云南中三叠世(安尼期)预言鱼目(全骨鱼类:近鲱形类)一新属种

预言鱼目是近鲱形类的一个绝灭支系,被认为是弓鳍鱼目的姐妹群.预言鱼目化石过去主要发现于欧洲的中三叠世拉丁期和晚侏罗世地层以及新大陆的早白垩世地层.近年来,在云南和贵州的中三叠世安尼期地层中分别发现了一种预言鱼目鱼类化石(强壮鱼和盘县鱼),代表了该目在中国的首次发现.根据产于云南罗平中三叠世安尼期(～244 Ma)海相地层中的6块保存良好的鱼化石,命名了预言鱼目一个新的属种,三叠复兴鱼(Subortichthys triassicus gen.et sp.nov.).三叠复兴鱼是罗平生物群中发现的第二种预言鱼目鱼类,代表了预言鱼目最古老的化石记录之一,为研究该目的起源和早期分异提供了重要信息.复兴鱼无疑可以归入近鲱形类,因为它具有近鲱形类两个共近裔性状,续骨与下颌关节以及上颌骨后缘具有凹缺.分支分析结果表明,复兴鱼位于预言鱼目的基部,因为它具有该目的重要鉴定特征,上颌骨具有感觉管,但它不具有其他预言鱼目鱼类的进步特征.特别的是,复兴鱼具有一些独特的性状,如额外肩胛骨3或4对、第三眶下骨特别宽大并与前鳃盖骨前缘相接等.复兴鱼的发现表明预言鱼目鱼类在华南地区(三叠纪时期位于古特提斯洋的东部)的早期分异至少发生在中三叠世早期(安尼期).     

贵州中三叠世预言鱼目(近鲱形类)一新属种:奇异盘县鱼(Panxianichthys imparilis gen.etsp.nov.)（英文）

预言鱼目是中生代海生近鲱形类的一个绝灭的支系。由于与弓鳍鱼目密切的亲缘关系,预言鱼目在研究近鲱形类的早期演化和生物地理学中具有重要意义。然而,早期预言鱼目的化石证据非常匮乏;直到最近,产于云南中三叠世罗平生物群的强壮鱼是该目中最古老的也是三叠纪唯一的成员。本文根据产于贵州西部中三叠世盘县动物群的两块保存良好的标本命名了预言鱼目一个新的属种,奇异盘县鱼(Panxianichthys imparilis gen.et sp.nov.)。盘县鱼的生存时代略晚于强壮鱼,但它比产于欧洲晚侏罗世和美洲早白垩世的预言鱼目其他成员要早很多。盘县鱼具有预言鱼目的共近裔性状,上颌骨上具有感觉管,但它保留了一些其他预言鱼目鱼类所不具有的原始特征。分支分析的研究结果表明盘县鱼是最原始的预言鱼目鱼类,为揭示预言鱼目的演化提供了新的信息。强壮鱼和盘县鱼的相继发现表明,预言鱼目的早期分异比我们之前想象的要快得多。     

贵州盘县发现2.42亿年前最原始的预言鱼目化石

<正>据最新一期的《古脊椎动物学报》报道,中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究人员在贵州盘县三叠纪地层中发现近鲱形类(Halecomorphi)预言鱼目(Ionoscopiformes)新属种化石,命名为奇异盘县鱼(Panxianichthys imparilis)。该发现代表了预言鱼目最原始的属种,为研究近鲱形类的早期演化和生物地理提供了重要信息。近鲱形类包括半椎鱼目、预言鱼目和弓鳍鱼目。生活在美洲淡水环境的"活化石"弓鳍鱼是     

云南罗平中三叠世辐鳍鱼下纲干群一新种:尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)(英文)

翼鳕(Pteronisculus)是辐鳍鱼下纲干群中一个已绝灭的属,以泪骨构成口缘为典型特征。直到最近,该属仅发现于欧洲、马达加斯加和北美的早三叠世地层;可能的中三叠世化石记录发现于斯匹次卑尔根岛。根据最近采自云南罗平中三叠世安尼期(242~247 Ma)海相地层中保存良好的化石标本,命名了翼鳕属一新种,尼尔森翼鳕(Pteronisculus nielseni sp.nov.)。该种代表了翼鳕属在亚洲的首次发现,它的发现为支持三叠纪时期东、西特提斯洋之间存在生物交流的假说提供了新证据。另外,作为翼鳕属最晚的代表种之一,尼尔森翼鳕的发现表明翼鳕属在早三叠世末并没有灭绝,至少延续到中三叠世早期。     

云南罗平中三叠世翼鳕属一新种及早期辐鳍鱼类系统发育关系（英文）

辐鳍鱼亚纲是现存脊椎动物中最大的类群,包括腕鳍鱼次亚纲、辐鳍鱼次亚纲(包括软骨硬鳞类和新鳍鱼类)和亲缘关系密切的化石类群。已灭绝的翼鳕属(Pteronisculus)是隶属于辐鳍鱼亚纲的一个干群,包括产于马达加斯加、欧洲和北美下三叠统的11个种和中国中三叠统的一个种。根据滇东罗平中三叠世(安尼期)海相地层中发现的5块保存完好的化石,命名翼鳕属一新种,张氏翼鳕(Pteronisculus changae sp. nov.)。这是翼鳕属在中三叠世的第二个确切种,最大体长达295 mm,代表了罗平生物群中已知体型最大的辐鳍鱼亚纲干群物种。新种具有翼鳕属的独特衍征,泪骨具有牙齿,但它又有明显区别于本属其他种的自近裔特征,如间颞骨中部有一个内突起,21根上神经骨,83列侧线鳞。分支分析结果为早期辐鳍鱼类系统发育关系提供了新的见解,认为翼鳕属是Cyranorhis的姐妹群。根据体型和口缘牙齿等特征推测张氏翼鳕是一个快速游动的捕食者,以浮游无脊椎动物和体型较小的鱼类或鱼类幼体为食。作为翼鳕属最年轻的成员之一,张氏翼鳕的发现进一步表明翼鳕的多样性比我们过去认识的要高,古特提斯洋东缘可能是该属在中三叠世早期的避难所。     

我国云南发现世界上最早保存第二性征的新鳍鱼类化石

正据《科学通报》(Science Bulletin)最新报道:中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所徐光辉研究员和浙江自然博物馆赵丽君研究员在我国云南发现了两亿四千万年前一种新的基干新鳍鱼类,命名为多饰维纳斯鱼(Venusichthys comptus)。多饰维纳斯鱼代表了新鳍鱼类第二性征的最早化石记录。据介绍,第二性征是动物在性成熟后所表现的、可以用来分辨物种性别的特征。第二性征比较容易在现生生物中观察到,但它们很难在化石中识别。根据采集于云南罗平中三叠世安尼期海相地层的30余块鱼化石,研究人员发现维纳斯鱼具有明显     

云南中三叠世豆齿龙类(爬行纲：楯齿龙目)—新属(英文)

中国已知的楯齿龙目(Placodontia)化石仅见于贵州省西南部地区,其中豆齿龙亚目(Cya- modontoidea)产自关岭地区的法郎组瓦窑段,时代为晚三叠世卡尼期;楯齿龙亚目(Placodon- toidea)产自盘县的关岭组Ⅱ段,时代为中三叠世安尼期。本文记述的豆齿龙类新属种——康氏雕甲龟龙(Clyphoderma kangi gen.et sp.nov.)产于云南富源的法郎组竹杆坡段,属中三叠世拉丁期。正型标本保存于浙江自然博物馆(编号:M 8729),其头骨高度愈合,代表一个完全成年之个体,根据以下特征明显区别于我国的Psephochelys和欧洲的Psephoderma:1)头骨枕部具3枚大型的锥状鳞;2)背甲甲片结构更为复杂,具明显的放射状沟/脊结构。到目前为止,康氏雕甲龟龙是龟龙科(Placochelyidae)中惟一的中三叠世属种,该科的其他成员全部发现于上三叠统。     

云南、贵州中三叠世一种大型的肋鳞鱼(辐鳍鱼亚纲:肋鳞鱼目)（英文）

肋鳞鱼目是新鳍鱼类的一个干群,包括肋鳞鱼科和胸鳍鱼科,生活于欧洲和华南中、晚三叠世海洋环境。其中肋鳞鱼科鱼类通常个体较小,标准体长很少超过55 mm。根据最近发现于云南富源和贵州兴义中三叠世拉丁期(~240 Ma)海相地层的3块保存良好的鱼化石,命名了肋鳞鱼属一新种,霸王肋鳞鱼(Peltopleurus tyrannos sp.nov.)。该发现代表了中三叠世个体最大的肋鳞鱼属物种(体长达72 mm),为了解肋鳞鱼科的骨骼形态和摄食分异提供了新的信息。霸王肋鳞鱼不仅上、下颌口缘具有颇为粗壮的牙齿,在口内的颚翼骨上还生长有许多不同大小的钝牙;推测这些钝牙可能用于压碎一些带壳的无脊椎动物(如甲壳动物)和被硬鳞的小鱼,这与此前在兴义生物群中发现的东方肋鳞鱼形成鲜明的对比:东方肋鳞鱼体型很小(标准体长为26 mm)、口缘无牙、个体数量丰富,可能代表了一种集群游动、捕食细小浮游无脊椎动物的肋鳞鱼物种。新的发现表明华南中三叠世兴义生物群中的肋鳞鱼属已进化出两种不同的生态类型。     

黔西滇东早三叠世早期Annalepis(脊囊属)的出现及其地层意义

为解决早三叠世卡以头组地质时代和植物组合问题,对采于黔西滇东地区两条二叠系-三叠系海陆交互相界线剖面卡以头组中、下部的植物化石Annalepis(脊囊属)进行深入研究。与Annalepis同层或上部层位见有早三叠世早期的海相双壳类、介形类、腕足类、菊石类及大羽羊齿植物群残余分子,因此可以确定Annalepis在该地区出现于早三叠世早期的印度期(Induan),说明卡以头组(至少中、下部)地质时代属早三叠世早期。推测我国南方的Annalepis在早三叠世始于黔西滇东,随后向北迁移、中三叠世广布于长江中下游地区。建立由早三叠世An-nalepis和大羽羊齿植物群残存分子共同构成的我国南方早三叠世早期植物组合,填补了早三叠世晚期岭文组与晚二叠世B期Gigantonoclea guizhouensis-Ullmannia cf.bronnia-Annularia pinglouensis组合之间的空白。     

论广西武鸣三叠纪海生爬行动物东方广西龙(鳍龙类)的时代

广西武鸣产出广西地区迄今唯一一件三叠纪海生爬行动物化石——东方广西龙(Kwangsisaurus orientalis)。受限于20世纪50年代研究条件,有关该化石产出地点、地层层位和时代信息一直比较模糊,对后人阐述中国三叠纪海生爬行动物演化过程及探究鳍龙类在华南的古地理迁移历史造成了一定阻碍。本文从岩石地层学和生物地层学入手,结合高精度同位素年代学定年结果,对武鸣地区早、中三叠世地层进行了综合分析,着重研究了含东方广西龙地层的岩性组合、生物群面貌及地层时代。东方广西龙产于板纳组薄层泥晶灰岩中,伴生有丰富的菊石化石,所属地层时代为中三叠世安尼期。对含东方广西龙地层上部层状凝灰岩中具有岩浆韵律的锆石进行了SIMS原位U-Pb年代学测试,获得了(244.2±0.7)Ma的绝对年龄值,时代相当于安尼期中晚期。东方广西龙时代的厘定排除了鳍龙类早三叠纪世晚期在下扬子区和右江盆地同时出现的原有结论,同时同位素年代学新证据证实广西武鸣海生爬行动物化石与贵州盘县海生爬行动物群基本同期,表明了鳍龙类在华南东部起源后在三叠纪中期向西南地区辐射扩散范围的广阔性和适应环境的多样性。     

Collagen-like triple helix formation of synthetic (Pro-Pro-Gly)10 analogues: (4(S)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10, (4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-4(R)-hydroxyprolyl-Gly)10 and (4(S)-fluoroprolyl-4(R)-fluoroprolyl-Gly)10.

For the rational design of a stable collagen triple helix according to the conventional rule that the pyrrolidine puckerings of Pro, 4-hydroxyproline (Hyp) and 4-fluoroproline (fPro) should be down at the X-position and up at the Y-position in the X-Y-Gly repeated sequence for enhancing the triple helix propensities of collagen model peptides, a series of peptides were prepared in which X- and Y-positions were altogether occupied by Hyp(R), Hyp(S), fPro(R) or fPro(S). Contrary to our presumption that inducing the X-Y residues to adopt a down-up conformation would result in an increase in the thermal stability of peptides, the triple helices of (Hyp(S)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (fPro(S)-fPro(R)-Gly)(10) were less stable than those of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) and (Pro-fPro(R)-Gly)(10), respectively. As reported by B?chinger's and Zagari's groups, (Hyp(R)-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10) which could have an up-up conformation unfavorable for the triple helix, formed a triple helix that has a high thermal stability close to that of (Pro-Hyp(R)-Gly)(10). These results clearly show that the empirical rule based on the conformational preference of pyrrolidine ring at each of X and Y residues should not be regarded as still valid, at least for predicting the stability of collagen models in which both X and Y residues have electronegative groups at the 4-position.     

Synthesis and luminescence properties of a blue-emitting Sr(3.5) Y(6.5) O(2) (PO(4) )(1.5) (SiO(4) )(4.5) :Eu(2+) phosphor

A novel blue‐emitting Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:Eu²⁺ phosphor was synthesized via a solid‐state reaction. Powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis demonstrated that the Sr_3.5Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5 host had a hexagonal crystal structure in the space group P6₃/m and unit cell parameters a = 9.418 Å, c = 6.900 Å. The as‐prepared phosphor showed a blue emission and all the main emission peaks were located at around 466 nm for different excitation wavelengths of 297, 333 and 391 nm. The temperature dependence of the photoluminescence property was investigated in the range 20–250 °C, and the emission intensity decreased to 71% of the initial value at room temperature on increasing the temperature to 150 °C. According to the classical theory of fluorescent thermal quenching, the activation energy (ΔE) for the thermal quenching luminescence of the as‐prepared Sr_3.45Y_6.5O₂(PO₄)_1.5(SiO₄)_4.5:0.05Eu²⁺ phosphor was determined to be 0.20 eV. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Role of tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) gene modules in catabolism of 3-chlorobenzoate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4)

The enzymes chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase, chloromuconate cycloisomerase, dienelactone hydrolase, and maleylacetate reductase allow Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4) to degrade chlorocatechols formed during growth in 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate or 3-chlorobenzoate (3-CB). There are two gene modules located in plasmid pJP4, tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) (module I) and tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II) (module II), putatively encoding these enzymes. To assess the role of both tfd modules in the degradation of chloroaromatics, each module was cloned into the medium-copy-number plasmid vector pBBR1MCS-2 under the control of the tfdR regulatory gene. These constructs were introduced into R. eutropha JMP222 (a JMP134 derivative lacking pJP4) and Pseudomonas putida KT2442, two strains able to transform 3-CB into chlorocatechols. Specific activities in cell extracts of chlorocatechol-1,2-dioxygenase (tfdC), chloromuconate cycloisomerase (tfdD), and dienelactone hydrolase (tfdE) were 2 to 50 times higher for microorganisms containing module I compared to those containing module II. In contrast, a significantly (50-fold) higher activity of maleylacetate reductase (tfdF) was observed in cell extracts of microorganisms containing module II compared to module I. The R. eutropha JMP222 derivative containing tfdR-tfdC(I)D(I)E(I)F(I) grew four times faster in liquid cultures with 3-CB as a sole carbon and energy source than in cultures containing tfdR-tfdD(II)C(II)E(II)F(II). In the case of P. putida KT2442, only the derivative containing module I was able to grow in liquid cultures of 3-CB. These results indicate that efficient degradation of 3-CB by R. eutropha JMP134(pJP4) requires the two tfd modules such that TfdCDE is likely supplied primarily by module I, while TfdF is likely supplied by module II.     

Induction of in vitro flowering in Dendrobium Madame Thong-In (Orchidaceae) seedlings is associated with increase in endogenous N(6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and N (6)-(Delta (2)-isopentenyl)-adenosine (iPA) levels

We analysed the endogenous cytokinin levels of Dendrobium Madame Thong-In seedlings grown in vitro during vegetative and flowering-inductive periods. HPLC was used to fractionate the extracts and radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used for assay of zeatin (Z), dihydrozeatin (DZ), N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)-adenine (iP) and their derivatives. Coconut water used in experiments was found to contain high level (>136 pmol ml(-1)) of zeatin riboside (ZR). Protocorms and seedlings cultured in medium with coconut water were found to contain 0.5-3.9 pmol g(-1) FW of the cytokinins analysed. Seedlings (1.0-1.5 cm) cultured in flowering-inductive liquid medium containing 6-benzyladenine (BA, 4.4 muM) and coconut water (CW, 15%) contained up to 200 and 133 pmol g(-1) FW of iP and iPA, respectively. These levels were significantly higher than all other cytokinins analysed in seedlings of the same stage and were about 80- to 150-folds higher than seedlings cultured in non-inductive medium. During the transitional (vegetative to reproductive) stage, the endogenous levels of iP (178 pmol g(-1) FW) and iPA (63 pmol g(-1) FW) were also significantly higher than cytokinins in the zeatine (Z) and dihydrozeatin (DZ) families in the same seedlings. Seedlings that grew on inductive medium but remained vegetative contained lower levels of iPA. The importance of the profiles of iP and its derivatives in induction of in vitro flowering of D. Madame Thong-In is discussed.     

The helix-coil transitions of poly (dA)-poly (dT) and poly (dA-dT)-poly (dA-dT)

Helix–coil transition curves are calculated for poly (dA) poly(dT) and poly (dA-dT) poly (dA-dT) using the integral equation approach of Goel and Montroll.⁵ The transitions are described by the loop entropy model with the exponent of the loop entropy factor, k, remaining an arbitrary constant. The theoretical calculations are compared with experimental transition curves of the two polymers. Results indicate that the stacking energies for these two polymers differ by about 1 kcal/mole of base pairs. Also, a fit between theory and experiment was not possible for k > 1.70.     

Biology of Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) tau (Walker) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

The biology of the fruit fly Bactrocera tau, an important horticultural pest, was studied under laboratory conditions at 25°C and 60–70% relative humidity on Cucurbita maxima. The duration of mating averaged 408.03 ± 235.93 min. After mating, the female fly had a preoviposition period of 11.7 ± 4.49 days. The oviposition rate was 9.9 ± 8.50 eggs and fecundity was 464.6 ± 67.98 eggs/female. Eggs were elliptical, smooth and shiny white, turning darker as hatching approached, and measured 1.30 ± 0.07 mm × 0.24 ± 0.04 mm. The chorion has polygonal microsculpturing and is species-specific with polygonal walls. The egg period lasts for 1.3 ± 0.41 days. The duration of the larval period is 1.2 ± 0.42, 1.7 ± 0.48 and 4.0 ± 0.94 days for first, second and third instars, respectively. Pupation occurs in the sand or soil and pupal periods are 7.0 ± 0.47 days. The life cycle from egg to adult was completed in 14.2 ± 1.69 days; the longevity of mated females and males was 130.33 ± 14.18 and 104.66 ± 31.21 days, respectively. At least two to three generations were observed from June 2008 to June 2009.     

Spectroscopic investigations of Er(3+) :CdO-Bi(2) O(3) -B(2) O(3) glasses

This article reports on the optical properties of Er³⁺ ions doped CdO–Bi₂O₃–B₂O₃ (CdBiB) glasses. The materials were characterized by optical absorption and emission spectra. By using Judd–Ofelt theory, the intensity parameters Ω_λ (λ = 2, 4, 6) and also oscillatory strengths were calculated from the absorption spectra. The results were used to compute the radiative properties of Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. The concentration quenching and energy transfer from Yb³⁺–Er³⁺ were explained. The stimulated emission cross‐section, full width at half maximum (FWHM) and FWHM × values are also calculated for all the Er³⁺:CdBiB glasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Cationic (tripyrrinato)palladium(II) complexes

The formation of cationic palladium(II)complexes [TrpyPd^II]⁺X⁻ by salt metathesis of the respective trifluoroacetates with different salts of weakly coordinating anions X⁻ was investigated. With non-hydrolizable counterions, cationic mono- and dinuclear complexes are observed depending on the nature of the anion X⁻ and the solvent. The mononuclear cations, which are only formed with X = BAr^F, most probably carry a weakly bound molecule of dichloromethane at the fourth coordination site of Pd^II. When treated with diazoalkanes, only these are sufficiently reactive to form carbene complexes. Four- and five coordinate Lewis base adducts [TrpyPd^IIL]⁺ with L = CH₃NC, tBuNH₂, PMe₃, PEt₃ and PiPr₃ and [TrpyPd^IIL₂]⁺ with L = PMe₃ were prepared from the mononuclear cations [TrpyPd^II]⁺BAr^F−. From structural studies it becomes apparent, that the formation of stable five coordinate Pd^II species is restricted to medium size ligands and depends on the delicate balance between the steric influence of L and the strain, which is induced on the TrpyPd^II unit.