外源水杨酸对酸雨胁迫后龙眼幼苗生理特性恢复的影响

以龙眼幼苗为材料,研究酸雨胁迫(pH 3.0)后不同浓度外源水杨酸(0、0.1、0.5、1.0和2.0 mmol·L-1)对龙眼幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明:酸雨胁迫后龙眼幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,叶绿素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量下降,丙二醛含量升高,龙眼幼苗显示出毒害效应.0.1 ～1.0mmol·L-1外源水杨酸显著提高龙眼幼苗叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛含量,减少幼苗所受氧化伤害的程度;其中0.5 mmol· L-1水杨酸处理效果最好,叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质的含量分别比单独酸雨胁迫处理植株增加了62％、105％和177％,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高144％、440％和132％,丙二醛含量降低了35％;而2.0 mmol·L-1水杨酸却起到相反的作用.可见,低浓度水杨酸(0.1～1.0 mmol·L-1)能通过刺激龙眼抗氧化酶活性,减轻氧化胁迫,缓解酸雨胁迫后的毒害作用,而高浓度水杨酸(2.0 mmol·L-1)对龙眼幼苗的缓解作用下降.     

氯化胆碱对盐胁迫黄瓜幼苗渗透调节物质及活性氧代谢系统的影响

以盐敏感型黄瓜品种津春4号为材料,采用水培方法研究了叶面喷施不同浓度(0.5、1.0和1.5 mmol·L-1)氯化胆碱(CC)对NaCl胁迫(75 mmol·L-1)下黄瓜幼苗鲜重、叶片叶绿素、渗透调节物质含量及活性氧代谢系统的影响.结果表明:(1)单独CC处理可提高黄瓜叶片的叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)与过氧化物酶(POD)活性,降低O2·-产生速率,但对植株鲜重及超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性影响不大;(2)NaCl胁迫处理增加了黄瓜幼苗叶片中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强了SOD、POD和CAT活性,提高了O2·-产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,但同时降低了叶绿素含量与植株鲜重;(3)盐胁迫前CC预处理可缓解黄瓜幼苗叶绿素含量和植株鲜重的下降、以及MDA含量和O2·-产生速率的上升趋势,且进一步提高了盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性.因此,适宜浓度的氯化胆碱可显著提高盐胁迫下黄瓜叶片的抗氧化酶活性,提高清除活性氧的能力,缓解盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗细胞膜的伤害,增强黄瓜幼苗的耐盐性.     

水杨酸对高温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗耐热性的影响

为研究不同浓度水杨酸对铁皮石斛幼苗耐热性的诱导效应,以移栽半年的铁皮石斛幼苗为实验材料,对不同浓度水杨酸诱导高温胁迫下铁皮石斛幼苗的耐热性进行外观评价及叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的动态测定,观察其动态变化趋势并筛选最佳施用浓度.结果显示:在高温胁迫环境下,随着胁迫时间的延长,不同浓度SA处理均能有效缓解高温对铁皮石斛植株伤害;1.5～2.0 mmol·L1SA处理使铁皮石斛叶片中SOD、POD活性显著提高,0.5～1.5 mmol·L-1 SA处理叶片中CAT、APX活性显著提高;1.5～2.0 mmol·L-1SA处理可显著促进叶片Pro、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的积累,有效抑制MDA含量的增加,且不同浓度处理之间差异显著.研究表明,适宜浓度水杨酸处理能提高铁皮石斛幼苗的耐热性,并以1.5 mmol·L-1浓度处理效果最好.     

盐和温度胁迫对外来种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)生理生态特性的影响

盐浓度和环境温度是影响外来种互花米草自然分布的两大重要生态因子。在不同NaCl浓度和温度胁迫条件下,对互花米草幼苗根部和叶片中膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸及可溶性糖、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的动态变化进行了测定。结果表明:当NaCl浓度低于100mmol·L-1时,可以促进互花米草的生长;而NaCl浓度超过100mmol·L-1时,互花米草可以通过提高体内保护酶(SOD、POD、CAT)活性,增加可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量来适应外界盐浓度变化;温度胁迫后,互花米草地上和地下器官对胁迫的响应程度不同,叶片中可溶性糖含量、CAT活性明显比根部高,而根部SOD、POD活性比叶片中高。     

外源NO对酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗生理特性的影响

研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对pH3.0酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的影响.结果表明:酸雨胁迫下,龙眼幼苗叶片中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低,叶绿素、蛋白质和可溶性糖含量下降,丙二醛含量升高,呈现出一定的毒害效应.外源NO对酸雨胁迫下龙眼幼苗的生理代谢的作用具有双重性,0.1 ～0.5.mmol·L-1SNP显著提高叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量,增强SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低丙二醛含量;其中0.5 mmol·L-1 SNP处理效果最好,叶绿素、可溶性糖和蛋白质含量分别比单独酸雨胁迫处理增加了76.0％、107.0％和216.1％,SOD、POD和CAT活性分别提高150.0％、350.9％和97.1％,丙二醛含量降低了46.4％.低浓度外源NO能通过刺激抗氧化酶活性来清除活性氧,减轻氧化胁迫,缓解酸雨胁迫对龙眼幼苗的毒害作用;而高浓度外源NO对酸雨胁迫的缓解作用减弱.     

硅对连作黄瓜幼苗光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响

以‘津研四号’黄瓜品种为试材,研究了叶面喷施不同浓度硅(Si)(0、1、2、3、4、5mmol·L-1)对连作黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性和抗氧化酶活性的影响.结果表明:在一定浓度(1~3 mmol·L-1Si)范围内,施Si可降低幼苗叶片电解质渗漏率(EL)和丙二醛(MDA)含量;提高叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、类胡萝卜素(Car)和总叶绿素含量,叶片净光合速率(Pn)升高;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均有所提高;黄瓜幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积及干物质积累量增加.随施Si浓度的进一步增加(4~5 mmol·L-1),叶片中EL和MDA含量升高,但仍低于对照;抗氧化酶活性和光合作用下降,幼苗生长受到显著抑制.说明外源Si可通过提高黄瓜幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性来降低膜脂过氧化,通过增加光合作用来提高黄瓜幼苗长势,进而增强对连作障碍的抗性.以2 mmol·L-1Si处理效果最好.     

硝酸盐水平对芹菜幼苗生理及生长特性的影响

以西芹‘文图拉’幼苗为试材,通过水培方式研究了不同浓度NO3-(0、1、5、10、15、50、100、150mmol·L-1)对芹菜植株生物量、养分含量、叶绿素、丙二醛(MDA)及两种渗透调节剂含量的影响。结果显示:(1)随着NO3-浓度的增加(1～50mmol·L-1),芹菜株高、生物产量、根冠比以及叶面积显著增加,植株对N、P、K养分的吸收和叶绿素明显提高,同时植株的MDA含量上升,POD和CAT的活性增强,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加。(2)当NO3-浓度等于或大于100mmol·L-1时,芹菜的生物产量和叶绿素含量下降,植株对K、P养分的吸收降低,膜脂过氧化物MDA、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及SOD活性达到最高峰值,POD和CAT活性有所下降。研究表明,NO3-浓度为15mmol·L-1时最有利于芹菜植株的生长;NO3-浓度为100mmol·L-1时对植株生长产生了硝酸盐胁迫,导致膜脂过氧化伤害,但芹菜植株能通过调节抗氧化物酶活性及渗透调节剂的合成代谢抵御环境胁迫,从而表现出一定的硝酸盐耐受性。     

Hg2+与POD复合处理对小麦萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过水培实验研究了0、10、20、50、70和100mg·L-1Hg2 和65 U·mL-1的过氧化物酶(POD)混合浸种对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)萌发及幼苗生长过程中的10个形态和生理生化指标的影响.结果表明:施加外源POD可明显提高种子发芽率、植株日均增重和幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白含量,增加幼苗叶片内源超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和POD的活性,拈抗Hg2 胁迫对种子发芽率、苗高、日均增重及叶片可溶性蛋白含量的不利影响,Hg2 浓度较高时(≥50mg·L-1),对种子发芽率和日均增重的拮抗作用更明显,并对较低浓度Hg2 (≤20 mg·L-1)胁迫引起的叶片SOD活性的上升和低于100 mg·L-1的Hg2 胁迫引起的叶片POD活性的上升有进一步的促进作用;然而对幼苗平均最长根长度、侧根数和幼苗叶片叶绿素含量则无明显影响.     

格木幼苗对硝普钠-酸铝互作的生理响应

以格木(Erythrophleum fordii Oliv.)幼苗为材料,采用双因素完全随机设计实验方法,测定不同处理幼苗的光合色素和可溶性糖等生理指标,研究格木幼苗对硝普钠(SNP)-氯化铝(AlCl3)互作的生理响应。结果显示,格木幼苗叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量均在处理4(0.2 mmol/L Al Cl3、0.1 mmol/L SNP)时最高,在处理9(0. 8 mmol/L Al Cl3、0 mmol/L SNP)时含量最低,而叶片中丙二醛(MDA)、游离脯氨酸含量则相反;叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量在处理4时最高,在处理9时最低;处理10(0.8 mmol/L Al Cl3、0.1 mmol/L SNP)的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性最高。施加SNP后,格木幼苗叶片中的叶绿素a、叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量及SOD、POD、CAT活性均显著高于未施加SNP处理。相关性分析表明,叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素、总叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量等指标间均呈极显著正相关(P 0.01)。本研究结果得出,低浓度Al Cl3(0.2 mmol/L)胁迫可促进格木幼苗的生长,添加外源SNP对高浓度Al Cl3(0.8 mmol/L)胁迫格木幼苗产生的毒害具有一定的缓解作用,可在格木幼苗的培育及抗性研究中推广应用。     

NaCl胁迫对姜黄组培苗生理特性的影响

以姜黄组培苗为试验材料,在继代培养基中分别添加0、25、50、75、100、125、150mmol·L-1NaCl进行盐胁迫处理,研究NaCl胁迫下姜黄幼苗生长和生理特性的变化。结果表明:NaCl胁迫下,姜黄组培苗的脯氨酸和丙二醛含量逐渐上升,而叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性逐渐下降。25 mmol·L-1NaCl时姜黄幼苗的基径、株高和鲜重与对照差异不显著,50 mmol·L-1NaCl时则显著下降;表明姜黄组培苗的生长可以耐受25~50 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫。随着NaCl浓度增加,姜黄幼苗的可溶性糖和蛋白质含量、过氧化物酶(POD)活性先升高后降低,75 mmol·L-1NaCl时均达到最大值。50~100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫下姜黄叶片的苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性和姜黄素含量得到显著提高,表明50~100 mmol·L-1NaCl胁迫对姜黄素的合成有促进作用。可见,25~50 mmol·L-1NaCl能够促进姜黄植株的生长,而75 mmol·L-1NaCl显著提高次生代谢产物姜黄素的含量。     

Differential tolerance of high manganese among rapeseed genotypes

Cultivation of crop cultivars resistant to high soil manganese (Mn) may reduce the negative effects of Mn toxicity on crop yield. Three studies were carried out to select Brassica genotypes (B. napus and B. rapa) resistant to high Mn concentration and to characterise the nature of any Mn resistance found. In Experiment 1, 33 B. napus and nine B. rapa genotypes were screened in a sub-irrigated nutrient solution system. Based on visual symptoms and plant size, single plants were identified with resistance to high Mn from within cultivars of four B. napus and one B. rapa. Resistance was also identified in one B. napus doubled haploid genotype. In Experiment 2, a genotype resistant to high Mn and two genotypes (progenies from Experiment 1) sensitive to high Mn were exposed to eight Mn concentrations (9–500 M) for 2 weeks in nutrient solution. The relative shoot weight (RSW) and the relative root weight (RRW) of the genotype resistant to Mn were significantly greater at 100 M Mn than both genotypes sensitive to high Mn; the sensitive genotypes reacted similarly. The three genotypes had similar tissue Mn contents and the elevated Mn tissue contents did not induce deficiencies of Mg or Fe. In Experiment 3, 12 genotypes (progenies from Experiment 1) were screened in nutrient solution at 9 M Mn and with an additional 125 M Mn. The RRW and RSW of the genotypes ranged from 35 to 114 and 39 to 94%, respectively. All the selections sensitive to high Mn had a RSW <60% and thus were confirmed to be Mn sensitive, while all the selections resistant to Mn had a RSW >70% and thus were confirmed as Mn resistant. This evidence confirmed the availability of rapeseed germplasm resistant to Mn toxicity with an ability to withstand high content of Mn through internal tissue tolerance. Also, the observed Mn tolerance in this material is genetically controlled and not an artifact of our screening assays.     

Effects of manganese on chlorophyll fluorescence in epiphytic cyano- and chlorolichens

Incubation with 10 mM MnCl₂ for 1 h decreased the effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion in photosystem 2 in the bipartite chlorolichen Hypogymnia physodes as well as in the bipartite cyanolichens Leptogium saturninum and Nephroma helveticum, but not in the tripartite lichen Lobaria pulmonaria. Among the bipartite species, Mn sensitivity increased in the order H. physodes < N. helveticum < L. saturninum. This equals the sequence heteromerous chlorolichen < heteromerous cyanolichen < homoiomerous (gelatinous) cyanolichen. MnCl₂ reduced non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the bipartite cyanolichens and in H. physodes; in the latter, however, this decrease was limited to light intensities above the adapted growth light intensity. Photochemical quenching was increased in H. physodes, but reduced in the bipartite cyanolichens. The results indicate that the bipartite cyanolichens L. saturninum and N. helveticum are even more sensitive to high Mn concentrations than the chlorolichen H. physodes, the low Mn tolerance of which has been already demonstrated. This agrees with results of field studies from western North America, where conifer bark under cyanolichens (including L. saturninum and N. helveticum) was found to contain less Mn than bark which only supported chlorolichens. The high sensitivity of the bipartite cyanolichens probably results from high sensitivity of the Nostoc photobiont. The high Mn tolerance of L. pulmonaria is probably not due to its being a tripartite lichen, but might be caused by high tolerance of the green-algal primary photobiont Dictyochloropsis, which is, however, not experimentally proven. The high Mn tolerance of the highly SO₂-sensitive L. pulmonaria shows that different mechanisms are responsible for Mn and SO₂ toxicity in lichens.     

Effect of seed manganese content on the growth of wheat (triticum aestivum) under manganese deficiency

Summary The importance of seed manganese (Mn) content for seedling growth of two wheat cultivars under soil Mn deficiency was demonstrated in growth cabinet experiments. Seed was obtained from different field sites (giving a Mn content range of 0.1 to 6.4 μg Mn seed⁻¹), as well as from soaking seed in MnSO₄ prior to sowing. Seed soaking greatly increased the seed Mn content, however, only about 15–20% of this additional Mn was recovered in the seedlings after 26 days growth. In these experiments, the seed rather than the soil provided the major source of plant Mn. Manganese critical deficiency levels (CDLs) were also obtained for leaves, shoots and roots. Increased grain yields from seed soaking were also evident in the field.     

Effects of seed manganese concentration on lupin emergence

Seed of narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) produced in Western Australia often has low manganese (Mn) concentration because of low Mn availability in the soil during grain filling. A major problem of lupin production is poor seedling establishment. We tested the hypothesis that low Mn concentration in lupin seeds decreases emergence.The experiment was a factorial design comparing emergence of lupins (cv. Gungurru) grown under glasshouse conditions from seed with 2 different internal Mn concentrations (7 or 35 mg Mn kg^–1 DW) and with 2 external Mn fertiliser treatments (0 or 10 mg MnSO₄.H₂O kg^–1 soil). There were no visible differences between the seeds. Emergence was monitored and plants were harvested 17 days after sowing.Emergence was approximately 60% in all pots sown with low Mn compared to 100% in pots sown with high Mn seed. Application of Mn did not increase the final emergence of low Mn seed. Seed viability was assessed by staining with tetrazolium chloride, a common test used in seed testing laboratories. All high Mn seed were viable while 34% of low Mn seed were completely or partly unstained and therefore were non-viable. We have shown that low Mn supply during seed filling may lead to production of non-viable seed that cannot be visually distinguished from viable seed..     

Improvements in the determination of manganese peroxidase activity

The existing method of determining the activity of manganese peroxidase (MnP), produced by Phanerochaete chrysosporium, was improved. 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol at 80 mM was used as a substrate and, after the decolorization of the reaction mixture, H₂O₂ was added and the initial reaction rate was used to determine MnP activity.     

Seedling responses of four Australian tree species to toxic concentrations of manganese in solution culture

Little is known about the responses of Australian plants to excess metal, including Mn. It is important to remedy this lack of information so that knowledgeable decisions can be made about managing Mn contaminated sites where inhabited by Australian vegetation. Acacia holosericea, Melaleuca leucadendra, Eucalyptus crebra and Eucalyptus camaldulensis were grown in dilute solution culture for 10 weeks. The seedlings (42 days old) were exposed to six Mn treatments viz., 1, 8, 32, 128, 512 and 2048 M. The order of tolerance to toxic concentrations of Mn was A. holosericea E. crebra < M. leucadendra < E. camaldulensis, the critical external concentrations being approximately 5.1, 5.0, 21 and 330 M, respectively. The critical tissue Mn concentrations for the youngest fully expanded leaf and total shoots were, respectively, 265 and 215 g g^–1 DM for A. holosericea, 445 and 495 g g^–1 DM for M. leucadendra, 495 and 710 g g^–1 DM for E. crebra and 7230 and 6510 g g^–1 DM for E. camaldulensis. The high tolerance of E. camaldulensis (as opposed to the sensitivity of E. crebra) to excess Mn raises concern about fauna feeding on the plant and is consistent with hypotheses suggesting the Eucalyptus subgenus Symphomyrtus is particularly tolerant of stress, including excess Mn. The results from this paper provide the first comprehensive combination of growth responses, critical external concentrations, critical tissue concentrations and plant toxicity symptoms for three important Australian genera, viz., Eucalyptus, Acacia and Melaleuca, for use in the management of Mn toxic sites.     

Reconstitution of the Mn-depleted photosystem 2 by using some manganese complexes

Restoration of electron flow and oxygen-evolution quantity of Mn-depleted photosystem 2 (PS2) was performed with using synthetic manganese complexes Mn(im)₆Cl₂, Mn(im)₂Cl₂, Mn(5-Clsalgy)₂, and Mn(salgy)₂ instead of original manganese cluster for reconstruction of electron transport and oxygen evolution.     

A comparative study on the influence of manganese on the bactericidal response of marine invertebrates

Manganese, Mn, is a naturally abundant metal in marine sediments. During hypoxic conditions the metal converts into a bioavailable state and can reach levels that have been shown immunotoxic to the crustacean Nephrops norvegicus. For this species it has previously been shown that exposure to 15 mg L⁻¹ of Mn decreased the number of circulating haemocytes while it for the echinoderm Asterias rubens increased the number of coelomocytes. Here, we compared if five days of exposure to the same concentration of Mn affects the bactericidal capacity of these two species and the mollusc Mytilus edulis when inoculated with the bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Viable counts of the bacteria were investigated at a time-course post-injection in the blood and the digestive glands of Mn-exposed and un-exposed (controls) animals. Accumulation of Mn was also analyzed in these tissues. When exposed to Mn the haemocyte numbers were significantly reduced in M. edulis and it was shown that the bactericidal capacity was impaired in the mussels as well as in N. norvegicus. This was most obvious in the digestive glands. These two species also showed the highest accumulation of the metal. In A. rubens the bactericidal capacity was not affected and the metal concentration was similar to the exposure concentration. After a recovery period of three days the concentration of Mn was significantly reduced in all three species. However, in M. edulis and N. norvegicus it was still double that of A. rubens which could explain the remaining bactericidal suppression observed in N. norvegicus. This study pointed out that exposure to such Mn-levels that are realistic to find in nature could have effects on the whole organism level, in terms of susceptibility to infections. The effect seemed associated to the accumulated concentration of Mn which differed on species level.     

Microdynamics and seasonal changes in manganese oxide epiprecipitation in Pinal Creek, Arizona

In Pinal Creek, Arizona, Mn oxyhydroxides (MnO_x) collect as thick precipitates on surface sediment, within the streambed, beneath algal mats, and on submerged and emergent plants and mosses. The proximate source of Mn is a thick, alluvial alkaline aquifer that was contaminated by past acid mine waste disposal practices associated with copper mines located upstream in the Globe–Miami area. Almost every organism in Pinal Creek is coated with MnO_x. Some are actively precipitating manganese, and others are doing it passively. The variety and seasonality of epilithic biological processes resulting in Mn oxidation (epiprecipitation) was studied for more than a year by analyzing artificial substrates placed in surface water having different flows and different vegetation types and densities. Most epiprecipitation took place on the holdfasts of the green alga, Ulothrix sp., and the iron bacterium, Leptothrix discophora. Extensive patches of MnO_x also coated extracellular polymeric substances of fungal hyphae and bacterial filaments. The dominant macroscopic precipitation was in the form of MnO_x clumps on mosses, green algae, and cyanobacterial mats, consistent with precipitation by pH elevation during photosynthesis. Most oxidation occurred in the spring and summer, in agreement with thermal, biological, and chemical activity models. More biological oxidation occurred in swifter water, consistent with oxygen elevation models. The efficiency of this naturally occurring, diverse ecosystem suggests that remediation efforts to remove metal contaminants such as Mn should focus on creation of habitats that raise biodiversity.US Geological Survey, retired     

The role of mycorrhizal infection in the resistance of Vaccinium macrocarpon to manganese

The role of mycorrhizal infection in the resistance of Vaccinium macrocarpon to manganese was investigated in perlite culture containing nutrient solution amended with Mn at 0, 250, 500 or 1000 g/ml. Shoot and root dry weights of the mycorrhizal plants were higher than nonmycorrhizal plants. The mycorrhizal plants produced significantly longer main roots than the nonmycorrhizal plants. Differences between shoot and root Mn concentrations of mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants arose by reduction of Mn in the leaves of mycorrhizal plants and a corresponding increase in root tissues.