杆菌属(Microbacterium)占优势。此外,还发现了食烷菌属2个潜在的新种、假海栖菌属(Pseudooceanicola)1个潜在新种。高通量测序结果证明,富集菌群中γ-变形菌纲是优势菌,主要包括食烷菌属、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter)等。结合可培养菌与高通量测序结果,食烷菌属、盐单胞菌属、海杆菌属、交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas)、海源菌属(Idiomarina)与微杆菌属(Microbacterium)是沉积物样品中常见的石油烃降解菌,迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、赤杆菌属(Erythrobacter)与副球菌属(Paracoccus)等可能也参与了烃的降解。     

陶厄氏菌Thauera sp.K11对酚类化合物降解作用及途径研究

旨在分析陶厄氏菌属(Genus Thuaera)中的一株菌株Thauera sp.K11对含酚废水中酚类化合物的降解作用和途径。以石化污水厂分离菌株K11为研究对象,克隆其16S r RNA基因和关键酶基因,并进行系统发育分析,在基因水平探究苯酚降解机理;利用气相色谱技术检测酚类化合物降解效果和苯酚降解机理。结果显示,利用16S r RNA系统学分析发现K11是陶厄氏菌属的一株细菌。该菌对11种酚类化合物具有降解作用,其中5种酚类化合物72 h的降解率90%。克隆并获得了K11的苯酚羟化酶和邻苯二酚双加氧酶基因。酶活性测定表明,K11通过苯酚羟化酶催化苯酚转化为邻苯二酚,然后利用邻苯二酚-2,3-双加氧酶催化产生2-HMSA。陶厄氏菌Thauera sp.K11是一株能够降解多种酚类化合物的菌株,具有较强的酚类污染物降解能力,其通过苯酚→邻苯二酚→2-HMSA途径进行苯酚降解。     

9株鱼源鰤诺卡氏菌生物学特征和致病性比较

【背景】鰤诺卡氏菌(Nocardia seriolae)是一种革兰氏阳性好氧菌,易引起鲈形目鱼类结节病发生,近几年对大口黑鲈、杂交鳢等名优鱼类的危害越来越大。【目的】比较分析9株不同年份、不同地区患结节病的不同淡水鱼品种分离的鰤诺卡氏菌的种间同源关系、生长特性、致病性以及药物敏感性差异,为进一步研究制定相应的防控与治疗措施提供基础数据和科学依据。【方法】在9株试验菌生理生化实验鉴定结果基础上,采用16SrRNA基因序列比对、限制性片段长度多样性比较菌株间的同源性;扩增看家基因secA1基因序列进行不同来源菌株种内相似度比对;通过体外培养比较不同菌株的生长情况;人工注射感染分析9株试验菌对大口黑鲈的致病性差异;采用微量肉汤二倍稀释法测试9株试验菌对13种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度;运用PCR技术检测菌株携带毒力基因和耐药基因的情况。【结果】生理生化结果显示9株试验菌与鰤诺卡氏菌的基本理化特征相符;9株试验菌聚类分析聚为一类,种内相似度高,限制性片段长度多样性酶切图谱相同,生长特性无明显差异;9株试验菌对大口黑鲈致病性无显著差异,但毒力基因携带情况略有不同,其均携带mce1A、mig和pup基因,而dop和whiB3只在部分菌株检出;9株试验菌均对氟甲喹和氨苄西林耐药,除NS1外,都对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶耐药,对大部分抗菌药物敏感,主要携带blaTEM和sul1耐药基因。【结论】不同时间、不同地区及不同宿主分离的9株鰤诺卡氏菌在生物学特性、致病性和药物敏感性等方面无明显差异;同源性相近,提示华南地区感染淡水鱼的鰤诺卡氏菌可能为同一流行株型。研究结果为鰤诺卡氏菌的发病机制及防控技术的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.