扣囊拟内孢霉α-淀粉酶基因的克隆和在酿酒酵母中表达

以穿梭质粒pCN60为载体,大肠杆菌C600为受体构建了扣囊拟内孢霉(Endomycopsis fibuligera)G45 Sau 3A基因文库。从基因文库中提取重组质粒DNA并转化酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)BJ1991,选出四个具有o-淀粉酶活性的转化子,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果证实插入的DNA片段为9.0kb。对插入DNA片段亚克隆,确定。-淀粉酶基因位于PstI-Sall 3.9kb片段上,启动子位于PstI-EcoRI 的1.3kb片段上。用亚克隆PGK11.9kb片段置换。-淀粉酶启动子区,其转化子的e-淀粉酶活性有明显提高。     

酿酒酵母磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(PGK1) 的分子克隆和特性研究

以大肠杆菌和酵母菌穿梭质粒pCN60为载体,大肠杆菌C600或HB101为受体构建成酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)Hind I基因文库。从基因文库中提取重组DNA转化酵母受体XSB44-35D(a,pgk1,leu1,ade1,trp1,gal1),选出转化体Pgk1+琼脂糖凝腔电泳指出所插入的DNA片段长度为3．1kb。PGKl DNA片段插入的方向性是此基因的5’-。侧翼区靠近pCN60的BamH I位点,而3’-侧翼区接近Bg1 I位点。Cla I,EcoRV,Kpn I,Xba I,Pst I,Hind Ⅱ,BamH I及Pvu I等核酸内切酶制作的酶切图谱的结果表明,除报道的PGK酶切位点外,还发现一个新的Kpn I及一个新的Cla I位点。     

酿酒酵母3-磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(PGK1)启动子片段的亚克隆

含有3-磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(PGK1)的酿酒酵母染色体3.1kb HindⅢ片段,已被克隆到大肠杆菌-酵母菌穿梭载体pCN60上。Kpn Ⅰ核酸内切酶在pCN60上没有酶切位点,而在pCN60(PGK1)上仅有一酶切位点。用此酶将pCN60(PGK1)质粒完全酶切,再用Bal31从两端逐步消解碱基对,使反应终止于每端消解500bp左右,加上EcoR Ⅰlinker。用EcoRⅠ、BamH Ⅰ酶切,分离1. 9kb的DNA片段,插入用同样双酶切的酵母启动子探针载体pVC727上,转化E.coli C600,再从转化子中提取重组质粒转化酵母受体菌NA87-11A。用菌落染色法筛选出PHO5基因高效表达转化子,这个转化子质粒含有1.9kb的BamH Ⅰ、EcoRⅠ酶切片段,它具有强启动子功能,并测定其3'末端序列。     

酿酒酵母3-磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(PGK1)启动子片段的亚克隆

含有3-磷酸甘油酸激酶基因(PGK1)的酿酒酵母染色体3.1kb HindⅢ片段,已被克隆到大肠杆菌-酵母菌穿梭载体pCN60上。Kpn Ⅰ核酸内切酶在pCN60上没有酶切位点,而在pCN60(PGK1)上仅有一酶切位点。用此酶将pCN60(PGK1)质粒完全酶切,再用Bal31从两端逐步消解碱基对,使反应终止于每端消解500bp左右,加上EcoR Ⅰlinker。用EcoRⅠ、BamH Ⅰ酶切,分离1. 9kb的DNA片段,插入用同样双酶切的酵母启动子探针载体pVC727上,转化E.coli C600,再从转化子中提取重组质粒转化酵母受体菌NA87-11A。用菌落染色法筛选出PHO5基因高效表达转化子,这个转化子质粒含有1.9kb的BamH Ⅰ、EcoRⅠ酶切片段,它具有强启动子功能,并测定其3'末端序列。     

螺旋霉素聚酮合成酶基因和抗性基因的克隆与表达的研究

根据不同聚酮合成酶基因DNA的同源性,利用放线紫红素聚酮合成酶基因act Ⅰ,actⅢ作探针,从螺旋霉索产生菌Str．spiramyceticus U-1941基因文库中检测并分离了螺旋霉素聚酮合成酶基因pCN3H8。限制酶酶切分析表明,其分子量为44kb。通过分子杂交实验,将螺旋霉素聚酮缩合酶基因(与act Ⅰ有同源性)及聚酮氧化还原酶基因(与actⅢ有同源性)进行了定位。pCN3H8 DNA在麦迪霉素产生菌变株Str.mycarofaciens sub sp．68中的表达产物,经紫外光谱分析与麦迪霉素相似。pCN3H8在放线紫红素聚酮缩合酶基因缺陷型变株Str．coelicolor TKl7中的表达产物,不具有放线紫红素的色素,其纸层析谱型与螺旋霉素有显著差别。pCN3H8在变青链霉菌Str．lividans TK24中的表达产物,也具有抗菌活性。将pCN3H8 DNA转化对螺旋霉素敏感的Str.griseofuscus原生质体,获得了螺旋霉素抗性的表达。从转化子中分离得到了质粒DNA pSG3,其分子量为7．0kb,可能是pCN3H8DNA转化Str．grlseofuscus时在体内缺失而形成。再转化实验证明,宿主菌对螺旋霉索的抗性,确实是由于pSG3 DNA作用的结果。含质粒pCG4,pSG3的螺旋霉素产生菌Str．Ambofaciens转化子螺旋霉素的产率明显提高。     

扣囊拟内孢霉α-淀粉酶基因的克隆和在酿酒酵母中表达

以穿梭质粒pCN60为载体,大肠杆菌C600为受体构建了扣囊拟内孢霉(Endomycopsis fibuligera)G45 Sau 3A基因文库。从基因文库中提取重组质粒DNA并转化酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)BJ1991,选出四个具有o-淀粉酶活性的转化子,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果证实插入的DNA片段为9.0kb。对插入DNA片段亚克隆,确定。-淀粉酶基因位于PstI-Sall 3.9kb片段上,启动子位于PstI-EcoRI 的1.3kb片段上。用亚克隆PGK11.9kb片段置换。-淀粉酶启动子区,其转化子的e-淀粉酶活性有明显提高。     

麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因的克隆及在螺旋霉产生菌中的表达

从含麦迪霉素生物合成基因⑴的初级克隆pCN6C5中,发现并分离了麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因,与质粒载体plJ680相连,获得重组质粒p66B,在螺旋霉素产生菌中得到表达,其主要产物为4〃异戍酰螺旋霉素。以p66B DNA BamHI—BamHI2．3kb插入片段为探针,从麦迪霉素产生菌基因文库中获得了另一阳性克隆pcNlOF5,southern分子杂交确定pcNlOF5BamHI—Bamm 8．Okb为同源片段。以pwHM3及pJJ680为载体,获得重组质粒pwF5及p6F5,分子大小分别为15．2kb及13．3kb。通过DNA转化,并经分子杂交实验证明,获得含重组质粒的螺旋霉素产生菌克隆菌株。其主要产物经分离、纯化后,分析其理化性质和光谱数据,鉴定为丙酰螺旋霉素Ⅲ和Ⅱ。研究还表明,麦迪霉素基因文库中只有pcNl0F5DNA与碳霉素产生菌的4〃异戊酰化酶基因同源,提示pcN6c5克隆携带的麦迪霉素4〃酰化酶基因与pcNlOF5的4〃丙酰化酶基因及碳霉素4〃异戊酰化酶基因有一定的区别。     

巨大芽孢杆菌青霉素G酰化酶基因的克隆和表达

我们分离到了一株产生分泌型青霉素G酰化酶的巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megateriumBM1)。用pBR322作载体,将该菌的青霉索G酰化酶基因克隆到大肠杆菌(Escherichia coliMcl061)中,得到含有9．9kb插人片段的重组质粒pBmPA4。分析了该质粒的限制酶酶切图谱,并经体外缺失获得含4．9kb插入片段的质粒pBmPA5。pBmPA4和pBmPA5在E·coliMcl061中均能表达,表达受苯乙酸诱导。     

嗜麦芽假单胞菌的碱性蛋白酶基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆与表达

用pUCl8质粒作为载体,将嗜麦芽假单胞菌(Psedeomonas maltophilia P27)的碱性蛋白酶基因克隆到大肠杆菌(E．Coli TGI)中,得到3株能分泌碱性蛋白酶的阳性克隆G1,G2和G3。其中G3所分泌的碱性蛋白酶活性最高,大约是出发菌株的3—4倍,对3株阳性克隆所含的重组质粒psJl,psJ2和psJ3进行限制酶酶切分析表明,酶活最高的阳性克隆G3所含的重组质粒psJ3的插入片段最小,大约是2．8kb;其它两株的重组质粒pSJl和pSJ2含有同样大小的插入片段,约为5．5kb。     

环状芽孢杆菌C-2几丁酶基因的克隆

环状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulans)C-2总DNA经PstI部分酶切后分离2～10kb的片段,插入质粒pUC19的PstI位点,转化大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli),利用几丁质平板从约8000个重组子中筛选到一个几丁酶基因阳性克隆(命名为pCHT1)。用12种限制酶对重组质粒进行的酶切分析表明,重组质粒中的插入片段长3.0kb,其中各有一个KpnI,SacI和SspI位点。把该克隆片段反向插入pUC19的PstI位点所得到的重组子同样具有几丁酶基因表达活性,说明此片段含有一个完整的几丁酶基因,其自身的启动子能被大肠杆菌转录系统所识别。Southern杂交证实了该片段来自于B.circulans C-2基因组,且以单拷贝形式存在,它不能与来自于其它7株几丁酶产生菌的总DNA杂交。     

Cloning and characterization of the gene for the yeast cytoplasmic threonyl-tRNA synthetase.

A fragment of DNA from the yeast nuclear gene MST1 that codes for the mitochondrial tRNAThr1 synthetase was used as a probe to screen for other yeast threonyl-tRNA synthetase genes. At low stringency, the MST1 probe hybridizes strongly to a 6.6 kb EcoRI fragment of yeast genomic DNA with the homologous gene and in addition hybridizes more weakly to a smaller 3.6 kb EcoRI fragment with a second threonyl-tRNA synthetase gene (THS1). To clone THS1, a library was constructed by ligation to pUC18 of size selected (3-4.5 kb) EcoRI fragments of genomic DNA. Several clones containing the 3.6 kb EcoRI fragment were isolated. A 2,202 nucleotide long open reading frame corresponding to THS1 has been identified in the cloned fragment of DNA. The predicted protein encoded by THS1 is 38% identical to the E. coli threonyl-tRNA synthetase over the latter's length (642 amino acids) and is 42% identical to the predicted MST1 product over its 462 residues. In situ disruption of the chromosomal copy of THS1 is lethal to the cell, indicating that this gene codes for the cytoplasmic threonyl-tRNA synthetase.     

Genetic selection of meiotic and mitotic recombinant yeast artificial chromosomes.

We have developed a genetic screen for the isolation of larger or smaller recombinant yeast artificial chromosomes derived from overlapping YACs. Integration plasmids were used to modify the TRP1 and URA3 auxotrophic markers present respectively on the left and right vector arms of one of the parental YACs. Diploids containing the two parental YACs were studied through meiosis and mitosis. Tetrad analysis revealed the presence of meiotic recombinant YACs at a frequency comparable with what is expected for yeast DNA (about 3 kb/cM). More direct genetic selection of diploids on -TRP-LYS synthetic media in the presence of 5-fluoro-orotic acid (5-FOA), led to the isolation of mitotic recombinant YACs at a high frequency. Analysis of these yeast cells by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, confirmed the loss of both parental artificial chromosomes, and the specific retention of a larger or smaller recombinant YAC.     

Cloning of DNA sequences from Methanococcus vannielii capable of autonomous replication in yeast

Total DNA of the archaebacterium Methanococcus vannielii was digested with BamHI or BamHI/HindIII, cloned with plasmid Yip5 and analyzed for sequences capable of autonomous replication (ARSs) in the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two recombinant plasmids were isolated which contained 3.3 kb and 8 kb fragments of methanogen derived DNA with ARS activity. They exhibited low transformation efficiencies for yeast and promoted slow growth of yeast transformants.Abbreviations Ap ampicillin - ARS autonomously replicating sequence - EtBr ethidium bromide - kb kilobase(s) - Mc. Methanococcus - R resistance - RE replication enhancer - RS replication sequence - Tc tetracycline     

Replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of plasmid pBR313 carrying DNA from the yeast trpl region.

Plasmid pBR313 carrying a 1.4 kb EcoRI fragment from the yeast TRP1 region (designated pLC544) is capable of transforming yeast trp1 mutants to Trp+ at high frequency (10(3)--10(4) transformants/micrograms DNA). Transformation can be achieved either by using purified plasmid DNA or by fusion of yeast spheroplasts with partially lysed Escherichia coli [pLC544] protoplast preparations. The Trp+ yeast transformants are highly unstable, segregating Trp- cells at frequencies of 0.18 per cell per generation (haploids) and 0.056 per cell per generation (diploids) in media containing tryptophan. Plasmid pLC544 replicates autonomously in the nucleus of yeast cells and segregation of Trp-cells is associated with the complete loss of plasmid sequences. In genetic crosses, pLC544 is randomly assorted during meiosis and is carried unchanged through the mating process into haploid recombinants.     

Construction and characterization of three yeast-Escherichia coli shuttle vectors designed for rapid subcloning of yeast genes on small DNA fragments

We have constructed three new subcloning plasmid vectors, pRC1, pRC2, and pRC3, derived from pKC7, which allow the rapid, single-step subcloning of yeast genes. Subcloning with these vectors utilizes a partial digestion with Sau3A to generate a quasi-random set of DNA fragments from the original plasmid. All three vectors contain a kanamycin resistance gene. Therefore, if the original cloned yeast DNA fragment is present in a vector that does not specify kanamycin resistance, the subclone pool can be propagated in Escherichia coli in the presence of kanamycin to select against parent plasmids that escaped restriction by Sau3A. Selection by complementation in yeast yields a collection of plasmids with smaller yeast DNA inserts containing the gene of interest. In the vectors pRC2 and pRC3, constructed from pRC1, the unique BamHI site is located within an intact tetracycline resistance gene, thus making it possible to screen bacterial transformants for those containing recombinant plasmid molecules. Vectors pRC2 and pRC3 also contain the yeast 2 micrometers DNA replication origin, and thus are more stable than plasmids carrying only the TRP1-associated replicator (ars1).     

Construction and characteristics of mini-Mu phages

The paper reports on the principles of construction, physical characterization and results of preliminary genetic investigation of hybrid plasmids containing Mu DNA sequences or deletion derivatives of phage Mu, the so-called mini-Mu phages. The mini-Mu were obtained by joining both phage ends within one plasmid in a regular orientation. A collection obtained by in vitro manipulations included 14 recombinant plasmids containing different DNA fragments of the Mu genome. Seven plasmids have both ends of phage Mu, three plasmids containing regularly oriented ends, i.e. mini-phages of different size: the mini-Mu5 (11 kb) within pRM8 plasmid, the mini-Mu4 Ap (18 kb) within pRM6 and the mini-mini-Mu (4.4 kb) within pRM5. The collection comprises mini-Mu phages with the gene kil inactivated after treatment with hydroxylamine. Biological properties of the hybrid plasmids have been preliminary studied.     

Cloning of the DNA BglII fragments of bacteriophage T4 in the vector plasmid pSCC31

An attempt has been made to clone six BglII fragments of T4 DNA in the range of 3.3-8.1 kb in the vector plasmid pSCC31 containing a single BglII site within the gene for endonuclease EcoRI and pL promoter of phage lambda. DNA fragments were extracted from the corresponding bands of agarose gel. The following BglII fragments were cloned: the 3.3 kb fragment No. 9 containing a portion of gene 20, the gene 21 and a portion of gene 22; the 4.2 kb fragment No. 8.1 with genes 17, 18, 19 and a portion of gene 20; the 5.2 kb fragment No. 7.1 with genes 25-29 and a portion of gene 48. In the case of the fragment No. 7.1, the recombinant plasmids pRL705 and pRL707 with different orientation of phage DNA fragment were obtained. An attempt to clone the fragments No. 8.2 (4.2 kb), No. 7.2 (5.45 kb) and No. 6 (8.1 kb) was unsuccessful and this probably indicates the presence of the genes, whose products are deleterious to the growth of bacterial cell.     

Overlap hybridization screening: isolation and characterization of overlapping DNA fragments surrounding the leu2 gene on yeast chromosome III.

A set of four plasmids containing overlapping segments comprising a total of about 30 kbp of cloned DNA from chromosome III of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been isolated and characterized by restriction endonuclease analyses and DNA:DNA hybridizations. Colony hybridization was carried out with labeled pYe(leu2)10, a plasmid carrying the yeast leu2 gene, to a bank of bacterial colonies containing recombinant plasmids constructed from the vector ColE1 and random fragments of yeast DNA. This resulted in the detection of two plasmids, pYe11G4 and pYe40C3, with DNA inserts which partially overlap the original cloned segment and contain additional DNA extending in opposite directions on the chromosome. By carrying out a second round of colony hybridization with pYe40C3, the cloned region was further extended in one direction. A region of DNA that is repeated at least ten times in the yeast genome was identified by hybridization of pYe11G4 to an EcoRI digest of total yeast DNA. The procedure described in this paper should allow the isolation of large sections of chromosomes, including non-transcribed regions, surrounding cloned genes.