Ethnobotany of Ghalegay, District Swat, Pakistan

Ethnobotanical study of plants revealed that the local community of Ghalegy, District Swat, invariably uses 126 species of 59 families for various purposes. Based on their traditional local uses, fifty-seven species （45.2%） were classifted as medicinal, forty-seven as fire wood （37.3 % ）, forty-five as forage （35.7 % ）, twenty-eight as honey bee species （22.2%）, twenty-seven as vegetable species （21.4%）, 25 as edible fruits （14 wild and llcultivated）, thirteen as timberwood （10.3%）, twelve as ornamental （9.5%）, eleven as furniture wood, ten as shelter and thatch makers （7.9%）, ten as fencing （7.9%）, five as poisonous （4%）, four as religious/superstitious species, three species used in making hand sticks and wooden tools （2.4%）, three as utensil cleaner species （2.4%）, three as evil repellent and one as fish poisoning species. The area is in plant resources and traditional knowledge but it needs ecological management for its sustainability.     

Energy enzymes from the flight muscle of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus-II. Physical and chemical properties related to purification of the glycolytic enzymes

The isoelectric points (pI0), molecular weights and ammonium sulfate precipitation ranges for most of the glycolytic enzymes from house sparrow (Passer domesticus) flight muscle were determined. The pI0 for each enzyme is as follows: HK (6.8), PGI (6.7), PFK (5.4), Ald (7.2), TPI (7.5), PGK (7.1), PGM (6.1), Enol (6.2), PyK (6.6), and LDH (8.3). The molecular weight for each enzyme is as follows: PGI (145,000), Ald (160,000), TPI (60,000), PGK (35,000), PGM (60,000), Enol (100,000), PyK (200,000), and LDH (145,000). The ammonium sulfate precipitation range for each enzyme is as follows: PGI (0-80%), PFK (40-50%), Ald (40-65%), TPI (30-90%), PGK (70-90%), PGM (30-80%), Enol (45-80%), PyK (55-85%), and LDH (40-65%).     

西双版纳植物区系的特点与亲缘

西双版纳植物区系经初步资料整理统计有种子植物 3336种 ,隶属于 1 1 4 0个属 ,大约 1 97个科。植物区系成分构成是热带分布的科和属分别占总科和属数的 60 .1 %和 83.5% ,在热带分布属中 ,又以热带亚洲成分占优势 (占 32 .8% )。通过植物区系组成和地理成分分析 ,认为该植物区系是热带性质的 ,属于热带亚洲区系的一部分 ,并带有明显热带边缘性质和几种地理成分交汇的特点。西双版纳植物区系与广西热带植物区系和海南热带植物区系在发生上同源 ,主要来自于古南大陆与古北大陆区系成分的融合 ,在发展上受热带亚洲植物区系的渗透和强烈影响。     

Characterization of gene expression profiles in early bovine pregnancy using a custom cDNA microarray

Gene expression analysis comparing nonpregnant with pregnant bovine uteri, including placenta, was performed with a custom cDNA microarray containing 1,933 independent genes. These genes were classified into six categories according to biological function, as follows: cell and tissue structural dynamics (108 genes), intercellular communication (221), intracellular metabolism (265), cell cycle and apoptosis (26), regulation of gene expression (113), expressed sequence tag (EST) and function unknown (617), and uncomplemented genes (583 clones). This array possessed bovine placental/endometrial specificity, as it included many pregnancy-specific molecules, such as pregnancy-associated glycoprotein-1 (PAGs), placental lactogen (PLs), and prolactin-related protein-1 (PRPs). A total of 77 genes were induced and 12 repressed in the placenta/endometrium. Our results point to a fundamental role for bovine placental-specific genes such as PAGs, PLs, and PRPs, in implantation and placentogenesis, and document that cDNA microarray analysis from bovine placenta/endometrium is possible and is a specific tool for monitoring genome-wide gene expression during the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.     

中国外来植物数据集

搞清楚中国外来植物种类有哪些, 从哪里来, 如何进入中国, 属于什么性质的类群, 它们的生物学特征和生态学特性如何等问题, 是中国外来入侵植物预防和预警机制研究的重要基础。《中国植物志》、Flora of China、各省级植物志书等记载的外来植物信息由于种种原因非常有限, 且目前我国尚没有完整体现中国外来植物信息的数据库。本文通过整合近几年外来植物相关的资料, 并通过文献考证增补外来植物原产地、习性等信息, 利用计算机网络、数据库及大数据分析技术手段, 经信息化处理和分类学校正, 进行分类体系重建, 最终确定中国外来植物的物种名录数据集。该数据集共有数据14,710条, 记载中国外来植物283科3,233属14,710个类群(含13,401原种332杂交种2嵌合体458亚种503变种14变型)。每个类群包括类别、中文科名、科名、中文属名、属名、中文名、别名、学名、命名人、生存状态、生存时间、生活型、原产国家或地区和中国引入省份等基础信息。数据集显示, 外来植物已在中国的植物种类构成中占据了相当大的比例(高达28.19%, 中国境内有维管植物52,177个类群, 其中本土37,464, 外来14,710, 上述数字包含种下等级, 统计截至2021年12月31日); 就生存状态而言, 栽培植物占所有外来植物的比例高达91%, 逃逸植物占7.36%, 归化植物占6.69%, 入侵植物占2.66%; 对于生活型的分析显示, 多年生类群占据了外来植物的绝大多数(13,625种, 约占总数的92.6%), 草本植物(8,937种, 约占总数的60.8%)相较于乔木(2,752种, 约占总数的18.7%)、灌木(4,916种, 约占总数的33.4%)及其他生活型数量要更多; 中国的外来植物大多来自北美洲(4,242种)、非洲(3,707种)、南美洲(3,645种)、亚洲(3,102种), 欧洲(1,690种)和大洋洲(1,305种)相对较少; 而中国具有外来植物最多的前10个省份分别为台湾(6,122种)、北京(5,244种)、福建(3,667种)、广东(3,544种)、云南(3,404种)、上海(2,924种)、江苏(2,183种)、江西(1,789种)、浙江(1,658种)和湖北(973种)。本数据集是第一次对中国外来植物进行全面系统整理, 可供从事外来植物相关研究工作参考, 也可作为植物多样性研究的基础资料, 还可作为农业、林业、草业、园林、草药及自然保护和环境保护人士及高等院校师生的参考数据。     

Interaction of anions with rat liver arginase: specific inhibitory effects of fluoride

The inhibitory effects of anions, such as N(3)(-), NO(2)(-), BO(4)(3-), SCN(-), CH(3)COO(-), SO(4)(2-), ClO(4)(-), H(2)PO(4)(-), CN(-), I(-), Br(-), Cl(-) and F(-), on the hydrolysis of L-arginine (L-Arg) by rat liver arginase (RLA) have been studied. From all these anions, only F(-) exhibited a clear inhibitory effect at the mM level. Inhibition of RLA by F(-) is reversible and uncompetitive towards L-Arg binding with a K(i) value of 1.3+/-0.5 mM at pH 7.4. This effect is dependent on pH as the IC(50) value of F(-) towards RLA increases from 1.2 to 19 mM when increasing the pH from 7 to 10. Another specific inhibitor of RLA, N(omega)-hydroxy-L-nor-arginine (nor-NOHA), that has been recently shown to bind to RLA as a bridging ligand of its (Mn(II))(2) cluster, exhibits some similarities with F(-) in its inhibitory effects (identical pH dependence). It is thus tempting to propose that the inhibitory effects of F(-) could be due to its binding as a bridging ligand of the RLA (Mn(II))(2) cluster. However, further studies are required to determine the modes of interaction of F(-) with RLA.     

Ontology as a Service (OaaS): extracting and replacing sub-ontologies on the cloud

Cloud computing is founded by the concept of service computing, where everything is a service—computing services are now utilities. There are various known services in cloud computing. At the moment, there are Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), Hardware/Infrastructure as a Service (HaaS/IaaS), and Database as a Service (DaaS). In this paper, we propose Ontology as a Service (OaaS), which is an ontology tailoring process service in the cloud. In particular, we focus on sub-ontology extraction and replacement on the cloud. We use the Maximum Extraction method to facilitate this. UMLS meta-thesaurus ontology is used as a walk-through case study to illustrate our proposed method.     

The Xanthones of Swertia erythtrosticta Maxim

Swertia erythrosticta Maxim. (Gentianaceae) is a herb used for curing some diseases in Tibetan traditional medicine system. Eight xanthones were isolated from this species. Their structures were identified as 1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyxanthone(Ⅰ), 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (Ⅱ), 1,3,8-trihydroxy-5-methoxyxanthone (Ⅲ), 1,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone (Ⅳ), 1,3,5,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone (Ⅴ), 1,3,7,8-tetrahydroxyxanthone(Ⅵ), as well as 8-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1, 5-dihydroxy-3 -metho xy xanthone(Ⅶ), 8-O-β-D-gl ucopyr anosyl- 1,3,5- trihydroxyxanthone(Ⅷ) by means of chemical methodes and spectral analyses.     

Lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga area (Lepidoptera)

Data on 154 species of lepidopteran pests in the Upper Volga region, of which 9 are considered as principal, 29 as minor, and 116 as potential pests are summarized. Most of harmful species belong to the families Tortricidae (27), Noctuidae (24), Gelechiidae (11), Gracillariidae (9), Geometridae (8), and Lymantriidae (6). The pests of forest trees and shrubs are most numerous, followed by the pests of fruit trees and berry shrubs, pests of ornamental trees and shrubs, etc. There is no lepidopteran pest of field and forage crops in the region. On the whole, the economic importance of Lepidoptera in the Upper Volga region is lower than that of the other insect orders.     

Study on the Chemical Constituents of Comastoma pulmonarium (Turcz.) Toyohuni

Eight compounds were isolated from Comastoma pulmonarium (Gentianaceae). Theirstructures are identified as1,8-dihydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyxanthone(Ⅰ),1,8-dihydroxy-3,7-dimetho-xyxanthone(Ⅱ), 1-hydroxy-3,7,8-trimethoxyxanthone(Ⅲ),8-hydroxy-l,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone(Ⅳ), 1,3,8-trihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone(Ⅴ), 1-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,8-dihydroxy-7-methxy-xanthone(Ⅵ), oleanolic acid(Ⅶ) and swertisin(Ⅷ) by means of chemical methods andUV, IR, NMR and MS respectively. The compound Ⅵ is a new natural product. It wasnamed as comastomaside.     

灰毛豆内生真菌淡紫拟青霉菌(TPL04)代谢产物的研究

从灰毛豆叶片中分离出内生真菌-淡紫拟青霉菌Purureocillium lilacinum(TPL04),对其发酵产物采用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶色谱、制备薄层色谱、中压柱色谱及制备液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,共获得8个单体化合物。通过波谱学方法并结合相关文献数据比对,化合物结构鉴定为5-羟基己酸-4-内酯(1)、(R)-4-苄基-2-噁唑烷酮(2)、2′-脱氧胸苷(3)、对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(4)、光色素(5)、β-胡萝卜苷(6)、尿嘧啶核苷(7)、己六醇(8)。其中化合物1、2、4是首次从淡紫拟青霉菌中分离得到,抑菌实验表明化合物4对水稻纹枯菌(Pellicularia sasakii)、辣椒疫霉菌(Phytophthora capsici)、草莓灰霉菌(Botrytis cinerea)、油菜菌核菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)四种植物病原菌生长有抑制作用。     

Trace elements in agroecosystems and impacts on the environment.

Trace elements mean elements present at low concentrations (mg kg-1 or less) in agroecosystems. Some trace elements, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), and boron (B) are essential to plant growth and are called micronutrients. Except for B, these elements are also heavy metals, and are toxic to plants at high concentrations. Some trace elements, such as cobalt (Co) and selenium (Se), are not essential to plant growth but are required by animals and human beings. Other trace elements such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) have toxic effects on living organisms and are often considered as contaminants. Trace elements in an agroecosystem are either inherited from soil parent materials or inputs through human activities. Soil contamination with heavy metals and toxic elements due to parent materials or point sources often occurs in a limited area and is easy to identify. Repeated use of metal-enriched chemicals, fertilizers, and organic amendments such as sewage sludge as well as wastewater may cause contamination at a large scale. A good example is the increased concentration of Cu and Zn in soils under long-term production of citrus and other fruit crops. Many chemical processes are involved in the transformation of trace elements in soils, but precipitation-dissolution, adsorption-desorption, and complexation are the most important processes controlling bioavailability and mobility of trace elements in soils. Both deficiency and toxicity of trace elements occur in agroecosystems. Application of trace elements in fertilizers is effective in correcting micronutrient deficiencies for crop production, whereas remediation of soils contaminated with metals is still costly and difficult although phytoremediation appears promising as a cost-effective approach. Soil microorganisms are the first living organisms subjected to the impacts of metal contamination. Being responsive and sensitive, changes in microbial biomass, activity, and community structure as a result of increased metal concentration in soil may be used as indicators of soil contamination or soil environmental quality. Future research needs to focus on the balance of trace elements in an agroecosystem, elaboration of soil chemical and biochemical parameters that can be used to diagnose soil contamination with or deficiency in trace elements, and quantification of trace metal transport from an agroecosystem to the environment.     

Binding and release of cholesterol in the Osh4 protein of yeast

Sterols have been shown experimentally to bind to the Osh4 protein (a homolog of the oxysterol binding proteins) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae within a binding tunnel, which consists of antiparallel beta-sheets that resemble a beta-barrel and three alpha-helices of the N-terminus. This and other Osh proteins are essential for intracellular transport of sterols and ultimately cell life. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to study the binding of cholesterol to Osh4 at the atomic level. The structure of the protein is stable during the course of all MD simulations and has little deviation from the experimental crystal structure. The conformational stability of cholesterol within the binding tunnel is aided in part by direct or water-mediated interactions between the 3-hydroxyl (3-OH) group of cholesterol and Trp(46), Gln(96), Tyr(97), Asn(165), and/or Gln(181) as well as dispersive interactions with Phe(42), Leu(24), Leu(39), Ile(167), and Ile(203). These residues along with other nonpolar residues in the binding tunnel and lid contribute nearly 75% to the total binding energy. The strongest and most populated interaction is between Gln(96) and 3-OH with a cholesterol/Gln(96) interaction energy of -4.5 +/- 1.0 kcal/mol. Phe(42) has a similar level of attraction to cholesterol with -4.1 +/- 0.3 kcal/mol. A MD simulation without the N-terminus lid that covers the binding tunnel resulted in similar binding conformations and binding energies when compared with simulations with the full-length protein. Steered MD was used to determine details of the mechanism used by Osh4 to release cholesterol to the cytoplasm. Phe(42), Gln(96), Asn(165), Gln(181), Pro(211), and Ile(206) are found to direct the cholesterol as it exits the binding tunnel as well as Lys(109). The mechanism of sterol release is conceptualized as a molecular ladder with the rungs being amino acids or water-mediated amino acids that interact with 3-OH.     

A world monograph of the lichen genus Gyalectidium (Gomphillaceae)

Seventeen new species of Gyalectidium have been discovered in various parts of the world, and those unexpected findings formed the starting point for a survey of the taxonomy and ecogeography of the genus. The following species are described as new in this paper: G. areolatum Ferraro & Lucking (Neotropics), G. atrosquamulatum Lucking & Kalb (Kenya), G . australe Lücking (Australia), G. conchiferum Lücking& Wirth (Chile), G. den-ticulatum Lücking (Costa Rica), G. fantasticum Ferraro & Lücking (Neotropics), G. flabellatum Sérus. (Australasia), G. fuscum Lücking & Sérus. (Africa and Papua New Guinea), G. gahavisukanum Sérus. (Papua New Guinea), G. kenyanum Lücking & Kalb (Kenya). G. laciniatum Lücking (Costa Rica), G. maracae Lücking (Neotropics), G. membranaceum Sérus. & Lücking (Canary Islands), G. minus Sérus (Canary Islands and southern Italy), G. novoguineense Sérus. (Australasia), G. puntilloi Sérus. (south-west Europe), and G. verruculosum Sérus. (Australasia). Calenia microcarpa Vzda [Syn.: Bullatina microcarpa (Vda) Brusse] is included in Gyalectidium as G. microcarpum (Vzda) Lücking, Sérus. & Vzda comb, nov., and G. catenulatum (Cavalc. & A. A. Silva) Ferraro, Lücking & Sérus. is treated as a species different from G. ftlicinum . Gyalectidium corticola Henssen is transferred to Calenia as Calenia corticola (Henssen) Ferraro, Lücking & Sérus. comb. nov. A key to all 29 accepted species of Gyalectidium is provided. The infrageneric phylogeny is constructed by means of a phenotype-based cladistic analysis, and the systematic affinities of the genus are discussed, accompanied by notes on the distribution and ecology of the species. Apothecia are not yet known in several species, including new ones.     

Phylogeny and classification of the avian superfamily Sylvioidea

Sylvioidea is one of the three superfamilies recognized within the largest avian radiation, the parvorder Passerida. In the present study, which is the first taxon-dense analysis of the Sylvioidea based on sequence data (nuclear myoglobin intron II and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene), we investigate the interrelationships among the four "sylvioid" clades found by previous workers, as well as the relationships within the largest of these clades. The nuclear and mitochondrial loci estimate basically the same phylogeny, with minor differences in resolution. The trees based on myoglobin and the combined data identify a strongly supported clade that includes the taxa previously allocated to Sylvioidea, except for Sitta (nuthatches), Certhia (treecreepers), Parus (tits), Remiz (penduline tits), Troglodytes and Campylorhynchus (wrens), Polioptila (gnatcatchers), and Regulus (crests/kinglets); this clade also comprises larks, which have previously been placed in the superfamily Passeroidea. We refer to this clade as Sylvioidea. This clade is further divided into 10 main, well-supported clades, which we suggest form the basis for a revised classification.     

Intracellular localization of enzymes in white-adipose-tissue fat-cells and permeability properties of fat-cell mitochondria. Transfer of acetyl units and reducing power between mitochondria and cytoplasm

1. A method is described for extracting separately mitochondrial and extramitochondrial enzymes from fat-cells prepared by collagenase digestion from rat epididymal fat-pads. The following distribution of enzymes has been observed (with the total activities of the enzymes as units/mg of fat-cell DNA at 25 degrees C given in parenthesis). Exclusively mitochondrial enzymes: glutamate dehydrogenase (1.8), NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase (0.5), citrate synthase (5.2), pyruvate carboxylase (3.0); exclusively extramitochondrial enzymes: glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (5.8), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (5.2), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (11.0), ATP-citrate lyase (5.1); enzymes present in both mitochondrial and extramitochondrial compartments: NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase (3.7), NAD-malate dehydrogenase (330), aconitate hydratase (1.1), carnitine acetyltransferase (0.4), acetyl-CoA synthetase (1.0), aspartate aminotransferase (1.7), alanine aminotransferase (6.1). The mean DNA content of eight preparations of fat-cells was 109mug/g dry weight of cells. 2. Mitochondria showing respiratory control ratios of 3-6 with pyruvate, about 3 with succinate and P/O ratios of approaching 3 and 2 respectively have been isolated from fat-cells. From studies of rates of oxygen uptake and of swelling in iso-osmotic solutions of ammonium salts, it is concluded that fat-cell mitochondria are permeable to the monocarboxylic acids, pyruvate and acetate; that in the presence of phosphate they are permeable to malate and succinate and to a lesser extent oxaloacetate but not fumarate; and that in the presence of both malate and phosphate they are permeable to citrate, isocitrate and 2-oxoglutarate. In addition, isolated fat-cell mitochondria have been found to oxidize acetyl l-carnitine and, slowly, l-glycerol 3-phosphate. 3. It is concluded that the major means of transport of acetyl units into the cytoplasm for fatty acid synthesis is as citrate. Extensive transport as glutamate, 2-oxoglutarate and isocitrate, as acetate and as acetyl l-carnitine appears to be ruled out by the low activities of mitochondrial aconitate hydratase, mitochondrial acetyl-CoA hydrolyase and carnitine acetyltransferase respectively. Pathways whereby oxaloacetate generated in the cytoplasm during fatty acid synthesis by ATP-citrate lyase may be returned to mitochondria for further citrate synthesis are discussed. 4. It is also concluded that fat-cells contain pathways that will allow the excess of reducing power formed in the cytoplasm when adipose tissue is incubated in glucose and insulin to be transferred to mitochondria as l-glycerol 3-phosphate or malate. When adipose tissue is incubated in pyruvate alone, reducing power for fatty acid, l-glycerol 3-phosphate and lactate formation may be transferred to the cytoplasm as citrate and malate.     

家蚕两种新的类鹑斑突变体的遗传分析和SSR标记定位

在家蚕品种选育过程中发现了两种斑纹突变体, 与普通斑相比, 其幼虫眼状纹不明显, 而半月纹和星状纹正常, 其间有点和线构成鹑状斑纹, 第6、7腹节背面布有纵向波纹状斑纹, 整体斑纹与鹑斑(quail,q)极其相似, 暂且命名为类鹑斑(quail-like, q-l)。其中一种突变体稚蚕期体色呈褐色, 蚕体发育正常, 蚕茧大小一致, 茧型正常, 称为褐色类鹑斑(brown quail-like, q-lb); 另一种突变体幼虫体色为浅粉紫色, 幼虫食桑量少, 发育缓慢, 体质较弱, 体型较小, 茧型偏小, 称为紫色类鹑斑(purple quail-like, q-lp)。遗传分析表明, 两个类鹑斑基因均为隐性基因; 褐色类鹑斑(q-lb)与紫色类鹑斑(q-lp) 为等位基因, 紫色类鹑斑(q-lp)对褐色类鹑斑(q-lb)为隐性。经与形态标记P3(2)、p(2)、Ze(3)、L(4)、re(5)、E(6)、q(7)、I-a(9)、ms(12)、ch(13)、oa(14)、cts(16)、mln(18)、 msn(19)、rb(21)、so(26)测验和SSR分子标记多态性分析, 新发现的两种类鹑斑不同于鹑斑(q), 其基因座位于第8连锁群。     

Fine needle aspiration of epididymal nodules in Chandigarh, north India: an audit of 228 cases

BACKGROUND: Epididymal nodules are not infrequently encountered in surgical practice. These are generally small and slippery and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is not easy. But as it is rapid and less traumatic than a biopsy, this is a favoured technique in the assessment of epididymal nodules. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the present study, all the cases of epididymal nodules aspirated from January 1998 to August 2004 were retrieved from the cytology files of the Department of Cytology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. RESULTS: A total of 228 cases were retrieved and divided as follows: tuberculous epididymitis 70 (30.7%), non-specific inflammation 10 (4.4%), microfilaria 2 (0.9%), hydrocele 26 (11.4%), spermatocele 42 (18.4%), spermatic granulomas 12 (5.3%), adenomatoid tumour 3 (1.3%), leiomyosarcoma 1 (0.4%) and lipoma 1 (0.4%). Thirty-six (15.8%) cases were labelled as benign aspirate not otherwise specified. FNAC material was inadequate for opinion in 22 (9.65%) cases and three (1.3%) cases revealed evidence of a haematoma. CONCLUSIONS: FNAC was useful in the diagnosis of 90.3% of cases, thereby avoiding surgical biopsy and other investigations. Therefore, FNAC has an important role in the differential diagnosis of epididymal nodules as it can detect malignancy and benign conditions such as tuberculosis and acute and chronic epididymo-orchitis.     

An anthropobiological study in Basse Kotto (Central Africa). I. Erythrocyte and sero-genetic markers: an analysis of the genetic differentiation

Phenotype and allele frequencies for hemoglobin types (Hb beta), acid phosphatase (AcP), phosphoglucomutase (PGM1 and PGM2), esterase D (EsD), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), glyoxalase I (GLO), superoxide dismutase (SOD A), and adenylate kinase (AK) as well as for haptoglobins (Hp), group-specific component (Gc), transferrin (Tf), Gm, and Inv groups and albumin, are reported in the Mbugu, Sango, Yakpa, and Baya Mandja ethnic groups in the Basse Kotto district of the Central African Republic. The total sample size amounts to 133 males and 128 females aged from 16 to 60, unrelated and healthy. A new albumin variant (albumin Mbugu) is described and discussed. The average heterozygosity is high in each group because of a high degree of exogamy. the FST average standardized value among the four groups indicates that the genetic differentiation in Basse Kotto is at level of about 2%. This indicates that the four examined groups might be considered genetically homogeneous, in spite of their different ethnic origins. The genetic distances among the four groups show that only the Baya Mandja are less closely related to the other three groups because of their foreign origin.     

家猫的胚胎工程

家猫是惟一一种没有被列为珍稀或濒危的猫科动物。通过家猫的胚胎工程研究,对保护其它濒危猫科物种有重要的借鉴意义。本文描述了家猫的一般生殖特点,着床前的胚胎在体内的发育概况;综述了近年来对家猫的超数排卵,卵母细胞的体外成熟,体外受精,胚胎的体外培养,胚胎移植,冷冻保存和胚胎克隆等方面的研究进展。