耐热过氧化氢酶产生菌的筛选和发酵条件的研究

从59株嗜热放线菌中筛选出一株产胞外过氧化氢酶活力较高的嗜热链霉菌(Thermo-sueptomyces sp．)T485。其产酶的适宜条件为培养温度50℃,培养基pH6—8,碳源麦芽糖,氮源酵母膏,250ml三角瓶装30—50ml培养基,振荡培养48h,产酶可达140u／ml。     

假丝酵母尿酸酶形成条件

选出了一株产尿酸酶的产朊候丝酵母(Candida utilis)AS2．117。此菌株尿酸酶形成条件的研究表明：尿酸、黄嘌呤和鸟嘌呤对酶形成起诱导作用;玉米浆对菌株生长和酶形成起十分重要的作用;蔗糖、葡萄塘、D-甘露糖和果糖是酶形成的适合碳源;生物素对酶产生有促进作用;在含有玉米浆培养基中加入无机氮源对产酶无作用,添加有机氮略增加产酶量。尿酸酶形成最适培养基组成为(％)：蔗糖;,玉米浆3,尿酸0．1,蛋白胨0．1,生物素0．05,KCI0．1,NaCl 0.1。最适pH为6．2。在250ml三角瓶中装30ml培养基为最适。在200r／min的旋转摇床上25℃振荡培养21h,在此条件下最终酶活力可达0．6u／ml。     

amrG1基因在谷氨酸棒杆菌乙酸活化中的作用

谷氨酸棒杆菌Corynebacterium glutamicum可以利用乙酸为碳源和能源进行生长. 乙酸代谢中涉及乙酸活化的两个酶为磷酸转乙酰酶PTA和乙酸激酶AK, 它们是由pta-ack操纵子经诱导表达产生的. 采用转座子挽救法, 我们从调控突变株C. glutamicum G25中获得了amrG1和amrG2两个目标基因. 经分析鉴定, amrG1基因(NCBI GenBank 接受号为AF532964)可能参与乙酸代谢调控, 编码作用于pta-ack操纵子的一个调控因子. 该调控因子基因序列全长732 bp, 开放阅读框含有243个氨基酸, 分子量约为27 kD. 通过基因定点缺失和过量表达技术, 在谷氨酸棒杆菌野生型菌株中分别构建了amrG1基因缺失菌株和表达菌株, 并研究了它们在含有葡萄糖和/或乙酸不同碳源的基本培养基上生长时产生的PTA和AK酶活性特征. 酶活性测定结果发现其中的amrG1基因缺失菌株和表达菌株存在着与野生型菌株不同的一系列酶学特征, 分析显示: 以野生型菌株为对照, amrG1基因缺失菌株在含有葡萄糖碳源的培养基上生长时表现出较高的PTA和AK酶活性, 并且在葡萄糖和乙酸两种碳源上生长时表现出与乙酸碳源上生长时几乎同样的PTA和AK酶活性; amrG1基因过量表达对葡萄糖碳源上生长产生的PTA和AK酶活性有一定程度的抑制, 即表现出与基因缺失情况相反的调控效应. 根据以上结果分析, amrG1可能编码了作用于pta-ack操纵子的一个阻遏因子或共阻遏因子.     

芽孢杆菌E2菌株纤维素酶形成条件的研究

芽孢杆菌E,菌株(Bacillus sp.strain E2)能在55℃下良好生长并在培养液中大量积累胞外纤维素酶(190 mu／ml培养液),所产生的纤维素酶为单一的CMCa se。对芽孢杆茁E2菌株产酶条件进行了研究． 该菌产酶的最适培养基装量为200ml/500mI三角瓶,最适起始pH为6 5,最适产酶温度为45℃,产酶高峰在培养时间8—12小时。E2菌株不能利用单一的无机氮源形成纤维素酶。酪蛋白是试验过的供E2菌株形成纤维素酶的最好氮源,其用量为3g／L。CMC—Na,纤维二糖,能作为碳源供芽孢杆菌E2菌株形成纤维素酶。高浓度的葡萄糖(8g／L)对芽孢杆菌E2菌株纤维素酶的形成有抑制作用。天然纤维素不能作为芽孢杆菌E2菌株形成纤维素酶的碳源。     

右旋糖酐酶对变形链球菌体外形成的牙菌斑物质的作用

为探讨淡紫拟青霉(Paecilomyces lilacinus)的右旋糖酐酶(Dextranase,EC 3．2．1．11)对变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)产生的牙菌班物质的作崩,进行了体外试验。发现该酶能阻止变形链球荫在蔗糖培养基中形成的牙菌斑物质在不锈钢丝上的附着,其阻止附着的能力与加入的酶量正相关,且对不同血清型的变形链球茧形成的牙菌斑都存在这秘关系,只是程度上略有差异。对国内常见的c型变形链球旃(cY一9{)所形成的牙菌斑也相当有效。55#t、该酶能促使已形成的附着物的脱落。通过显徽镜观祭,看到变形链球菌在蔗糖培养基中培养,能在细胞外形成一甚粘性多糖类物质,若在培养时加八朽旋稽酐酶,经对菌落和菌体形态的观察,均见这类物质的量大为减少。上述结果都为陔酶在龋病防治方面的功效提供了实验室证据。     

产气气杆菌甘油脱氢酶诱导形成的培养条件

筛选出一株产气气扦菌(Aerobacter aerogenes)AS1．490，经甘油诱导培养能在细胞内形成NAD—甘油脱氢酶，每毫升培养液菌体含1—1．4单位酶活力。酶形成的最适发酵条件研究表明：培养基中含3％甘油时酶形成量最高。添加少量葡萄糖或果糖对酶形成有促进作用。无机氮源——铵盐对酶形成是必需的，以硫酸铵最佳，加入0．2％硫酸铵酶活力最高，添加硫酸铵到0．3％或0．4％时，不再增加生物量，酶量略有下降。其他铵盐效能依次为氯化铵、硝酸铵、磷酸氢二铵等。单加有机氮源不利产酶。酶形成的培养基最适起始PH为7．0，生物量亦最高。酶形成的最适温度为30℃，但在20—40℃范围内，生物量随温度的升高而增加。用250ml三角瓶以35mL装液量最适。在上述最适条件下，发酵培养18小时后，细胞生长不再增加。培养至26小时，培养基中甘油基本上完全消耗，这时酶形成量达到最高峰，以后随时间延长酶形成量迅速下降，在42小时后几乎完全消失。     

烟曲霉几丁质酶基因的克隆与表达

Chi4 4是烟曲霉 (Aspergillusfumigatus)YJ-407产生的一种胞外几丁质酶。通过用真菌几丁质酶保守氨基酸序列与Chi44的N-端序列检索烟曲霉部分基因组序列数据库 ,获得一个编号为contig555的烟曲霉基因组序列 ,可能包含烟曲霉几丁质酶的基因。根据检索结果用RT-PCR方法从烟曲霉YJ-407中克隆到1.4kb的cDNA片段 ,该cDNA的ORF编码一个395个氨基酸的蛋白 ,分子量为43.6kD。对其推导氨基酸序列分析表明该蛋白与其它真菌来源的几丁质酶同源 ,而且活性中心与人巨噬细胞几丁质酶高度同源。该cDNA已在E .coli与PichiapastorisGS115中获得表达 ,分别获得 43kD和44kD的重组蛋白 ,两种重组蛋白均有几丁质酶活性。与野生酶相比 ,大肠杆菌表达的43kD重组酶及Pichia酵母表达的44kD重组酶稳定性下降 ,说明Chi44的糖基化修饰可稳定酶蛋白.     

克鲁维酵母Y-85合成菊粉酶最适条件的研究

采用响应面方法（ResponseSurfaceMethod,RSM）对克鲁维酵母（Kluyveromycessp．）Y－85产菊粉酶培养基成份进行了优选,和正交试验相比,该法选出的最适培养基的酶发酵水平提高28％。用15L自控发酵罐进行产酶条件控制试验,并在1000L罐上进行5批次酶发酵中试,平均菊粉酶活性达68.9u／ml。     

芽孢杆菌原生质体作为质粒DNA转化的受体

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) B3F 7658,短小芽孢杆菌(B. pumilus) AS 1.940,巨大芽孢杆菌(B．Megaterium) AS 1.941,和多粘芽孢杆菌(B. polymyxa) AS 1.878等菌株,既不能作为染色体DNA的转化受体,也不能作为质粒DNA的转化受体。用不同量的溶菌酶处理这些菌株形成原生质体,然后加pUB110质粒DNA,经聚乙二醇6000(PEG)诱导,在含新霉素(400μg／ml)的DM-3再生培养基上恢复细胞壁,培养48小时后,转化子数为1.0 x 103一4.6×105／μg DNA。若同时用PEG和Ca2+ 离子诱导,转化子数可提高2—3倍。质粒pUBll0用EcoRI酶切后,转化子数大大下降(2.0×102转化子／μg DNA)。Eco RI酶切后,用T4连接酶连成环状,转化子数有所增加(1．7×103转化子／μg DNA)。     

克鲁维酵母种间原生质体融合的研究

乳酸克鲁维酵母(Kluyueromyces lactis Y12—1)和脆壁克鲁维酵母(K.fragilis8554)是乳糖酶生产菌株。应用原生质体融合技术进行了两菌株种问融合的研究。通过试验．原生质体形成及再生的最佳条件为：对数期的细胞,2％的蜗牛酶．30℃酶解30分钟．原生质体形成率90％以上,再生率20%左右。原生质体融合由聚乙二醇(PEG)诱导。K.lactisY12-l不能旋酵菊糖;K.fragilis 8554不能同化D－松三糖和麦芽糖;利用二菌株自身的营养缺陷性质获得融合子。融合子既能发酵菊糖又能同化D－松三糖和麦芽糖;融合子的DNA含量约为二亲株之和;融合子的菌落形态与亲株相比有一定差别．在以乳糖为碳源的培养基中,融合子的乳糖酶产量提高14一l6％;连续15次传代,融合子稳定。     

Hydrolytic and chromatographic studies on the PEGylation of dextranase from Penicillium sp.

Dextranases catalyze the hydrolysis of the α-l,6-glucosidic bond of the polysaccharide dextran. Dextranases have been isolated from bacteria, yeast and fungi. Purified dextranase enzyme from Penicillium sp. was PEGylated (polyethylene glycol modification) with mPEG (5000 Da) and showed an increase in the dextranase protein molecular weight as estimated by Superose 12 (23 ml) column and this increment in the molecular weight is directly proportional to mPEG (5000 Da) concentration until a complete dextranase enzyme PEGylation (disappearance of dextranase peak). The residual activity of partially PEGylated dextranase (mPEG 5000 of 5.8 mg/ml) was 33.8% and for the completely PEGylated dextranase (mPEG 5000 of 29 mg/ml) it was 25.75%. Dextranase PEGylated with mPEG (30,000 Da) showed a little PEGylation at mPEG concentration of 5.8 mg/ml but at a concentration of 29 mg/ml several PEGylated peaks were produced with a difference in dextranase activity toward dextran T500, retardation in the activity with the increasing in the molecular weight was clearly appeared with Sephadex G75 but for Sephadex G200 a little retardation than Sephadex G75 has been appeared.     

Purification and immobilization of dextranase

An enzymic characteristic of Novo dextranase was presented. In addition to a high dextranolytic activity (7,200 U/ml), the crude enzyme also contained small amounts of protease, glucoamylase, polygalacturonase, carboxymethylcellulase, laminarinase and chitinase. A highly purified dextranase was then simply separated from a commercial preparation by column chromatographies on DEAE-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, and by chromatofocussing on Polybuffer Exchanger PBE-94. The enzyme was recovered with an over 200-fold increase in specific activity and a yield of 84%. The final preparation was homogeneous, as observed during high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Size-exclusion HPLC indicated that dextranase had a molecular mass of 35 kDa and its isoelectric point, established by chromatofocussing, was 4.85. Analysis of the dextran break-down products indicated that purified dextranase represents an endolytic mode of action, and isomaltose and isomaltotriose were identified as the main reducing sugars of dextran hydrolysis. The enzyme was then covalently coupled to the silanized porous glass beads modified by glutaraldehyde (Carrier I) or carbodiimide (Carrier II). It was shown that immobilization of dextranase gave optimum pH and temperature ranges from 5.4 to 5.7 and from 50°C to 60°C, respectively. The affinity of the enzyme to the substrate decreased by a factor of more than 13 for dextranase immobilized on Carrier I and increased slightly (about 1.4-times) for the enzyme bound to Carrier II.     

Action patterns of immobilized dextranase

Dextranase, isolated from Penicillium funiculosum and P. lilacinum, was immobilized on porous, silanized-silica beads and a phenol-formaldehyde resin. A commercial dextran of relatively low molecular weight (～2 × 10⁶) was degraded by immobilized dextranase, with the formation of reducing sugars, but with little decrease in viscosity. In contrast, soluble dextranase caused rapid loss of viscosity, but only a slight increase in reducing sugar. Native dextran of high molecular weight, from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512 (F), was attacked very slowly by immobilized dextranase, with the release of oligosaccharides of low molecular weight.     

Characterization of an Extracellular Dextranase from Fusarium moniliforme

An extracellular dextranase (EC 3.2.1.11) was purified approximately 75-fold from cell-free culture filtrates of Fusarium moniliforme. The purified dextranase was of the endo type, and isomaltose was identified as the primary end product of dextran hydrolysis. The molecular weight of the dextranase was determined to be 39,000 by gel permeation chromatography. The enzyme was most active at pH 5.5, and the temperature optimum was near 55 C. Activity was not inhibited by either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid or iodoacetate. The Km for dextran with an average molecular weight of 10,000 was estimated to be 1.1 X 10(-4) M. The electrophoretic mobility of the dextranase was distinctly different from that of a Penicillium-derived commercial dextranase. The F. moniliforme dextranase was also found to differ from the commercial preparation by its greater relative activity against glucans isolated from Streptococcus mutans.     

Isolation of a dextranase constitutive mutant of Lipomyces starkeyi and its use for the production of clinical size dextran

A derepressed and partially constitutive mutant for dextranase of Lipomyces starkeyi was selected after ethyl methane sulphonate mutagenesis by zone clearance on blue dextran agar plates. The mutant produced dextranase when grown on glucose, fructose and sucrose as well as on dextran, and more enzyme was produced by the mutant than by the parental strain when grown on 1% dextran. The pH and temperature optima for the mutant dextranase were 5.5 and 55°C, respectively. Dextranase produced on sucrose produced more isomaltose and less glucose after dextran hydrolysis than the equivalent enzyme produced on dextran. The clinical size dextran (average mol. wt of 75000 ± 25000) yield of mixed culture fermentation with the mutant and Leuconostoc mesenteroides was 94% of the total dextran produced.     

Milligram to gram scale purification and characterization of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F

A sequence of dextranase treatment, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, affinity chromatography on Sephadex G-200, and chromatography on DEAE-Trisacryl M has been optimized to give a dextransucrase preparation with low carbohydrate content (1-100 micrograms/mg protein) and high specific activity (90-170 U/mg protein) relative to previous procedures, in 30-50% yield. Levansucrase was absent after DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and dextranase was undetectable after Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The method could be scaled up to produce gram quantities of purified enzyme. The purified dextransucrase had a pH optimum of 5.0-5.5, a Km of 12-16 mM, and produced the same lightly branched dextran as before purification. The purified enzyme was not activated by added dextran, but the rate of dextran synthesis increased abruptly during dextran synthesis at a dextran concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/mL. The enzyme had two major forms, of molecular weight 177,000 and 158,000. The 177,000 form predominated in fresh preparations of culture supernatant or purified enzyme, whereas the amount of the 158,000 form increased at the expense of the 177,000 form during storage of either preparation.     

Production and Properties of Alkaline Dextranase from a Newly Isolated Brevibacterium

About 500 strains of dextranase producing microorganisms were examined in detail for pH- activity and enzyme stability. A gram positive bacterium identified as belonging to the genus Brevibacterium was found to produce alkaline dextranase. Maximal dextranase synthesis was obtained when grown aerobically at 26°C for 3 days in a medium containing 1 % dextran, 2% ethanol, 1 % polypeptone and 0.05 % yeast extract together with trace amounts of inorganic salts.

Brevibacterium dextranase had an optimum pH of 8.0 for activity at 37°C and an optimal temperature at 53°C at pH 7.5. The enzyme was quite stable over the range of pH 5.0 to 10.5 on 24 hr incubation at 37°C, especially on alkaline pH. The enzyme was also heat stable at 60°C for 10 min.     

Dextranase Activity in Oerskovia xanthineolytica

Two isolates of a nocardioform bacterium capable of producing an extracellular hydrolase for high molecular weight dextran were isolated from soil by selection of active colonies on a blue dextran agar medium. Comparison with the type strains of Oerskovia turbata and O. xanthineolytica showed that these fresh isolates were closely similar to the latter species. Extracellular dextranase activity was not detected in the type strains of Oerskovia spp. or in 78 other Gram positive bacteria representing 58 species and 14 genera.     

Stabilization of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F by nonionic detergents, poly(ethylene glycol) and high-molecular-weight dextran

Dextransucrase (sucrose: 1,6-alpha-D-glucan 6-alpha-D-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.5) (3 IU/ml culture supernatant) was obtained by a modification of the method of Robyt and Walseth (Robyt, J.F. and Walseth, T.F. (1979) Carbohydr. Res. 68, 95-111) from a nitrosoguanidine mutant of Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F selected for high dextransucrase production. Dialyzed, concentrated culture supernatant (crude enzyme) was treated with immobilized dextranase (EC 3.2.1.11) and chromatographed on a column of Bio-Gel A-5m. The resulting, purified enzyme lost activity rapidly at 25 degrees C or on manipulation, as did the crude enzyme when diluted below 1 U/ml. Both enzyme preparations could be stabilized by low levels of high-molecular-weight dextran (2 micrograms/ml), poly(ethylene glycol) (e.g., 10 micrograms/ml PEG 20 000), or nonionic detergents (e.g., 10 micrograms/ml Tween 80). The stabilizing capacity of poly(ethylene glycol) and of dextran increased with molecular weight. Calcium had no stabilizing action in the absence of other additions, but reduced the inactivation that occurred in the presence of 0.5% bovine serum albumin or high concentrations (greater than 0.1%) of Triton X-100. In summary, dextransucrase could be stabilized against activity losses caused by heating or by dilution through the addition of low concentrations of nonionic polymers (dextran, PEG 20000, methyl cellulose) or of nonionic detergents at or slightly below their critical micelle concentrations.     

Production,purification, and properties of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F

The production of dextransucrase fromLeuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F was stimulated 2-fold by the addition of 0.005% of calcium chloride to the medium; levansucrase levels were unaffected. Dextransucrase was purified by concentration and dialysis of the culture supernatant with a Bio-Fiber 80 miniplant, and by treatment with dextranase followed by chromatography on Bio-Gel A-5m. A 240-fold purification, with a specific activity of 53 U/mg, was obtained. Contaminating enzyme activities of levansucrase, invertase, dextranase, glucosidase, and sucrose phosphorylase were decreased to non-detectable levels. Poly(acrylamide)-gel electrophoresis of the purified enzyme showed only two protein bands, both of which had dextransucrase activity. These bands also gave a carbohydrate stain, indicating that the dextransucrase could be a glycoprotein. Acid hydrolysis, followed by paper chromatography, of the purified enzyme showed that the major carbohydrate was mannose. ConcanavaIin A completely removed dextransucrase activity from solution, confirming the mannoglycoprotein character of the enzyme. Dextransucrase activity was not altered by the addition of 0.008?4 mg/ml of dextran, but its storage stability was increased by the addition of 4 mg/ml of dextran. As previously shown by others, the activity of dextransucrase was decreased by EDTA, and was restored by the addition of calcium ions. Zinc, cadmium, lead, mercury, and copper ions were inhibitory to various degrees.