气候变化背景下中国南方地区季节性干旱特征与适应Ⅰ.降水资源演变特征

基于中国南方地区15个省（市、自治区）262个气象台站1959-2008年的降水量资料,分析了季尺度降水量的趋势系数、降水变率、年际及年代际标准化降水距平的变化特征.结果表明：研究期间,中国南方地区降水变化趋势的季节差异较大,大部分地区春季和秋季降水量呈减少趋势,夏季和冬季降水量呈增多趋势,但西南部分地区略有不同;研究区域春旱发生可能性减小,夏旱、秋旱和冬旱发生的可能性增加;春旱更易发生在华南地区和西南地区,夏旱和秋旱发生可能性较高的地区为长江中下游地区和华南地区,冬旱发生可能性较高地区由华南地区扩大为华南和长江中下游地区.中国南方地区春季和秋季降水自20世纪80年代以来明显偏少,夏季和冬季降水在20世纪90年代以前偏少、20世纪90年代偏多、21世纪以来又偏少.中国南方各区域季节尺度降水量标准距平的年代变化基本一致,研究时段内秋季降水量呈减少趋势,夏季和冬季降水量呈增加趋势.     

苏北地区丹顶鹤越冬种群数量及栖息地分布动态变化

利用资料追踪和历史时期土地利用变化数据深入研究了有资料记载以来苏北地区丹顶鹤越冬种群数量变化与栖息地分布的时空响应。结果显示,20世纪80年代之初,丹顶鹤越冬种群广泛分布于苏北地区,尤其是长江中下游的内陆湖泊、沼泽及江苏沿海滩涂湿地;20世纪90年代之后丹顶鹤分布区域逐渐向沿海滩涂湿地转移,主要分布于盐城市的射阳县境内;进入21世纪,丹顶鹤分布区域集中于盐城国家级珍禽保护区核心区。与此同时,丹顶鹤越冬种群数量也经历了十分明显的变化过程,与20世纪90年代相比,数量减少50%以上。丹顶鹤越冬种群数量及栖息地分布变化与栖息地分布点周围的土地利用方式及人为干扰有关,栖息地面积丧失和景观破碎化是丹顶鹤越冬种群数量减少的主要原因。     

云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区景东辖区黑长臂猿种群数量和分布

为掌握哀牢山国家级自然保护区景东县辖区黑长臂猿种群数量和分布状况,2005年9～11月采用访问调查法及鸣声定位法对该区域进行了调查。调查结果显示:该区域内20世纪50～80年代,在19个地区曾有黑长臂猿分布,但现在黑长臂猿分布范围已大为减少,目前仅在9个地区发现有9群黑长臂猿。50年代至今至少有13只黑长臂猿被猎杀。狩猎和栖息地破坏是造成该区域黑长臂猿种群数量减少及分布范围缩小的主要原因。     

1996～2000年世界生物学发展态势研究简要

对1996～2000年间发表的世界生物学文献进行了统计,分别从主题分类、年代分布、地区分布特征及主要学科等四个方面进行了分析.找出了世界生物学研究的热点和薄弱环节、年代分布规律、主要学科的发展趋势及世界生物学研究突出的国家,为我国生物学研究提供决策性参考意见.     

中国黄土高原北部地区新石器-青铜时代农业结构演变及其对区域生态环境的适应

本文分析并测定了从15个位于黄土高原北部的遗址中浮选的炭化植物遗存的年代及数量,讨论了该地区新石器-青铜时代农业结构的变化、发展及自适应。研究表明,该地区粟的占比随着遗址年代的推移呈现出上升趋势,证明了先民的农业技术随时间变化而发展;受季风降水特征影响,东南部灌丛草原区粟的占比随时间变化上升趋势明显,西北部干草原区则变化较弱,证明环境的差异也造成了农业模式的不同;在干旱气候条件限制下,自中全新世以来黄土高原北部地区的主要作物始终为粟和黍,粟作农业奠定了黄土高原乃至中国北方的文明基础。     

1996—2000年世界生物学发展肽势研究简要

1996-2000年间发表的世界生物学文献进行了统计,分别从主题分类、年代分布,地区分布特征及主要学科等四个方面进行了分析,找出了世界生物学研究的热点的热点和薄弱环节,年代分布规律,主要学科的发展趋势及世界生物学研究突出的国家,为我国生物学研究提供决策性参考意见。     

基于SPEI指数的辽宁省生长季干旱时空特征

根据辽宁省50个气象站1961—2015年温度和降水资料,采用标准化降水蒸散指数(standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index,SPEI)、线性趋势分析、突变检验、经验正交函数分解等方法,研究了辽宁省生长季干旱的时空分布特征。结果表明:近55年来,辽宁省生长季干旱指数以0.13 10 a~(-1)的速率显著下降,干旱整体呈现加剧趋势;20世纪60年代和70年代、80年代初到90年代中后期,干旱强度呈减弱趋势;80年代初、90年后期代初到2015年,干旱强度呈加剧趋势;1996年全省SPEI指数发生了突变性下降,干旱程度发生了突变性增强,其中,2000年全省有47个站点发生了干旱,干旱率高达94%,是近55年来干旱发生范围最大的年份,其次是1999和2014年,干旱率分别为92%和88%;全省SPEI指数的空间分布主要呈现全区一致型、东南与西北反向型、中部与其他地区反向型等3个模态,其中,全区一致型高值区包括葫芦岛沿海地区、锦州地区、沈阳地区、鞍山地区等,表明这些地区对干旱的反应最为敏感。时间系数序列显示出明显的下降趋势;东南与西北反向型中,空间系数0值线位于辽宁中部,呈东北西南向,0值线以西的辽西和辽北地区其空间系数为负值,而0值线以东地区的空间系数为正。时间系数序列的变化趋势不明显;中部及渤海沿岸与其他区反向型中,东南及西部地区空间系数均为正值,而其他区为负值。时间系数序列无明显变化趋势。     

全球陆地保护地60年增长情况分析和趋势预测

保护地建设已成为全球生物多样性保护的第一道防线。掌握其在不同尺度上的发展状况和变化趋势对保护地规划和建设有重要意义。针对已有研究在时间跨度、空间尺度以及结果对比方面的不足, 本文基于世界保护地数据库(World Database of Protected Areas, http://www.protectedplanet.net), 对全球、洲际、地区及国家尺度1950-2013年陆地保护地的增长情况进行描述和短期预测。结果发现: (1)全球保护地增长速率不断加快, 特别是在20世纪90年代以后。(2)洲际和地区保护地发展大致呈现3种增长趋势: 在美洲及大洋洲, 多数地区的保护地增长速率一直在加快; 在亚洲和欧洲, 多数地区的发展高峰出现在20世纪80、90年代; 在非洲, 多数地区的发展高峰为20世纪70年代及21世纪前10年。(3)各国保护地建设存在不平衡性, 仍有近一半国家的陆地保护地比例小于10%, 但这种差距随时间的推移有缩小的趋势。(4)绝大部分保护地增速均匀性低的国家分布在非洲。(5)虽然全球的《爱知生物多样性目标》在2020年预计不能完成, 但包括中国在内的22个国家有望如期达到目标。本文结果为未来保护地规划和建设工作的开展提供了参考依据。     

新疆乌伦古河流域第三纪哺乳动物地层研究的新成果

新疆准噶尔盆地北缘中、新生代地层广泛出露,２０世纪５０年代,对这一地区的中、新生代地层的系统研究工作业已开展。地质部６３１地质队在该地区进行大面积地质填图,新疆石油管理局开展了有关地质问题的综合性专题研究。１９８２年和１９８３年中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所在新疆石油管理局的支持下,组队前往该区进行中、新生代生物地层研究工作,并于８０年代末与９０年代初提交了一批生物地层和古哺乳动物研究文章,进一步提高了该地区第三纪地层的研究程度。由于工作区地处中亚,位于青藏高原以北,西面邻近古土尔盖海峡,东…     

1951—2018年中国年降水量及气象干旱的时空变异

探求降水量及干旱时空变化特征及规律是当前水文学研究的重要课题。基于中国619个气象站1951—2018年的降水量数据,采用距平百分率法和Morlet小波分析等方法,揭示年降水量及干旱的时空变异。结果表明: 研究期间,中国年降水量空间上呈东南至西北阶梯递减的特征,多年降水量变化剧烈程度反之;地势二、三阶梯分界线左右区域降水量呈下降趋势,且多于20世纪60—70年代发生突变,其余地区呈上升趋势,大多数突变发生于20世纪90年代;温带大陆和温带季风气候区降水量主周期小。20世纪60年代至21世纪10年代,中国干旱区面积减少,半干旱区面积增加,特别是近10年干旱和半干旱区面积减小,半湿润区面积增大。在30°—40° N之间发现一条干旱南北差异分界线,分界线以北干旱次数远多于以南;干旱的主体区域在年代际的转移方向为西北中部→华北南部→华北北部,发生次数及分布范围逐渐减小。     

Biological control of the rabbit in Australia: lessons not learned?

The story of the spread of the European rabbit across Australia, and of the two viruses used to control it, is an interesting way to look at some of the issues associated with biological control. What can be learned from the way this system developed, and what has been learned, or not learned, from the mistakes made? Here, we look at these events and examine what insights can be gained from this history.     

Equilibrium protein folding-unfolding process involving multiple intermediates

Mathematical models for the protein folding-unfolding process involving multiple intermediates have been derived. Computer fitting of the experimental data to this model generates various thermodynamic parameters for the folding-unfolding process. In this way, the complex folding-unfolding process of the multi-domain proteins can be analysed in a quantitative way. The application of the folding-unfolding model involving seven stages in human placental alkaline phosphatase is described. These authors contributed equally to this paper.     

液胶色谱柱复性在低分子量尿激酶原突变体（DscuPA—32K）中的应用

将构建一种具溶栓和抗栓以重功能尿激酶原突变体（DscuPA-32K)基因,在大肠杆菌中进行表达。由于DscuPA-32K分子较大并且表达量较高,目的的性质基本以包涵体的形式存在。包涵体中的蛋白质是无活性的蛋白质,为了获得有活性的蛋白质,就需要对包涵体进行变性及复性。尝试了一种新的凝胶色谱柱复性方法,并通过柱复性方法与常规的稀释复性方法进行了比较,发现柱复性方法明显优于稀释复性方法,具有成本低,效率高,并对目的的蛋白质（DscuPA-32K)进行了初步纯化等优点,尤其对酶这一类容易失活降解的蛋白质进行复性时,很值得进行推广应用。     

In vivo gene transfer by electroporation allows expression of a fluorescent transgene in hamster testis and epididymal sperm and has no adverse effects upon testicular integrity or sperm quality

The study of gene function in testis and sperm has been greatly assisted by transgenic mouse models. Recently, an alternative way of expressing transgenes in mouse testis has been developed that uses electroporation to introduce transgenes into the male germ cells. This approach has been successfully used to transiently express reporter genes driven by constitutive and testis-specific promoters. It has been proposed as an alternative method for studying gene function in testis and sperm, and as a novel way to create transgenic animals. However, the low levels and transient nature of transgene expression that can be achieved using this technique have raised concerns about its practical usefulness. It has also not been demonstrated in mammals other than mice. In this study, we show for the first time that in vivo gene transfer using electroporation can be used to express a fluorescent transgene in the testis of a mammal other than mice, the Syrian golden hamster. Significantly, for the first time we demonstrate expression of a transgene in epididymal sperm using this approach. We show that expression of the transgene can be detected in sperm for as long as 60 days following gene transfer. Finally, we provide the first systematic demonstration that this technique does not lead to any significant long-term adverse effects on testicular integrity and sperm quality. This technique therefore offers a novel way to study gene function during fertilization in hamsters and may also have potential as a way of creating transgenic versions of this important model species.     

Use of Microautoradiography to Study in situ Physiology of Bacteria in Biofilms

Microautoradiography is a technique that enables direct detection of active bacteria in complex microbial systems on a single cell level. When combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization using oligonucleotide probes for identification of the microorganisms, it is possible to link key physiological features to the identity of microorganism. In this way information can be obtained about the physiology of cultured as well as not-yet cultured microorganism in biofilms and other complex ecosystems in a way that presently cannot be provided by other methods. In this small review we describe the basic procedure, the type of information that can be obtained, the most important limitations by using this approach, and some recent examples from biofilms and other complex microbial communities.     

Transfusion regimen in beta thalassemia major using magnetic measurement techniques

The magnetic behaviour of erythrocytes from patients suffering from beta thalassemia major was investigated. All samples exhibited diamagnetic behaviour. Measurements were made before and after blood transfusion treatment. We suggest that the amount of blood given to the patient should be controlled in a way that the diamagnetic susceptibility after blood transfusion should be equal to that for the normal erythrocytes. In this way a specific range of haemoglobin level (Hgb) should be maintained when the patient is subjected to long-term hypertransfusional treatment.     

广东森林群落排序分析

本文应用极点排序和位置向量排序的方法对广东13个森林群落进行排序分析,并分别用极点排序图和位置向量排序的二维图和三维图表示排序的结果。同时对排序图的生态学意义及排序方法的优缺点进行讨论。结果表明,三维位置向量排序图能较好地把性质相近的群落类型聚在一起,可作为植被分类的辅助方法;积点排序图从一定程度上反映了植被的连续变化;极点排序与位置向量排序虽然取得一定结果,但由于同属线性排序,损失的信息量较多,寻求非线性排序方法是研究的方向。     

Embryonic stem cell research and therapy: the need for a common European legal framework

The possibility of obtaining stem cells from human embryos has given rise to an intensive legal and ethical debate. In this paper, attention is paid to the normative disparity and ambiguity in Europe. An argument for the need for a minimal legal harmonization is made; and a prudent and flexible way to reach this successfully is suggested. Establishing a common legal framework seems to be the only way to guarantee true competitiveness for the European scientific community.     

Electron competition process in respiratory chain: Regulatory mechanisms and physiological functions

In mitochondria isolated from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, under non-phosphorylating conditions, we have previously shown that there is a right of way for electrons coming from the external NADH dehydrogenase, Nde1p. In this work, we show that the electron competition process is identical under more physiological conditions i.e. oxidative phosphorylation. Such a competition generates a priority for cytosolic NADH reoxidation. Furthermore, this electron competition process is associated with an energy wastage (the “active leak”) that allows an increase in redox equivalent oxidation when the redox pressure increases. When this redox pressure is decreased, i.e. under phosphorylating conditions, most of this energy wastage is alleviated. By studying mutant strains affected either in respiratory chain supramolecular organization or in electron competition activity, we show that the respiratory chain supramolecular organization is not responsible for the electron competition processes. Moreover, we show two distinct relationships between the respiratory rate and the quinone redox state that seem to indicate two quinone pools that are involved in the electron right of way. Indeed, the more reduced pool would be associated to the electron right of way for the external dehydrogenases whereas the less reduced pool would be associated to the electron right of way for the internal dehydrogenases.     

Safety, identity and consent: a limited defense of reproductive human cloning

Some opponents of reproductive human cloning have argued that, because of its experimental nature, any attempt to create a child by way of cloning would risk serious birth defects or genetic abnormalities and would therefore be immoral. Some versions of this argument appeal to the consent of the person to be conceived in this way. In particular, they assume that if an experimental reproductive technology has not yet been shown to be safe, then, before we use it, we are morally obligated to get either the actual consent or the presumed consent of the person to be conceived. In this article, I attempt to explain the appeal of such consent-based arguments as deriving from a mistaken view of personal identity. I then argue that since this view is false, such arguments are unsound. Finally, I argue that even if reproductive cloning is unsafe, it may still be morally permissible in some circumstances.