小溪自然保护区非盐环境土壤中嗜盐和耐盐菌多样性

【目的】研究湖南小溪国家级自然保护区普通非盐环境(ordinary non-saline environment)土壤样品中可培养嗜盐及耐盐细菌(含放线菌)多样性。【方法】采用纯培养法和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对样品中嗜盐及耐盐细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】用补充5%-20%(w/v)NaCl的MA、ISP2、ISP5、NA和HAA培养基从土壤样品中分离到114株细菌,其中8株为中度嗜盐菌,19株为轻度嗜盐菌,87株为耐盐菌。根据形态观察和部分生理生化实验结果去冗余,选取61个代表性菌株进行基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,这些菌株属于细菌域(Bacteria)的3个大的系统发育类群(门;phylum)(Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,Proteobacteria)的16个科、18个属,代表了41个物种。多数菌株属于Firmicutes门(38株,62.3%)和Actinobacteria门(18株,29.5%)。大多数菌株与其系统发育关系最密切的已知物种的典型菌株之间存在一定的遗传差异(16S rRNA基因序列相似性为96.9%-99.8%),其中有7个菌株(JSM070026,JSM081004,JSM081006,JSM081008,JSM083058,JSM083085,JSM084035)代表7个潜在新种(potential novel species)。【结论】研究结果表明,湖南小溪国家级自然保护区普通非盐环境土壤中存在较为丰富的可培养嗜盐及耐盐细菌多样性,并且潜藏着较多新的微生物类群(物种)。     

中国南海沉积环境可培养细菌多样性研究

【目的】探索海洋沉积环境中可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】采用纯培养分离及16S rRNA基因序列鉴定的方法,对我国南海海域20个沉积物样品进行细菌多样性分析。【结果】共获得200株细菌,分属于47个属,99个种。经系统进化分析,可培养菌株主要分布于4个类群:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),优势类群为Firmicutes,其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)所占比例为55.6%;而Actinobacteria和Bacteroidetes两个类群获得菌株较少;在Firmicutes和Actinobacteria两个类群中发现8个潜在新种和3个潜在新属级类群。【结论】初步研究结果表明,南海海洋沉积环境可培养微生物资源丰富,新物种资源多样;其中,芽孢杆菌为海洋沉积环境中的优势类群,随着样品深度的增加,细菌多样性呈现递减的趋势,深度可能是影响细菌多样性的一个重要因素;其次,分离培养基和分离方法直接关系到样品中可培养微生物多样性的发现,有待深入研究。     

新疆野生胀果甘草内生细菌多样性的非培养初步分析

摘要：【目的】了解新疆野生甘草内生细菌多样性,为开发新的微生物资源奠定基础。【方法】采用改进的CTAB (十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)法提取新疆野生胀果甘草根部总DNA,利用细菌16S rDNA 基因通用引物对甘草总DNA 进行16S rDNA 基因扩增,构建甘草内生细菌16S rDNA基因文库;挑选具有不同酶切图谱的克隆进行测序、比对并构建16S rDNA 基因系统发育树。【结果】构建的甘草内生细菌16S rDNA基因文库中, 150个克隆分属于32个不同的分类单元,Blast结果表明大部分克隆与已知细菌的16S rDNA基因序列相似性较高,分别归属于变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)的alpha、gamma亚群,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),放线菌门(Actinobacteria),拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)中的鞘脂菌属(Sphingobium),叶杆菌属(Phyllobacterium),生丝单胞菌属(Hyphomonas),土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)等14个属, 其中26%的克隆与已知细菌16S rDNA 基因相似性小于96%,可能代表新的分类单元.【结论】甘草内生细菌多样性丰富且存在尚未被认识的新物种。     

新疆玛纳斯热气泉免培养土壤细菌多样性分析

【目的】了解新疆玛纳斯热气泉土壤免培养细菌群落组成及多样性。【方法】采用免培养法直接从土壤样品中提取总DNA,利用细菌通用引物对土壤总DNA进行16S rDNA扩增,构建细菌16SrDNA文库。使用HaeⅢ限制性内切酶对阳性克隆进行限制性片段长度多态性分析(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP),挑选具有不同酶切图谱的克隆进行测序、比对并构建16SrDNA系统发育树。【结果】从土壤细菌16S rDNA文库中随机挑选了170个阳性克隆,共得到29个不同的分类单元(operational taxonomic unit,OTU)。系统发育分析归为6个门:酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)。其中厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为绝对优势类群,占整个细菌文库的71%。29个OTUs中有14条序列与GenBank中相关序列的相似性低于97%(序列长度约1.5kb),占序列总数的48%。【结论】热气泉土壤细菌种群多样性较低,但存在大量潜在细菌新种。     

松嫩平原盐碱地中耐(嗜)盐菌的生物多样性

【目的】分离纯化松嫩平原盐碱地中可培养的耐盐菌和嗜盐菌,并分析其生物多样性。【方法】采用纯培养法和定向富集法从该地区盐碱土样中分离耐盐菌和嗜盐菌,然后通过16S rRNA基因同源性比对鉴定所分离细菌的系统发育学地位,从而获取松嫩平原盐碱地中耐盐菌和嗜盐菌的多样性信息。【结果】共分离到细菌40株,分属于细菌域中3个门(Actinobacteria,Firmicutes,γ-Proteobacteria)、8个科、16个属、34个种。其中多数菌株属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),最优势属为葡球菌属(Staphylococcus)(8株,占总菌株的20%),其次依次为盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)(5株,12.5%)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus)(4株,10%)、大洋芽胞杆菌属(Oceanbacillus)(4株,10%)、库克菌属(Kocuria)(4株,10%)和假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)(3株,7.5%)等。其中9株细菌的16S rRNA基因序列与最近缘种的同源性在97.2%-99.0%之间,可能为新种。菌株耐盐能力主要在5%-10%之间,其中62.5%的菌株为耐盐菌,其余则为中度嗜盐菌。所有菌株的耐碱能力在pH 9-12之间,其中60%的菌株耐碱能力则高达pH 12,除两株为嗜碱菌,其余均为耐碱菌。【结论】研究结果表明,松嫩平原盐碱地中耐盐菌与嗜盐菌种群丰富,主要以葡萄球菌和盐单胞菌为主,菌株不仅耐盐能力高而且耐碱能力也高,并且该地区可能含有丰富的耐盐菌和嗜盐菌的新物种。     

Ugan古河道胡杨可培养内生细菌的多样性

摘要：【目的】为了了解塔河废弃古河道胡杨可培养内生细菌的多样性。【方法】从2棵胡杨树干部抽出其内存液,采用三种不同的培养基对样品的内生细菌进行了分离纯化;对它们进行16S rDNA测定和系统进化分析。【结果】分离纯化不同表型的细菌62株,对它们的16S rDNA序列分析表明,62株菌分别属于四个大类群;厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alpha Proteobacteria) 、γ-变形菌纲(Gamma Proteobacteria),18个属,32个种;芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属是胡杨可培养内生细菌的优势细菌种群,它们分别占已测种群的40.32%、16.13%。其中菌株KTH-63为葡萄球菌科的潜在的新属新种,它与最近源菌株的16S rDNA序列相似率为92.491%;9株菌KLH-21、KLH-1、KTH-8、KTH-14、KNA-26、KLH-18、KTH-20、KNA-3、KLH-25是潜在的新种（16S rDNA相似率为96.089 %-97.769 %）,胡杨树干内存液中潜在新种的发现率高达总分离检测菌株的16.13 % 。本研究获得的胡杨可培养内生细菌的群落结构数据给植物内生细菌新增了10个属,18个种。【结论】胡杨具有多样性极其丰富的可培养内生细菌菌种资源,土著新种的发现频率超出了预期,胡杨可培养内生细菌的群落结构极大地刷新了植物内生细菌的种群记录,极具进一步发掘的潜力。     

青藏高原察尔汗盐湖地区可培养中度嗜盐菌的群落结构与多样性

【目的】研究青海察尔汗盐湖地区的可培养中度嗜盐菌的群落结构及多样性。【方法】采用多种选择性培养基进行中度嗜盐菌的分离、培养;通过16S r RNA基因序列扩增、测定,根据序列信息,进行系统进化树构建、群落结构组成分析及多样性指数计算。【结果】从察尔汗盐湖卤水及湖泥中分离到中度嗜盐菌421株,合并重复菌株后共83株中度嗜盐菌。菌株16S rRNA基因序列信息显示,4株中度嗜盐菌为潜在的新分类单元。83株嗜盐细菌分布于3个门的6个科16个属。其中,Bacillus属、Oceanobacillus属和Halomonas属为优势属。多样性结果显示,水样中的菌株多样性高于泥样,而泥样中的菌株优势度高于水样。【结论】察尔汗盐湖中度嗜盐菌具有丰富的遗传多样性,种群种类丰富,优势菌群集中,该盐湖地区存在可分离培养的中度嗜盐菌的疑似新物种。     

黑龙江大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌多样性

【目的】了解黑龙江省大豆田大豆胞囊线虫胞囊可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用稀释平板法和16SrDNA基因序列的系统发育分析对胞囊可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】用NA培养基从胞囊上分离90株具有不同菌落形态的细菌。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明:90株菌株分属于7个属22个种。46株属于变形菌门γ亚群(Gammaproteobacteria),32株属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),10株属于变形菌门β亚群(Betaproteobacteria),2株属于变形菌门ɑ亚群(Alphaproteobacteria)。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)为优势菌属。【结果】黑龙江省大豆胞囊线虫胞囊中存在丰富的细菌物种多样性,这些细菌对大豆胞囊线虫可能具有一定的生理生态作用。     

新疆泥火山细菌遗传多样性

为了解新疆乌苏泥火山细菌多样性,从泥火山泥浆样品中直接提取总DNA,构建了含150个有效转化子的泥火山细菌16S rDNA基因文库,转化子经菌液PCR及HaeⅢ酶切后获得16个不同带型,克隆测序结果表明,其分属于16个不同的分类单元.一部分序列与已知细菌类群的16S rDNA序列相似性较高,归属变形菌门(Proteobacteria),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria),放线菌门(Actinobacteria);另外一部分序列与已知细菌类群的16S rDNA序列同源性较低,可能代表新的分类单位.研究结果显示,泥火山环境中微生物种群丰富,值得进一步研究.     

南海硇洲岛潮汐带栉江珧可培养细菌的系统发育多样性

【目的】研究南海硇洲岛潮汐带栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)样品相关可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】采用纯培养法和基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育分析,法对样品中可培养细菌(含放线菌)的类群多样性、物种多样性和遗传多样性进行研究。【结果】用补充0–25%(质量体积比)Na Cl的MA、MH和NA培养基从栉江珧样品中分离到125株细菌。在形态观察和部分生理生化实验结果的基础上去冗余,选取90个代表性菌株进行基于16S r RNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,这90个分离菌株分属于3个大的系统发育类群(Gamma-proteobacteria、Firmicutes、Actinobacteria)、6个科、10个属,可分为33个物种。优势类群为厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)(56株,62.2%)和γ-变形杆菌亚门(Gamma-proteobacteria)(31株,34.5%)。大多数菌株与其系统发育关系最密切的已知物种的典型菌株之间存在一定的遗传差异(16S r RNA基因序列相似性为95.7%–99.9%),其中有5株可能代表新的分类单元(Potential new taxa)。分析表明,菌株JSM 112024可能代表了盐单胞菌科(Halomonadaceae)的一个属一级新分类单元;菌株JSM 112019、JSM 114045、JSM 114058和JSM 114083可能分别代表盐弧菌属(Salinivibrio)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)和枝芽孢菌属(Virgibacillus)的新物种。【结论】湛江硇洲岛潮汐带栉江珧中存在较为丰富的可培养细菌物种多样性和系统发育多样性,并潜藏着较多的新微生物类群(物种)。     

滇西北兰坪金顶铅锌矿矿区可培养细菌多样性初步研究

目的对兰坪金顶铅锌矿矿区样品中的可培养细菌进行分离并对其多样性进行研究。方法采集云南兰坪金顶铅锌矿矿区土样和矿石样,采用固体肉汤培养基、卯黄培养基及PYGV培养基分离该矿区环境中的可培养细菌,利用16SrRNA基因序列分析构建系统发育树,并统计不同种属细菌的数量,初步评估细菌多样性。结果兰坪金顶铅锌矿矿区环境细菌的主要种群包括放线菌门、变形菌门和厚壁菌门的不同菌属：微球菌属、节杆菌属、假单胞菌属、短波单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属、考克菌属、葡萄球菌属、芽孢八叠球菌及Skermanella属的菌株,其中抗逆性较强的优势菌群为放线菌门的细菌。结论本研究初步证实兰坪金顶铅锌矿矿区可培养细菌种类丰富。     

河南叶县岩盐可培养中度嗜盐菌的多样性

【背景】嗜盐微生物因为独特的生理和代谢特征而对高盐环境有着良好的适应能力,在环境污染治理、酶制剂等领域具有很高的应用和研究价值,是一类重要的极端环境微生物资源。【目的】为了更好地认识我国岩盐微生物的多样性,开发和利用嗜盐微生物资源,积累丰富的微生物菌种资源。【方法】在5%和10%的盐度下,使用Alkaline oligotrophic medium (AOM)、Neutral haloarchaeal medium (NHM)、diluted modified marine agar (dmMA)和ISP3 medium (ISP3)四种培养基,分离和纯化河南叶县岩盐矿的卤水和盐土中的嗜盐菌,使用细菌通用引物27F和1492R扩增和测序纯化菌株的16S rRNA基因,使用EzBioCloud和NCBI上的Blast比对进行分子鉴定,使用Mega 5.0进行遗传进化分析。【结果】从河南叶县岩盐卤水和盐土中一共分离和纯化到78株细菌,菌株16S rRNA基因序列显示它们来自3个门：厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)的Bacillus 26株、Halobacillus 30株、Oceanobacillus 10株和Staphylococcus 1株;变形菌门(Proteobacteria)的Sphingomonas 3株和Halomonas 5株;放线菌门(Actinobacteria)的Brevibacterium 3株。Halobacillus和Bacillus的细菌在叶县岩盐可培养中度嗜盐菌中具有较高的丰度。AOM培养基分离出了最多5个属的细菌,并且仅从AOM培养基分离出了Sphingomonas和Brevibacterium的细菌;另外,仅从ISP3分离出了Oceanobacillus的细菌;4种培养基都培养出了Halobacillus和Bacillus的细菌。来自卤水的有Bacillus、Halobacillus、Oceanobacillus、Sphingomonas和Staphylococcus;来自盐土有Bacillus、Brevibacterium、Halomonas。另外,5%和10%两个盐度下都纯化出Bacillus、Brevibacterium、Halobacillus和Sphingomonas;仅在10%的盐度下纯化到Halomonas和Oceanobacillus的细菌;仅在5%的盐度下培养出一株Staphylococcus。【结论】揭示了河南叶县岩盐可培养中度嗜盐菌的多样性,发现Halobacillus和Bacillus在可分离培养的中度嗜盐菌中具有较高的丰度,为深入开展岩盐嗜盐微生物研究积累了较为丰富的微生物菌株资源。     

Phylogenetic analysis and screening of antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from the Weihai Solar Saltern (China)

A total of 45 moderately halophilic bacteria was isolated from sediment and saline water collected from the Weihai Solar Saltern (China). The phylogenetic position of all the isolated strains was determined by 16S rRNA sequencing. The halophilic strains were tested for their antimicrobial activity. Cytotoxicity assay was performed to determine which of the halophilic strains could inhibit proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma Bel 7402 cells. Our results showed that all of the isolated 45 strains displayed moderately halophilic characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that 17 of the isolated strains were related to the phylum Firmicutes and belonged to four genera, Bacillus, Halobacillus, Planococcus and Salinicoccus. The other strains identified as genus of Halomonas belonged to phylum γ-Proteobacteria. Most of the halophilic bacterial strains showed potent activities against Gram-positive bacteria, human pathogenic fungi and plant pathogenic fungi. In addition, the crude extracts from 14 halophilic bacterial strains showed cytotoxic activity against tumor cells Bel 7402, and five of them showed remarkable activities with IC₅₀ less than 40 μg ml⁻¹. Our results suggest that the moderately halophilic bacteria may be developed as promising sources for the discovery of novel bioactive substances.     

16S rDNA diversity of cultured and uncultured prokaryotes of a mat sample from Lake Fryxell, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

The prokaryotic diversity of aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates and of bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA clones was determined for a microbial mat sample from the moated region of Lake Fryxell, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Among the anaerobic bacteria, members of Clostridium estertheticum and some other psychrotolerant strains dominated whereas methanogens and other Archaea were lacking. Isolates highly related to Flavobacterium hibernum, Janthiniobacterium lividum, and Arthrobacter flavus were among the aerobic bacteria most frequently isolated. Assessment of more than 350 partial 16S rDNA clone sequences of libraries generated by Bacteria- and Archaea-specific PCR primers revealed a rich spectrum of bacterial diversity but only two different archaeal clone sequences. Among the Bacteria, representative sequences belonged to the class Proteobacteria, order Verrucomicrobiales, class Actinobacteria, Clostridium/Bacillus subphylum of Gram-positives, and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum. The clones formed about 70 higher taxonomy groups (<98% sequence similarity) and 133 potential species, i.e., groups of clones sharing greater than 98% similarity. Only rarely were clone sequences found to be highly related to Lake Fryxell isolates and to strains of described species. Subsequent analysis of ten sequencing batches of 36 individual clones indicated that the diversity might be still higher than had been assessed.     

南京小龙山钾矿区植物根际可培养细菌的遗传多样性分析

摘要:【目的】矿区优势植物可培养细菌生物多样性研究将有助于了解植物根际细菌与矿物,植物根系相互作用及对矿物风化和土壤形成的重要影响。【方法】采用纯培养法分离南京小龙山废钾矿区野生植物野塘蒿,千金子和栽培植物甘薯根内与根周围土壤的可培养细菌, 通过16S rDNA限制性酶切多态性分析(amplified rDNA restriction analysis, ARDRA)和16S rDNA序列分析研究了可培养细菌的多样性。【结果】分离纯化到60株具不同菌落形态的可培养细菌, 在60%相似水平上可分为18个OTU. 19株代表菌株分别属于3个门, 10个科, 11个属。多数菌株属于变形菌门(α-proteobacteria, 4株, 21.1%; β-proteobacteria, 2株, 10.5%; γ-proteobacteria, 6株, 31.6%)。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas), 泛菌属(Pantoea)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)为优势种群。【结论】小龙山废矿区优势植物根围具有丰富的微生物种群多样性。     

Diversity and structure of bacterial communities in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island

To examine the bacterial community structure in the Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica, we examined the bacterial diversity and community composition of samples collected from lacustrine sediment, marine sediment, penguin ornithogenic sediments, and soils using culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. The 70 strains fell into five groups: Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Betaproteobacteria. Bacterial diversity at the phylum level detected in Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) profiles comprised Proteobacteria (including the subphyla Alpha-, Beta-, Gamma-, Deltaproteobacteria), Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chlorobi, and Deinococcus-Thermus. Gammaproteobacteria was identified to be the dominant bacterial subphylum by cultivation and DGGE method. By cluster analysis, the overall structure and composition of bacterial communities in the soil and lacustrine sediment were similar to one another but significantly different from bacterial communities in penguin ornithogenic sediment and marine sediment, which were similar to one another. The majority of 16S rDNA sequences from cultured bacteria were closely related to sequences found in cold environments. In contrast, a minority of 16S rDNA sequences from the DGGE approach were closely related to sequences found in cold environments.     

云南省富宁磁铁矿矿区可培养细菌多样性初步研究

目的对云南富宁磁铁矿矿区样品中可培养细菌进行分离并对其多样性进行了初步研究。方法采集云南富宁磁铁矿矿区土样和矿石样,采用固体肉汤培养基、卵黄培养基及PYGV培养基分离该矿区环境中的可培养细菌,利用16SrRNA基因序列分析构建系统发育树,并统计不同种属细菌的数量,初步评估细菌多样性。结果富宁磁铁矿矿区环境细菌的主要种群包括厚壁菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门的不同菌属：芽孢杆菌属、葡萄球菌属、节杆菌属和假单胞菌属的菌株,其中抗逆性较强的优势菌群为厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌。结论本研究初步表明富宁磁铁矿矿区可培养细菌种类具有一定的多样性。     

Metagenomic characterization of oyster shell dump reveals predominance of Firmicutes bacteria

Metagenomic analyses were conducted to evaluate the biodiversity of oyster shell bacteria, under storage conditions, on the basis of 16s rDNA sequences. Temperature was recorded during a one year storage period, and the highest temperature (about 60 degrees C) was observed after five months ofstorage. Bacterial diversity was greatest in the initial stage sample, with 33 different phylotypes classified under seven phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and unclassified bacteria), with 42.22% ofphylotypes belonging to Proteobacteria. The lowest diversity was found in the high temperature (fermentation) stage sample, with 10 different phylotypes belonging to Firmicutes (78.57%) and Bacteroidetes. In the final stage sample, bacteria were found belonging to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, and some were unclassified bacteria. Of the bacteria constituting the final stage metagenome, 69.70% belonged to Firmicutes. Our results show that bacteria belonging to phylum Firmicutes were predominant during fermentation, and during the final stages of oyster shell storage, which suggests that these bacteria supposed to be the key players for oyster shell biodegradation.     

河北承德地区两个温泉中细菌的多样性分析

通过构建16S rDNA克隆文库,对承德地区两温泉中的细菌多样性水平及系统发育关系进行了初步研究。研究表明:68°C的A11文库中阳性克隆的16S rDNA序列分属5个细菌类群,分别为Firmicutes(6.25%)、Deinococcus-Thermus(25.0%)、Gammaproteobacteria(12.5%)、Betaproteobacteria(50.0%)、Alphaproteobacteria(6.25%);而74.5°C的A12文库仅属于一个细菌类群:厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。两温泉中细菌多样性的差异表明,温度是影响温泉中细菌多样性水平的重要因素。此外,A11文库中克隆的16S rDNA序列与许多已知的可产色素的好氧菌相似性很高,而A12文库中的细菌多数为专性厌氧或兼性厌氧型,其中厌氧芽孢杆菌属(Anoxybacillus)中的Anoxybacillus flavithermus可以作为研究泉华形成的理想材料。