Effect of cotton aphids feeding on transgenic cotton varieties on the behavior of Propylaea japonica

本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1～4龄幼虫功能反应的影响.结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大.在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量.龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型.龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK321 2个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P.japonica 2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK321 2个转基因棉田蚜虫A.gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单价棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量.     

取食不同品种棉花的棉蚜对龟纹瓢虫功能反应的影响

本文以GK12、33B和SGK3213种转基因棉和对应的3种常规棉泗棉3号、33及石远321为材料,通过室内测定,研究了取食转基因棉的棉蚜却h／sgossypiiGlover对龟纹瓢虫Propylaea japonica Thunberg1—4龄幼虫功能反应的影响。结果指出,龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田蚜虫的捕食量大多高于常规棉田,且捕食量随猎物密度的增加而增大。在1、2龄幼虫期,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价基因棉田蚜虫的数量多高于取食转单价基因棉田的蚜虫数量,但是在3、4龄幼虫时,龟纹瓢虫取食转双价棉田蚜虫的数量多低于取食转单价棉田的蚜虫数量。龟纹瓢虫对来自转基因棉田棉蚜的捕食功能反应符合HollingII型。龟纹瓢虫1龄幼虫取食GK12和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫的最大日捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;龟纹瓢虫P．japonica2、3龄幼虫取食33B和SGK3212个转基因棉田蚜虫A．gossypii的日最大捕食量大于对照,处理时间短于对照;4龄时取食转基因棉田蚜虫的数量都大于对照,处理时间均短于对照,其中取食转双价基因棉SGK321棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量小于取食单伊棉田蚜虫的日最大捕食量。     

转Bt基因棉和转Bt+CpTI双价基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的 影响

2002年4～10月,在北京西北旺中国农科院实验园区系统研究了单价转基因棉GK321（CryIAc）和双价转基因棉SGK321CryIAc+CpTI）对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响。试验设三种处理：单价转基因棉田（单价棉田）、双价转基因棉田（双价棉田）和常规对照棉(石远321)田（常规棉田）。在棉花的整个生育期系统调查棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群数量。结果表明,单、双价棉田棉铃虫的发生数量都显著低于常规棉田;双价棉抗虫性在棉铃虫第2代发生期和单价棉无差异,但第3代发生期双价棉田内棉铃虫幼虫百株累计量比单价棉田减少了36.6%,抗虫性明显优于单价转基因棉。两种转基因棉田内非靶标害虫的发生量明显高于对照棉田的发生量,每种非靶标害虫在双价棉田和单价棉田发生数量多少因种类而异。双价棉田和单价棉田相比,棉蚜、棉叶蝉和棉粉虱的累计发生数量分别减少了33.0%、50.6%和22.7%,前两种差异极显著,后一种差异不显著;棉蓟马和绿盲蝽分别增加了208.9%和18.4%,前者差异显著,后者差异不显著。大多数天敌（包括捕食性和寄生性）在转基因棉田内发生数量显著低于常规棉田的发生数量。双价棉田内的龟纹瓢虫、棉蚜茧蜂和卵形异绒螨比单价棉田分别减少30.4%、42.8%和46.8%,差异均显著;草蛉卵和蜘蛛比单价棉田分别减少20.0%和27.4%,但差异不显著;双价棉田内的中华草蛉和小花蝽分别比单价棉田增加了27.0%和8.9%,前者差异显著,后者差异不显著。所以,单、双价转基因棉相比,对不同天敌的影响差异较大。     

转Bt基因棉花对烟粉虱天敌昆虫龟纹瓢虫的影响

在实验室控制条件下,以转Bt基因棉花GK12、33B、SGK321上的烟粉虱为食料饲养龟纹瓢虫,研究转Bt基因棉花上的烟粉虱对龟纹瓢虫生长发育及捕食的影响,同时利用Y型嗅觉仪,观察龟纹瓢虫对来自不同类型棉花的棉叶及其烟粉虱的嗅觉反应和视觉反应。结果表明,转Bt基因棉花和对应的常规棉亲本上的烟粉虱对龟纹瓢虫的发育历期和存活率没有明显的影响。龟纹瓢虫对棉花叶片、烟粉虱若虫、蜜露、蜕等4种物质的视觉反应之间没有明显的差异。对4种嗅源物质的嗅觉选择性的大小依次为：烟粉虱若虫＞蜕＞棉花＞蜜露;在两类不同的棉花之间,转基因棉花和常规棉,龟纹瓢虫对GK12、33B、SGK321等三种转基因棉花上的烟粉虱若虫的嗅觉选择性明显较对应的常规棉亲本SM3、33、SY321上的烟粉虱若虫小;对烟粉虱若虫的蜕,两种转单价基因棉花GK12、33B较对应的常规棉亲本上的小,而转双价基因的棉花SGK321上与对应的常规棉之间没有明显的差异。烟粉虱密度大于200头.皿_-1时,龟纹瓢虫捕食转基因棉花上烟粉虱的数量大于对应的常规棉花亲本,但烟粉虱密度小于200头.皿_-1时,龟纹瓢虫捕食转基因棉花上烟粉虱的数量小于对应的常规棉花亲本。龟纹瓢虫对烟粉虱的捕食符合HollingⅡ型反应。龟纹瓢虫取食转基因棉花上的烟粉虱的理论极限值、瞬间攻击率均大于常规棉花。     

转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉对棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响

002年在河北省南皮县对转Cry1Ac+CpTI基因棉（SGK321）棉田害虫及其天敌种群动态的研究结果表明,SGK321棉田及其亲本对照棉（石远321）棉田的害虫和捕食性天敌的种类基本相同,但数量差异较大。但在5月23日至9月16日的24次调查中,SGK321棉田的5 种主要害虫棉铃虫、棉蚜、绿盲蝽、棉粉虱、小绿叶蝉的总数量分别较其亲本石远321棉田降低89.5%、64.5%、21.8%、15.6%和33.7%。SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群总数量分别比石远321棉田增高34.0%和9.1%,但异色瓢虫、小花蝽、异须盲蝽、蚜茧蜂和蜘蛛类的种群数量分别降低28.6%、6.5%、43.1%、44.7%和14.0%。主要害虫和天敌种群动态的监测表明,棉蚜、小绿叶蝉和棉粉虱的发生高峰期分别为7月中下旬,8月下旬至9月中旬,8月下旬至9月上、中旬。在三者的高峰期内,SGK321棉田的种群数量基本上低于对照田。龟纹瓢虫的发生高峰期为7月上旬到8月上、中旬,且SGK321棉田的种群数量高于对照田。研究表明, SGK321在对棉铃虫具有很好抗性的同时,对棉蚜、棉粉虱、绿盲蝽、小绿叶蝉等非靶标害虫的发生也有一定的抑制作用;SGK321棉田龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉的种群数量增加,其他主要天敌的数量则有所降低,表明SGK321对某些天敌种类的种群动态存在不利影响。     

不同类型品种棉花上棉蚜适生性及种群动态

通过田间调查、室内网罩盆栽苗测定选择性等方法,考察了常规棉（泗棉3号,石远321）、杂交抗虫棉（辽棉19号,鲁棉研18号）、转单价基因抗虫棉（国抗12号,中棉所32）和转双价抗虫棉（SGK321,中棉所41）4种类型8个品种棉花上棉蚜的适生性及种群动态。结果表明： 棉蚜在各棉花品种上的种群动态有明显差异（P<0.05）,单株蚜量以转单价基因抗虫棉中棉32上最高,常规棉泗棉3号上最低,分别为297.81头/株和76.88头/株。棉蚜对4种类型棉花品种的选择性有明显差异（P<0.05）,其中对转单价基因抗虫棉有很强的选择性。根据棉蚜实验种群的参数判断,其在不同品种棉花上的生长发育、存活及繁殖存在显著差异： 若虫发育历期常规棉石远321上最长（6.46天）,双价棉中棉所41上最短（5.75天）; 存活率转单价基因抗虫棉中棉32上最高（88.21%）,双价棉SGK321上最低（76.46%）; 单雌产蚜量杂交抗虫棉辽棉19上最大（44.48头）,双价棉SGK321上最小（33.51头）; 内禀增长率转单价基因抗虫棉中棉32上最高（0.3695）,双价棉中棉所41上最低（0.3389）。综合评价,棉蚜的生存和繁殖适合性在转单价基因抗虫棉上最高,在双价棉上最低。     

取食转基因棉的棉大卷叶螟对中华通草蛉捕食功能与生长发育的影响研究

以GK-12、新棉33B和SGK321等转基因棉和常规棉泗棉3号为材料,研究了取食转基因棉的棉大卷叶螟对中华通草蛉生长发育和捕食功能的影响。结果表明,中华通草蛉捕食转基因棉花品种上的棉大卷叶螟后,幼虫死亡率增加2.8%-8.8%、茧重降低0.12 mg-0.50 mg/头、羽化率下降0.7%-10.1%,幼虫及茧的历期与对照相比差异达到显著或极显著水平。草蛉对棉大卷叶螟的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型,其捕食量和捕食效率均高于对照,处理1头卷叶螟幼虫所用时间短于对照,瞬间攻击率大于对照。研究认为,草蛉更易捕获取食转基因棉田的棉大卷叶螟,但捕食了这些猎物后对捕食者本身的生长发育带来一定影响。     

转Bt棉花对蜘蛛生长发育及捕食行为的影响

室内评价了取食转Bt棉叶的棉铃虫幼虫对草间钻头蛛和八斑鞘腹蛛生长发育的影响.并通过捕食功能反应评价了取食了Bt棉叶的棉铃虫幼虫对成熟草间钻头蛛捕食行为的影响.室内饲养实验结果表明草间钻头蛛、八斑鞘腹蛛取食用转Bt棉叶处理的棉铃虫幼虫与取食普通棉叶处理的棉铃虫幼虫的发育历期、成蛛体重都没有显著差异.捕食功能反应实验结果表明草间钻头蛛对棉铃虫幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ型圆盘方程,两组不同猎物饲养成熟的草间钻头蛛对同种处理的棉铃虫幼虫的捕食行为没有显著差异.综合考虑：转Bt棉对蜘蛛生长发育、捕食能力没有显著的负作用.     

外源基因导入对棉花烟粉虱种群的影响

以转基因棉花和对应的常规棉花亲本为材料,探讨外源基因导入对棉花烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)种群的影响。结果表明,在转基因棉花GK12、33B、SGK上,烟粉虱从卵发育到成虫羽化的历期分别为15.56、15.35和15.25 d,较对应的常规棉亲本SM3(19.38 d)、33(20.81 d)、SY321(18.76 d)分别短24.55%、26.23%、18.71%;GK12和33B棉花上烟粉虱的存活率(69.16%)分别较对应的常规棉亲本SM3(54.76%)和33(64.91%)高26.29%和12.81%,而SGK(63.21%)上烟粉虱的存活率与对应的常规棉亲本SY321(62.61%)之间差异不显著;烟粉虱在GK12(84.00)和33B(77.25)上的产卵量分别较SM3(62.25)、33(70.00)高34.93%和10.35%,但SGK和SY321之间差异不显著;在转基因棉花GK12、33B、SGK上,烟粉虱的雌雄性比分别比对应的常规棉亲本高26.71%、46.23%和19.17%。结果表明,外源基因导入后,有助于烟粉虱的发育,提高了烟粉虱的产卵量和雌雄性比,从而促进了烟粉虱种群的上升。     

转基因抗虫棉苗期氮代谢

以3种不同转基因抗虫棉及其亲本对照为材料,研究了盆栽条件下不同品种棉花苗期氮代谢特征。结果表明与非转基因棉花比较,转Bt基因棉Z30叶片内的硝酸还原酶活性、肽酶活性、游离氨基酸含量均没有明显变化,但转氨酶活性显著增加(增幅为14.03%),可溶性蛋白含量显著减少(降幅为26.29%)。双价转基因棉花CCRI41叶片内除可溶性蛋白含量没有明显变化,其它所测指标均发生了显著的改变。双价转基因棉花SGK321叶片内硝酸还原酶活性、转氨酶活性、氨基酸含量没有明显变化,但肽酶活性和可溶性蛋白含量均显著增加(增幅分别为7.01%和121.32%)。随着转入基因的多样化,其可能引发转基因棉花产生的非预期效应更加不确定与复杂。     

Tri-trophic interactions between Bt cotton, the herbivore Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the predator Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Tri-trophic impacts of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton GK12 and NuCOTN 99B were studied using a predator, the great lacewing Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), and its prey, the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover, in laboratory feeding experiments. The parental nontransgenic cotton cultivar of GK12 was used as control. The predator was fed with uniform (aphids from a single cultivar) or mixed prey (aphids from the three cotton cultivars provided on alternate days). Mortality and development of the immature stages, pupal body mass, adult sex ratio, fecundity, and egg viability of C. pallens were measured. When fed GK12-originated aphid prey, pupal body mass of C. pallens was significantly higher than that of the control, more females emerged, and these females laid significantly more eggs. Other parameters were not impacted. Females emerging from larvae maintained on NuCOTN 99B-originated prey laid fewer eggs than those maintained on GK12. Other measurements did not differ significantly between the two Bt cotton cultivars. Compared with the control, mixed feeding significantly prolonged pupal development time and increased pupal body mass and percentage of females but did not affect other parameters. These results indicate that C. pallens is sensitive to aphid prey from different cotton cultivars. Transgenic Bt cotton GK12-originated aphid prey has no adverse impact on survival, development, and fecundity of C. pallens. Between the two Bt cotton cultivars, NuCOTN 99B-originated aphid prey provided to C. pallens in the larval stage may lower female fecundity. Mixed feeding of C. pallens with the two Bt cotton-originated prey and non-Bt prey may have some adverse impacts on pupal development.     

Growth, development, and survival of a generalist predator fed single- and mixed-species diets of different quality

It is often assumed that prey species consumed by generalist predators are largely, though not entirely, equivalent in terms of their value to the predators. In contrast to this expectation, laboratory feeding experiments uncovered distinctly varied developmental responses of a generalist predator, the wolf spider Schizocosa, to different experimental diets. Naive Schizocosa attacked and fed upon all the prey species offered; however, highly divergent patterns of survival, development, and growth of Schizocosa spiderlings reared on different single-prey diets revealed a wide spectrum of prey qualities. Spiderlings fed the collembolan Tomocerus bidentatus sustained the highest overall rates of survival, growth, and development. Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were intermediate-quality prey: spiders fed Drosophila initially exhibited rates of survival, growth, and development equal to those of spiders on a diet of T. bidentatus, but after about 3 months, rates declined markedly. Fungus gnats (Sciaridae; Bradysia sp.) and conspecfic spiderlings are low-quality prey for Schizocosa: a sole diet of either of these prey types resulted in positive but markedly submaximal rates of growth, retarded rates of development, and survival rates much lower than that supported by a diet of Drosophila. Worst were the collembolans Folsomia candida and Isotoma trispinata, and the aphid Aphis nerii: spiderlings fed solely one of these species did not grow and died without molting. A. nerii is classified as poor quality because survival was no better than that of starved controls. F. candida and I. trispinata were toxic: survival of Schizocosa hatchlings fed these collembolans was lower than that of starved controls. A mixed diet of T. bidentatus and fruit flies yielded positive synergistic effects with respect to growth, but development and rate of survival were similar to those of spiders on a sole diet of T. bidentatus. Including toxic prey did not produce a better diet, while inclusion of toxic prey with prey of higher quality created diets that were no better than the toxic prey alone. The results of these experiments suggest that prey species that are similar in morphology and behavior, and that are initially killed and consumed, may differ dramatically in their suitability as food for generalist arthropod predators. Received: 29 July 1998 / Accepted: 1 February 1999     

Impact of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis cotton on a non-target pest Tetranychus spp. in northern China

Field studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of two transgenic cotton varieties (SGK321 carrying Cry1A+CpTI and DP99B carrying Cry1Ac) and the conventional variety (shiyuan321‐parental line of SGK321) on spider mites, Tetranychus spp. from 2002 to 2004. In 2002, this experiment included three treatments: Bt cotton field (SGK321) treated with acaricides against spider mites, untreated non‐Bt cotton field (Shiyuan321), and untreated Bt cotton field (SGK321). In 2003–2004, there are four types of treatments after a new transgenic Bt cotton variety, DP99B (non‐chemical control), was added into the experiments. The results showed that there were no significant difference in densities of spider mites among Bt without acaricides and non‐Bt without acaricides cotton fields, nor was there a significant difference in damage of spider mites to cotton among these treatments (P > 0.1). However, there are significant differences (P < 0.05) in densities of spider mites and damage caused by spider mites between cotton fields with and without acaricides. Acaricide significantly reduced the densities of spider mites in Bt cotton (P < 0.05). These results suggest that Bt cotton has no effect on spider mites populations. However, spider mites have the potential for severe damage in Bt cotton fields. Acaricides are essential tools in controlling cotton spider mites in northern China.     

Comparative incidence of cotton spider mites on transgenic Bt versus conventional cotton in relation to contents of secondary metabolites

With the wide adoption of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, the incidence of bollworm has reduced significantly, but secondary pests such as cotton spider mites have become serious problems in Bt cotton fields. The objective of the present study was to investigate the underlying mechanism of increased incidence of secondary pests in Bt cotton. Two transgenic cotton varieties, sGK321 and Bt-C12, and their non-transformed counterparts, SY321 and C12, were used to study differences in the incidence of spider mites in relation to secondary metabolites. Plants of each cotton cultivar were infested with five female adult spider mites and then isolated. Leaf samples with a pair of adult mites of the same age were transferred individually into Petri dishes for examination of egg laying and duration of development stages. The number of spider mites on Bt-C12 and sGK321 was more than that on C12 and SY321. The cotton spider mites feeding on Bt-C12 laid significantly more eggs than those feeding on C12; those feeding on sGK321 laid significantly more eggs than those feeding on SY321. The generation time of spider mites feeding on Bt-C12 was greatly reduced relative to those feeding on C12. Also, the generation time of mites feeding on sGK321 was shorter than those feeding on SY321. Gossypol and tannin contents in leaves of Bt-C12 were substantially lower than those in C12, and the contents in leaves of sGK321 were significantly lower than those in leaves of SY321. The occurrence of spider mites was more serious on Bt than non-Bt cotton, and the fitness of the mites on Bt cotton was higher than on non-Bt cotton. Reductions in gossypol and tannin contents in Bt cotton decreased the generation time and increased the number of eggs of cotton spider mites.     

Transgenic Cabbage Expressing Cry1Ac1 Does Not Affect the Survival and Growth of the Wolf Spider,Pardosa astrigera L. Koch (Araneae: Lycosidae)

Both herbivores that consume transgenic crops and their predators can be exposed to insecticidal proteins expressed in those crops. We conducted a tritrophic bioassay to evaluate the ecotoxicological impacts that Bt cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) expressing Cry1Ac1 protein might have on the wolf spider (Pardosa astrigera), a non-target generalist predator. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays indicated that protein levels were 4.61 ng g^-1 dry weight in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) fed with the transgenic cabbage and 1.86 ng g^-1 dry weight in the wolf spiders that preyed upon them. We also compared the life history traits of spiders collected from Bt versus non-Bt cabbage and found no significant differences in their growth, survival, and developmental rates. Because Bt cabbage did not affect the growth of fruit flies, we conclude that any indirect effects that this crop had on the wolf spider were probably not mediated by prey quality. Therefore, exposure to Cry1Ac1 protein when feeding upon prey containing that substance from transgenic cabbage has only a negligible influence on those non-target predatory spiders.     

The value of three cereal aphid species as food for a generalist predator

The value of the cereal aphid species Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) as prey for the linyphiid spider Erigone atra (Bl.) was assessed. Fecundity of females was determined for spiders fed on eight experimental diets: three single‐species aphid diets, a mixed diet of all three aphid species, three mixed diets with each aphid species in combination with fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.), and pure D. melanogaster as a high quality comparison diet. The development and survival of first‐instar juveniles fed on three diets of single aphid species, and on a diet of Collembola were compared with those subjected to starvation. Prey value for adult females was assessed by egg production, hatching success and offspring size. In pure diets all three aphid species were of low value to the spiders, causing a rapid decline in egg production and supporting no growth of significance of first‐instar juveniles. No difference in value of aphid species of single‐species aphid diets was found in the fecundity experiment, while a ranking of aphid species of M. dirhodum > R. padi > S. avenae was revealed in the survivorship experiment. A mixed‐aphid diet was not found to be advantageous compared with single‐species aphid diets, and no advantage of including aphids in mixed diets with fruit flies was found. Metopolophium dirhodum and R. padi were neutral in mixed diets, while a diet of S. avenae and fruit flies caused reduced egg production compared with the pure diet of fruit flies, revealing a toxic effect of S. avenae on the spider. The value‐ranking of aphid species in mixed diets was similar to that of single‐species diets. A similar ranking of aphid species was found for different fitness parameters (fecundity of adult females and development of juveniles). A ranking of aphids by offspring size of mothers on aphid‐only diets was S. avenae > M. dirhodum > R. padi. All aphid‐fruit fly diets resulted in larger offspring than a diet of only D. melanogaster, with the overall largest offspring being produced on the diet of M. dirhodum and fruit flies.     

棉蚜寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理

通过生活在甜瓜和棉花上的棉蚜Aphisgossypii Glover的行为,研究棉蚜的寄主专化型及其形成的行为机理。生物学观察显示： 两类棉蚜在寄主植物相互交换以后,定居数显著减少,棉花蚜型棉蚜的繁殖系数及若虫存活率显著下降,说明棉蚜存在甜瓜蚜型和棉花蚜型两种寄主专化型。通过刺探电位技术研究棉蚜的取食行为,以探索其寄主专化型形成的行为机理。结果表明： 甜瓜蚜型棉蚜在棉花上的取食行为容易被中断,但其口针定位韧皮部的能力并没有显著削弱;而棉花蚜型棉蚜在甜瓜上的取食行为受到更大的影响,口针无法顺利定位至韧皮部,并在2 h内根本无法在筛管内取食。生物学观察和EPG取食行为分析都显示： 与甜瓜蚜型棉蚜相比,棉花蚜型棉蚜对寄主的要求更严格-寄主专化程度更高,对寄主的利用率更高。