天蓝淡红链霉菌SIPI-1482中酮还原酶基因dnrU的阻断突变研究

目的：研究柔红霉素产生菌天蓝淡红链霉菌SIPI-1482中酮还原酶基因dnrU阻断后的产物（13s）-13-二氢柔红霉素及其他发酵产物的变化。方法：利用同源重组的原理,以大肠杆菌质粒pUC18为基础构建了dnrU基因交换质粒,通过在SIPI-1482染色体上的dnrU基因中插入安普霉素抗性基因来筛选dnrU的阻断突变株。结果和结论：PCR验证表明成功地阻断了dnrU基因。dnrU基因敲除后,重组菌发酵产物中（13s）-13-二氢柔红霉素消失,而其他发酵中间产物也有一定变化。     

柔红霉素产生菌SIPI-DM中dnmV的基因置换

dnmV基因编码柔红霉素生物合成途径中TDP-柔红糖胺C4酮基还原酶。阻断基因组上的dnmV基因并导入源于阿维菌素生物合成途径的aveBIV基因可构建得到表柔红霉素工程菌。本文从高产的柔红霉素产生菌SIPI-DM中分别扩增dnmV基因两侧同源交换臂, 并在两侧交换臂中插入aveBIV基因构建用于置换dnmV基因的同源双交换重组质粒。经筛选及验证得到aveBIV基因直接置换dnmV基因的表柔红霉素工程菌, 且该工程菌基因组上不引入抗性基因, 有利于进一步的基因改造。     

产诺加霉素链霉菌中失活snogA基因的研究

诺加霉素是重要的蒽环类抗肿瘤抗生素,由黑胡桃链霉菌ATCC27451发酵产生。本研究从诺加霉素产生茵中克隆得到560bp的氨基甲基化酶（snogA）编码基因片段,并将其插入基因整合型质粒pKCll39的多克隆位点,构建得到基因中断质粒pLMX-3-58。通过接合转移和同源重组,构建得到氨基甲基化酶编码基因被中断的重组菌株删-3-59。基因重组突变株基因型验证结果表明,中断质粒以正确方式整合入基因组,将氨基甲基化酶编码基因中断。发酵验证结果表明,重组茵株发酵产物中不含有诺加霉素。本研究表明snogA基因在诺加霉素生物合成途径中是必需的。这为进一步阐明诺加霉素生物合成途径和组合生物合成改造诺加霉素提供了参考。     

Sterptomyces rochei4089的L基因阻断变株的构建及功能研究

运用同源重组技术破坏了一株格尔德霉素产生菌Sterptomyces rochei 4089的L基因,该基因编码氧化还原酶.以Sterptomyces rochei 4089基因组总DNA为模板,PCR扩增AHBA-KLM基因簇,采取Red/ET重组技术,构建L基因阻断质粒pKC1139-KLM-KmR.采用大肠杆菌与链霉菌的结合转移将阻断质粒含AHBA-KLM基因簇和Kan表达单元的3.0 kb线性片段转化Sterptomyces rochei 4089菌株,在卡纳霉素的平板上筛选卡纳霉素抗性转化子,经PCR检测分离到L基因阻断突变菌株.对原、变株的发酵液进行TLC和HPLC分析显示,Sterptomyces rochei 4089基因组中的L基因失活后,导致该菌株不能合成安莎类抗生素格尔德霉素.通过阻断L基因,为筛查这类放线菌产生安莎类抗生素提供了明确的组分指示作用.     

基于基因组挖掘的农抗120活性成分制霉菌素和丰加霉素的发现和鉴定

【目的】分析刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种(农抗120产生菌)基因组和次级代谢产物组分,研究并鉴定农抗120产生菌中未被发现的活性组分。【方法】利用antiSMASH在线分析农抗120产生菌Streptomyces hygrospinosusvar.beijingensis基因组信息,锁定可能的制霉菌素和丰加霉素生物合成基因簇。利用HPLC和LC-MS等分析方法对农抗120产生菌发酵产物进行分析,同时利用制霉菌素和丰加霉素标准品作为对照,以鉴定该菌株代谢组分中的次级代谢产物。此外,通过构建目标基因簇大片段缺失突变株,并对所得突变株发酵产物进行检测,以确定生物合成基因簇与目的代谢产物的对应关系。【结果】本研究综合利用基因组序列分析、基因缺失突变株构建以及代谢产物检测方法,鉴定了农抗120产生菌中制霉菌素和丰加霉素两种活性成分,并确定了负责这些化合物合成的基因簇。【结论】本研究所构建的多重基因簇失活突变株为挖掘刺孢吸水链霉菌北京变种更多的天然次级代谢产物奠定了基础。     

微生物核糖体工程研究进展

摘要：微生物获得特定类型的抗性突变,不仅反映了其核糖体或RNA多聚酶上相关靶位点结构的改变,也对突变菌株次级代谢产物（抗生素等）的生物合成能力产生深刻影响,因此筛选抗性突变株可作为微生物推理选育的途径之一。“核糖体工程”是利用微生物的各类抗性突变为筛选标记,高效获得次生代谢产物合成能力提高的突变株的推理育种新方法。本文综述了微生物“核糖体工程”的概念、各类突变的作用机理,并着重介绍组合抗性突变在提高出发菌株次级代谢产物产量方面的应用。     

卡西霉素生物合成调控基因calR2的功能

【背景】卡西霉素(Calcimycin)是由教酒链霉菌NRRL3882产生的吡咯聚醚类抗生素,结构独特且具有广泛的生物活性,但其生物合成调控机制尚不清楚。【目的】研究卡西霉素生物合成基因簇上编码LuxR家族同源蛋白的潜在调控基因calR2的功能。【方法】通过PCR-targeting的方法对卡西霉素基因簇上的calR2基因进行中断,HPLC对突变株及回补菌株的代谢产物进行分析。利用荧光定量RT-PCR分析ΔcalR2突变菌株和野生菌株的基因转录水平差异。【结果】calR2基因中断的突变株不能产生卡西霉素,回补菌株则恢复产生卡西霉素的能力。RT-PCR结果表明卡西霉素生物合成的一些重要骨架基因在ΔcalR2突变株中的转录水平明显降低。【结论】LuxR家族转录调控基因calR2在卡西霉素生物合成过程中起正调控作用。     

卡西霉素生物合成基因簇中调控基因calR1的功能

【背景】卡西霉素(calcimycin)是重要的离子载体抗生素,其生物合成基因簇已从教酒链霉菌NRRL3882的基因组DNA中成功克隆,但基因簇内的部分生物合成基因及调控基因的功能有待研究。【目的】研究卡西霉素产生菌教酒链霉菌NRRL3882中编码TylR家族同源转录调控蛋白的calR1基因的功能。【方法】通过PCR-targeting的方法,构建calR1基因敲除突变株及回补菌株,对突变菌株及回补菌株进行发酵,通过HPLC分析其代谢产物。利用荧光定量PCR检测ΔcalR1突变菌株和野生菌株的生物合成基因转录水平。【结果】calR1基因敲除突变株丧失产生卡西霉素的能力,但仍有中间产物噻唑霉素的积累,回补菌株中卡西霉素的产量有一定程度的恢复。RT-qPCR结果表明,卡西霉素合成相关的一些重要基因calC、calG、calU3等基因的表达量明显改变。【结论】TylR家族转录调控基因calR1是卡西霉素生物合成的调控基因。     

红霉素链霉菌突变株的生化互补和红霉素生物合成途径的研究

红霉素链霉菌经不同诱变因素处理后,采用琼脂块法大量筛选得到26株无活性菌株,再用琼脂条共合成方法测定了这些无活性菌株351对互补菌株对,其中85对有共合成能力的生化互补菌株。根据供体菌与受体菌(或转化菌)生化互补共合成红霉素的特性,26株无活性菌株可分为4个类群:这4个类群液体培养共合成试验结果,有的互补对红霉素产量在1,500微克/毫升以上,这为提取和研究红霉素生物合成的中间产物提供了方便。根据固体和液体生化互补顺序,初步绘制了26株无活性突变株的红霉素生物合成途径。     

一个甲基转移酶基因lomo3在洛蒙真菌素生物合成途径中的功能

【目的】洛蒙真菌素是在洛蒙德链霉菌(Streptomyces lomondensis)中生物合成的一种具有广谱抑菌活性的吩嗪类抗生素,但其合成机理仍不清晰。在洛蒙德链霉菌S015的洛蒙真菌素生物合成核心基因簇下游,有一甲基转移酶基因——lomo3,研究该基因对洛蒙真菌素生物合成的影响。【方法】对lomo3基因进行无痕敲除得到基因缺失突变株S015Δlomo3,再过表达重组质粒构建回补突变株S015Δlomo3::lomo3,比较两株突变株与野生型S015的发酵产物的变化。【结果】发现基因缺失菌株S015Δlomo3不能合成洛蒙真菌素,而基因回补菌株S015Δlomo3::lomo3则可恢复洛蒙真菌素的合成能力。【结论】甲基转移酶基因lomo3在洛蒙真菌素生物合成过程中起着重要的作用,但该基因的具体功能还有待深入研究。研究对于阐明洛蒙真菌素的生物合成途径具有一定的指导作用。     

Production of 4′-epidaunorubicin by metabolic engineering of Streptomyces coeruleorubidus strain SIPI-1482

Streptomyces coeruleorubidus strain SIPI-1482 is an important industrial microbial strain which produces daunorubicin, the precursor for semi-synthesis of first-line anti-tumor antibiotics doxorubicin and epirubicin. dnmV, the C4 ketoreductase gene in the biosynthetic pathway of TDP-l-daunosamine was successfully disrupted by homologue recombination. The SIPI-1482 dnmV-blocked mutant lost the ability to produce daunorubicin and aggregate the intermediate ε-rhodomycinone. By introducing dnmV, the daunorubicin biosynthetic pathway in S. coeruleorubidus was reconstituted. Further more, aveBIV from S. avermitilis, as well as oleU from S. antibiotics, and novS from S. niveus were introduced into the dnmV-blocked mutant. The SIPI-1482 dnmV::aveBIV mutant could produce 4′-epidaunorubicin instead of daunorubicin, but dnmV::oleU and dnmV::novS mutant could not. Our study showed that the genetically engineered strain had a different fermentation condition and extraction protocol compared with the wild type daunorubicin producer. These results suggest that metabolic engineering is a powerful tool to produce novel hybrid antibiotics and a good alternative to chemical synthesis.     

天蓝淡红链霉菌SIPI-1482的dauW基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

克隆得到了柔红霉素产生菌天蓝淡红链霉菌(Streptomyces coeruleorubidus) SIPI-1482位于dnrX下游的新基因dauW,其位于基因组上dnrX和drrB之间,GenBank中Blast发现它与dnrW有较高的同源性,将其命名为dauW,并提交GenBank获得登录号EF523565,根据保守域推测dauW所编码的蛋白属于FAD依赖的氧化还原酶类。将dauW分别克隆至表达载体pET-28a(+)、pET-32a(+),在宿主菌BL21(DE3)中经IPTG诱导后,实现了在大肠杆菌中的表达。初步实验表明dauW在BL21(DE3)中的表达能增加宿主对柔红霉素的抗性,可能与天蓝淡红链霉菌对柔红霉素的自身抗性有关。     

Use of targeted insertional mutagenesis to determine whether chondroitin lyase II is essential for chondroitin sulfate utilization by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron produces two inducible chondroitin lyases (I and II) when it is grown on chondroitin sulfate. Both enzymes have very similar biochemical properties. To determine whether both enzymes are required for growth on chondroitin sulfate, we constructed a Bacteroides suicide vector, pE3-1, and used it to create an insertional mutation that interrupts the chondroitin lyase II gene of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. pE3-1 contains a 4.4-kilobase cryptic B. eggerthii plasmid (pB8-51), the Escherichia coli cloning vector pBR328, and the EcoRI D fragment from the conjugative B. fragilis plasmid pBF4. A 0.8-kilobase fragment from the center of the B. thetaiotaomicron chondroitin lyase II gene was inserted in pE3-1 to create pEG817. Although, pEG817 is stably maintained in E. coli and can be mobilized into B. thetaiotaomicron by the IncP plasmid R751, pEG817 is not maintained as a plasmid in Bacteroides spp. When pEG817 was mobilized into B. thetaiotaomicron, with selection for a drug marker on pEG817, transconjugants were obtained which had pEG817 inserted into the chondroitin lyase II gene. Western blot analysis was used to confirm that intact chondroitin lyase II is not produced in the mutant. The mutant was able to utilize chondroitin sulfate as a sole source of carbon, although no active chondroitin lyase II was produced. Thus chondroitin lyase I alone appears to be sufficient for growth on chondroitin sulfate. The mutant also had some minor changes in its outer membrane protein profile. However, there was no evidence that any of the major chondroitin sulfate-associated polypeptides in the outer membrane were affected by the insertion in the chondroitin lyase II gene.     

Development of a shuttle vector and a conjugative transfer system for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

An original genetic system for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae has been developed. A shuttle cloning vector, pYG53, was constructed from the wild-type plasmid pYG10. It permits, in conjunction with electroporation, the introduction of cloned genes into this species. A conjugal transfer system between Escherichia coli and A. pleuropneumoniae involving pYG54, a mobilizable derivative of pYG53, is also described. Conjugation efficiencies of 8.3 x 10(-3) exconjugants per donor can be obtained.     

增加糖基合成酶基因拷贝数对多杀菌素发酵单位的影响

多杀菌素是由刺糖多孢菌(Saccharopolyspora spinosa SIPI—A.2090)产生的重要农用抗生素,其生物合成途径已被阐明。NDP-葡萄糖合成酶(gtt)与葡萄糖脱氢酶(gdh)是多杀菌素生物合成途径中的限速酶。从SIPI-A.2090克隆gtt及gdh基因,并构建了表达这两个基因的整合型质粒,转入产多杀菌素刺糖多孢菌,发酵并验证其基因型。结果表明,阳性突变株SIPI—M.2092的多杀菌素发酵单位比出发菌株提高了173%,增加gtt和gdh基因拷贝数可以有效提高多杀菌素的发酵单位。     

黑暗链霉菌中tbmA基因的功能研究

PCR获得tbmA基因内部863 bp片段,构建基因阻断穿梭载体pSPU112-1,经接合转移导入Strepto-myces tenebrariusH6,筛选单交换阻断变株,并用Southern blot验证阻断变株的tbmA已经被破坏。经发酵产物分析,阻断变株不再合成氨甲酰妥布霉素,只合成安普霉素。首次从分子水平证明了tbmA只参与氨甲酰妥布霉素生物合成,而不参与安普霉素的生物合成。     

顶头孢霉pcbAB-pcbC双向启动子区域的克隆与应用

用PCR方法从丝状真菌顶头孢霉中克隆出全长 1 3kb的pcbAB_pcbC双向启动子DNA片段 ,通过转化子对博莱霉素的抗性证明了该启动子在顶头孢霉中的双向启动功能。另外 ,利用所克隆的pcbAB_pcbC双向启动子构建了一个用于顶头孢霉转化的质粒pYG13,并成功地将该质粒转化入顶头孢霉。pYG13含有博莱霉素抗性基因和透明颤菌血红蛋白基因 (vgb) ,Southern杂交和CO结合实验分析显示vgb整合到顶头孢霉的基因组DNA中并表达了有活性的透明颤菌血红蛋白。     

The product of dpsC confers starter unit fidelity upon the daunorubicin polyketide synthase of Streptomyces sp. strain C5

The biosynthesis of daunorubicin and its precursors proceeds via the condensation of nine C-2 units derived from malonyl-CoA onto a propionyl starter moiety. The daunorubicin polyketide biosynthesis gene cluster of Streptomyces sp. strain C5 has two unique open reading frames, dpsC and dpsD, encoding, respectively, a fatty acid ketoacyl synthase (KAS) III homologue that is lacking an active-site cysteine and a proposed acyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein acyltransferase. The two genes are positioned directly downstream of dpsA and dpsB which encode the alpha and beta components of the type II KAS, respectively. Expression of the dpsABCDEFGdauGI genes in Streptomyces lividans resulted in the formation of aklanonic acid, the first stable chromophore of the daunorubicin biosynthesis pathway. Deletion of dpsC, but not dpsD, from this gene set resulted in the formation of desmethylaklanonic acid, derived from an acetyl-CoA starter unit, and aklanonic acid, derived from propionyl-CoA, in a 60:40 ratio. Thus, DpsC contributes to the selection of propionyl-CoA as the starter unit but does not alone dictate it. A dpsCD deletion mutant of Streptomyces sp. strain C5 (C5VR5) still produced daunorubicin but, more significantly, anthracycline and anthracyclinone derivatives resulting from the use of acetyl-CoA as an alternative starter moiety. Expression of dpsC, but not dpsD, in mutant C5VR5 restored the wild-type phenotype. Among the new compounds was the new biosynthesis product feudomycin D. These results suggest that in the absence of DpsC, the daunorubicin PKS complex behaves promiscuously, utilizing both acetyl-CoA (ca. 60% of the time) and propionyl-CoA (ca. 40%) as starter units. The fact that DpsC is not required for initiation with propionyl-CoA is significant, as the information must then lie in other components of the PKS complex. We propose to call DpsC the propionyl starter unit "fidelity factor." Copyright 2001 Academic Press.