沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究

沈阳市东陵区景观生态潜力研究赵羿,吴彦明（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）邓百祥（辽宁省水利水电勘测设计研究院,沈阳１１０００６）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＰｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆＬａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｉｎＤｏｎｇｌｉｎｇＤｉｓｔｒｉｃｔｏｆＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＺｈａｏＹｉ;ＷｕＹａｎｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）,ＤｅｎｇＢａｉｘｉａｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＷａｔｅｒＣｏｎ－ｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＰｏｗｅｒＳｕｒｅｅｙｉｎｇａｎｄＤｅｓｉｇｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１０００６）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：１－８。Ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｌａｕｄｓｃａｐｅｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ,ｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｎｄｐｒｉｃｅｌｅｓｓｐｏ－ｔｅｎｔｉａｌ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃａｌｃｕｌａｔｉｎｇｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｖｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓ（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｐｏｔ     

沈阳水资源保护与水质管理

沈阳水资源保护与水质管理李秀鸿（沈阳环境科学研究所,１１０００５）ＷａｔｅｒＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅＣｏｎｓｃｒｖａｎｃｙａｎｄＷａｔｅｒＱｕａｌｉｔｙＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｉｎＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇ￥ＬｉＸｉｏｕｈｏｎｇ（ＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｓｃｉｅｉｌｃｅ,１１０００５）．（ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（５）：４５－４８。Ｔｈｅｏｖｅｒａｌｌａｎｄｌｏｎｇｔｅｒｍｉｍｐａｃｔｓｏｆｗａｔｅｒｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓｈｏｒｔａｇｅａｎｄｗａｔｅｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｎｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃｄｅｖｅｌｏｐ－ｍｅｎｔ,ｈｕｍａｎｌｉｆｅａｎｄｅｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｎＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇａｒｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒ．Ｉｔｉｓｐｏｉｎｔｅｄｏｕｔｔｈａｔｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｓｏｌｖｅｔｈｅｓｅｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ,ａｒｅａｓｏｎａｂｌｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｐｏｌｉｃｙａｎｄｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｍｕｓｔｂｅａｄｏｐｔｅｄｉｎｃｏｍｂｉｎｉｎｇｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｎｃｙｏｆｅｘｉｓｔｉｎ     

景观生态学中的文化研究

景观生态学中的文化研究李团胜（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＣｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ．ＬｉＴｕａｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａ－ｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃ...     

辽宁省灾害区划初探

辽宁省灾害区划初探尹功成,梁文举（辽宁省农业区划研究所,沈阳１１００３１）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＡｎＡｐｐｒｏａｃｈｔｏＣａｌａｍｉｔｙＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇｏｆＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ￥．ＹｉｎＧｏｎｇｃｈｅｎｇ（ＬｉａｏｎｉｎｇＩｎｓｌｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｇｒｉ－ｃｕｌｔｕｒａｌＤｉｖｉｓｉｏｎｉｎｇ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００３１）,ＬｉａｎｇＷｅｎｊｕ（ＩｎｓｌｉｌｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｅｎｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（４）：６１－６５．ＮａｔｕｒａｌｃａｌａｍｉｔｉｅｓｏｃｃｕｒｗｈｅｎｖａｒｉＯｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｐｈｅｎｏｍｎａｅｎｄａｎｇｅｒｌｉｆｅ,ｍｉｎｄｓａｎｄｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ,ｂｕｔｓｏｍｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｓｕｃｈａｓｒｎａｎ－ｍａｄｅａｎｄａｎｔｈｒｏｐｏｇｅｎｏｕｓｎａｔｕｒａｌｄｉｓａｓｔｅｒｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｓｌｏｗ－ｌｙａｎｄｐｒｏｆｏｕｎｄｌｙ,ｗｈｌｃｈａｒｅｕｎｏｂｖｉｏｕｓａｎｄｎｏｔｒ     

植食性昆虫产卵的化学生态学

植食性昆虫产卵的化学生态学张庆贺,姬兰柱（林业部森林病虫害防治总站沈阳１１００３１）（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＣｈｅｍｉｃａｌＥｃｏｌｏｇｙｏｆＯｖｉｐｅｓｉｔｉｏｎｏｆＨｅｒｂｉｖｏｒｏｕｓＩｎｓｅｔｔｓ．￥ＺｈａｎｇＱｉｎｇｈ...     

面向21世纪的中国生态学

面向２１世纪的中国生态学陈涛（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｙＴｏｗａｒｄｓ２１ｓｔＣｅｎｔｕｒｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．ＣｈｅｎＴａｏ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎ...     

诌议土壤盐渍化的生态防治

诌议土壤盐渍化的生态防治王春裕（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＤｉｓｃｕｓｉｏｎｏｎＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＣｏｎｔｒｏｌｏｆＳｏｉｌＳａｌｉｎｉｚａｔｉｏｎ．ＷａｎｇＣｈｕｎｙｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａｃａ...     

赤峰锦蛇的生态观察

赤峰锦蛇的生态观察周玉峰（沈阳师范学院生物系,１１００３４）ＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＯｂｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎｏｆＥｌａｐｈｅａｎｏｍａｌａ．￥ＺｈｏｕＹｕｆｅｎｇ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＳｈｅｎｙａｎｇＴｅａｃｈｅｒ＇ｓＣｏｌｌｅｇｅ１１...     

油松林带对径流的调节作用

油松林带对径流的调节作用王维华,朱劲伟（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＴｈｅＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＰｉｎｕｓｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓＳｋｅｌｔｅｒｂｅｌｔｉｎＲｕｎｏｆｆＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎ￥ＷａｎｇＷｅｉｈｕａ;ＺｈｕＪｉｎｗｅｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａ,Ｓｈｍｙａｎｇ１１００１５）．ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｍａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：１７－２０．ＴｈｅｒｏｌｅｏｆＰｉｎｕｓｔａｂｕｌａｅｆｏｒｍｉｓｓｈｅｌｔｅｒｂｅｌｔｉｎｒｅｄｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｅｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎｉｓｄｅｍｏｎｓｔｒａｔｅｄｂｙｆｉｅｌｄｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｎａｗａｔｅｒｂａｌａｎｃｅｔｒｉａｌｆｉｅｌｄ．３８．３％ｏｆｐｒｅｃｉｐｉｔａｔｉｏｎｗａｓｉｎｔｅｒｃｅｐｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｃａｎｏｐｙ,Ｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｆａｃｔｏｒｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｉｎｇｃａｎｏｐｙｉｎｔｅｒｃｅｐｔｉｏｎａｒｅｒａｉｎｆａｌｌａｍｏｕｎｔａｎｄｒａｉｎｆａｌｌｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙ,Ｔｈｅｓｌｏｐｅｒｕｎｏｆｆｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｗａｓ１     

城市景观异质性及其维持

城市景观异质性及其维持李团胜（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＨｅｔｅｒｏｇｅｎｅｉｔｙａｎｄＩｔｓＭａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｏｆＵｒｂａｎＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅ．ＬｉＴｕａｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａｃ...     

Interrelations between chemical composition of water and characteristics of zooplankton in the Novosibirsk reservoir

On the basis of an analysis of the long-term data of hydrochemical and hydrobiological monitoring of the Novosibirsk reservoir, the mutual influence of the chemical composition of water and qualitative and quantitative characteristics of a zooplankton has been revealed. The influence of the hydrochemical factors on the zooplankton is related to the peculiarities of the hydrological regime of the water basin. High correlations between the quantity of zooplankton and pH values, the concentration of nitrites and nitrates, and the values of 5-day biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) are revealed. Three basic parts of the water basin, different in the level of influence of hydrological factors and intrareservoir processes on the hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of the ecosystem of the reservoir, are revealed. It is shown that, as a whole, the intrareservoir processes that occurred in the reservoir improve the quality of water in many hydrochemical indicators.     

Cladoceran assemblages in a karstic lake as indicators of hydrological alterations

The anthropogenic impact on wetlands has increased during the last centuries when infrastructures such as canals or dams, have proliferated. In this article, we have used cladoceran sub-fossils to investigate the effects of a canal on lake El Tobar (Spain). The canal has been transferring water from a reservoir, built in another valley, into this lake since its construction in the mid-1960s. Cladoceran remains were analyzed in two sediment profiles from each of the two sub-basins of the lake. The sedimentary sequences showed that the mentioned human activity provoked a clear shift in the cladoceran community. A PCA was performed with samples from both sub-basins to detect the direction and nature of the changes. Before water transference, the phytophilous chydorid community, represented by Acroperus angustatus in one sub-basin and by both A. angustatus and Graptoleberis testudinaria in the other sub-basin, were well developed. After the construction of the canal and the inflow of additional yet different water from the reservoir, the proportion of chydorids relative to total cladoceran diminished considerably; this was mainly due to the invasion of Bosmina longirostris. These results indicate that the hydrological alteration caused a shift from an oligotrophic, shallower lake with a rich plant-associated cladoceran community to a more eutrophic lake with a predominant planktonic cladoceran community; and that cladoceran remains are a powerful tool to detect hydrological changes and eutrophication.     

Significance of temporal changes when designing a reservoir for conservation of dragonfly diversity

While there has been much focus in biodiversity conservation that transcends place, few studies transcend time. Yet an appreciation of vegetational and hydrological succession is essential for maintaining a habitat that has been created with the aim of conserving a particular group of organisms. This is a study of changes in a dragonfly assemblage over a period of 13 years at a biodiversity-rich, southern hemisphere reservoir. A total of 30 dragonfly species were recorded in this study, compared to 12 species before the reservoir was constructed in 1988, and 26 species in 1993, with 25 species resident in both 1993 and 2001. Two of these are local endemics. One other endemic was lost to succession in 1993 but reappeared in 2001. Three other species never reappeared after succession in 1993, yet six other species appeared after this date. Multivariate analyses identified structural and compositional vegetation, especially marginal forest, percentage vegetation cover, percentage shade, as the most important environmental variables determining dragonfly species composition. Other important environmental variables were grasses of tall, medium and short height categories, submerged vegetation, water flow and amount of open water. Not surprisingly, successional changes in vegetation physiognomy and in water conditions significantly increased Odonata species richness and diversity over the years. More importantly, the study shows that to maintain both high species richness, including endemics, it is essential to maintain a variety of biotopes using selective management of the marginal vegetation without allowing succession to proceed to a point where overgrowth of the bank and silting of the bottom begin to impoverish the fauna.     

Vegetational changes on two eroding banks of a short-term regulated river reservoir in northern Sweden

This study deals with the vegetational changes and the course of erosion on two types of river banks bordering a river reservoir, in northern Sweden. The water-level has been short-term regulated since 1961, with an amplitude of about 3 m in the uppermost reaches of the reservoir and about 1 m furthest downstream. The pattern of regulation includes both a weekly and a daily rhythm. The banks of the river reservoir have been cut in fine-grained sediments. The two sites selected for study were (1) a formerly littoral area (2) a formerly dry-land area. Percentage cover and number of shoots were determined annually within belt transects subdivided into 10 times 10 cm quadrats, during the period 1977–1981.
The course of bank erosion was initiated and mainly continued by water movements. In the formerly littoral area, erosion proceeded only slowly, whereas in the formerly dry-land area erosion was rapid and the bank was continuously being undercut, leading to the formation of an overhanging mat of vegetation. As erosion progressed, this overhanging mat split up and slumped down into the reservoir. The vegetational changes on the overhang were considerable, while the terrace maintained a more stable vegetation cover. In the long-term, the composition of the vegetation on the former littoral river-bank remained more stable than on that cut into the former dry-land area. The break-up of the vegetation cover on the overhang also initiated secondary vegetational successions on the exposed soil. Considerable differences in the vegetation cover were also recorded from one year to the next. These differences were considered to be mainly due to differences in the rate and local course of erosion. Annual differences in the rhythm and/or amplitude of the fluctuations in water-level were considered to be less important in this respect.     

基于多水文改变指标评价东江流域河流流态变化及其对生物多样性的影响

新丰江、枫树坝和白盆珠3座大型水库的建立对东江流域河道流量和河流流态过程有了较大改变,威胁河道下游生态系统的健康。基于广义指标生态剩余和生态赤字评价了东江流域受水库影响后流域生态需水需求目标总的盈余和缺失变化过程,基于IHA32指标计算的Do和DHRAM评价了水库对下游河段河流水文过程总的改变程度以及威胁河道生态系统健康的风险性大小,并进一步分析了对河道生物多样性的影响。研究结果如下:(1)水库对流量历时曲线(FDC)有显著影响,曲线上部下降,尾部上升,尤其体现在秋季和冬季。降水对年与夏季生态剩余影响较大,水库对各季节生态剩余和生态赤字均有较大影响:秋季和冬季生态赤字几乎为0,生态剩余显著增加。生态剩余和生态赤字与大部分IHA中32个指标具有很强的相关性,可作为衡量东江流域年和季节径流变化的生态指标。(2)龙川、河源、岭下和博罗4站点总体改变程度分别为58.48%、54.04%、54.32%和52.47%。河流流态变化导致总季节生态剩余增加并维持在较高水平,进一步引起河流生物多样性下降,并维持在较低水平。龙川和河源两站河流流态的变化对河流生态系统造成了高风险性影响,岭下和博罗两站则为中等风险。     

Influence of long-standing changes of hydrological and hydrochemical regime of Novosibirsk reservoir on ecological conditions of water use

The paper investigates the potential use of Novosibirsk reservoir for organizing water supply, including drinking water, of the large city and adjacent territory. The characteristics are given of the long-standing formation of hydrological and hydrochemical regime of the reservoir and its influence on the ecological conditions of water use.     

Investigation of Climate Change Impact on Water Resources for an Alpine Basin in Northern Italy: Implications for Evapotranspiration Modeling Complexity

Assessing the future effects of climate change on water availability requires an understanding of how precipitation and evapotranspiration rates will respond to changes in atmospheric forcing. Use of simplified hydrological models is required beacause of lack of meteorological forcings with the high space and time resolutions required to model hydrological processes in mountains river basins, and the necessity of reducing the computational costs. The main objective of this study was to quantify the differences between a simplified hydrological model, which uses only precipitation and temperature to compute the hydrological balance when simulating the impact of climate change, and an enhanced version of the model, which solves the energy balance to compute the actual evapotranspiration. For the meteorological forcing of future scenario, at-site bias-corrected time series based on two regional climate models were used. A quantile-based error-correction approach was used to downscale the regional climate model simulations to a point scale and to reduce its error characteristics. The study shows that a simple temperature-based approach for computing the evapotranspiration is sufficiently accurate for performing hydrological impact investigations of climate change for the Alpine river basin which was studied.     

论提高广西桂林漓江上游水源径流量的可能性

论提高广西桂林漓江上游水源径流量的可能性邓世宗唐俊（广西农业大学林学院,南宁５３０００１）（广西林业勘测设计院,南宁５３００１１）ＰｏｏｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＩｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇＷａｔｅｒＤｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｉｎＵｐｐｅｒＲｅａｃｈｅｓｏｆＬｉｊｉａｎｇＲ...     

模糊数学方法模拟水库运行影响下鱼类栖息地的变化

水库调度改变了河流水文情势,从而使得水生动植物栖息地的空间分布发生明显的变化。针对水库运行对鱼类栖息地的影响,利用模糊数学方法建立栖息地模型,并与水环境模型耦合,分析不同水文情势下鱼类在不同生长期的栖息地变化情况。基于专家分析法建立模糊函数隶属度及规则集,计算栖息地适宜性指数(HSI),提出适宜栖息地宽度指数(HSWI)表征河道内栖息地连通性,并对栖息地变化的有效性进行分析。选取漓江下游的某个复式河道为对象,模拟特征鱼种光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)在典型水文年份中水库不同调节模式下的栖息地变化情况。结果表明,在丰水年及枯水年的产卵期,水库补水明显增加了鱼类适宜栖息地面积,其中高适应性区域面积增幅近50%,而平水年影响较小;水库补水对越冬场的影响则相对微弱,仅增加5%左右。     

Water fluxes within beech stands in complex terrain

We investigated the water balances of two beech stands (Fagus sylvatica L.) on opposite slopes (NE, SW) of a narrow valley near Tuttlingen in the southern Swabian Jura, a low mountain range in Southwest Germany. Our analysis combines results from continuous measurements of forest meteorological variables significant to the forest water balance, stand transpiration (ST) estimates from sap flow measurements, and model simulations of microclimate and water fluxes. Two different forest hydrological models (DNDC and BROOK90) were tested for their suitability to represent the particular sites. The investigation covers the years 2001–2007. Central aims were (1) to evaluate meteorological simulations of variables below the forest canopy, (2) to evaluate ST, (3) to quantify annual water fluxes for both beech stands using the evaluated hydrological models, and (4) to analyse the model simulations with regard to assumptions inherent in the respective model. Overall, both models were very well able to reproduce the observed dynamics of the soil water content in the uppermost 30 cm. However, the degree of fit depended on the year and season. The comparison of experimentally determined ST within the beech stand on the NE-slope during the growing season of 2007 with simulated transpiration did not yield a reliable statistical relationship. The simulation of water fluxes for the beech stand on the NE- and SW-slopes showed similar results for vegetation-related fluxes with both models, but different with respect to runoff and percolation flows. Overall, the higher evaporation demand on the warmer SW-slope did not lead to a significantly increased drought stress for the vegetation but was reflected mainly in decreased water loss from the system. This finding is discussed with regard to potential climate change and its impact on beech growth.