大气氟污染对唐菖蒲影响的研究

了解大气氟污染对植物影响及危害,对开展环境保护,减少植物受害有着一定作用。为此,我们选用敏感性植物——杂色花唐菖蒲作供试植物,在不同氟污染区,观察和研究唐菖蒲受害情况及规律,为今后研究氟污染对植物的影响提供一些理论依据。现将实验结果报道如下。一、样点设置及样品分析     

环境氟迁移与茶叶氟富集的关系

选择３种类型茶场进行大气氟污染与茶叶氟富集的现场监测与研究,对苏南茶区１１个茶场的土壤总氟、水溶性氟和茶叶氟富集量进行了测定。结果表明：茶叶氟富集量与来自砖瓦窑厂的大气氟污染浓度呈现高度的正相关,与土壤含氟量不呈现相关;茶树是高富集氟的植物,富集能力远高于一般植物,氟富集量可达每千克数十至数百毫克。茶叶的氟富集与氟污染应引起重视     

氟监测植物的筛选及监测指标的研究

本文报道用开顶式熏气装置筛选大气氟监测植物,研究监测植物在氟污染情况下的反应,以确立监测指标和监测定量化。结果表明,梅、唐菖蒲、赤胫散、火炭母、水杉、金荞麦、雪松、苹果等植物是良好的氟监测植物,其中赤胫散、火炭母是国内筛选出来的监测植物,可用来监测大气氟污染。受害浓度(阈值)、症状出现时间、受害叶面积％和叶片含氟量可作为植物的监测指标,生理反应指标作为参考。     

土壤氟形态与氟污染土壤修复

我国土壤氟污染问题严峻,给部分地区人体健康和生态安全造成严重威胁,但土壤氟污染与防治问题仍没有受到人们的广泛关注.本文概述了土壤中氟的存在形态以及发生的主要化学反应,综述了近年来国内外有关氟污染土壤修复的研究进展,提出了今后氟污染土壤修复的研究方向,以期为氟污染土壤的修复提供借鉴和参考.土壤中氟主要分为5种形态,其中90%以上以残渣态存在,土壤溶液中的氟主要发生沉淀-溶解、络合-解离和吸附-解吸等反应来维持水-土系统中的氟平衡.目前,氟污染土壤修复技术研究主要集中在化学固定修复技术、化学淋洗技术、电动修复技术以及植物修复技术.今后需要重点研究氟在土壤中的赋存形态及其影响因子,筛选功能微生物和植物,开发联合修复技术以修复氟污染土壤.     

砖厂含氟废气对环境污染与健康的影响

为研究砖厂含氟废气对环境与健康的影响,采用环境监测和农业生态学及卫生学方法进行全面系统的调查与研究．结果表明,砖厂含氟废气排放点周围的大气、土壤、农作物已受到不同程度的污染,砖厂周围种植的农作物含氟量明显高于对照点,附近的家禽（鸡）死亡率也明显高于建砖厂前,在砖厂附近的农村居民患病率明显高于建砖厂前,特别以呼吸系统疾病和骨质性疾病的患病率最为明显,因此,建砖厂时,应对周围环境污染及远期的健康影响予以重视     

污染区域大气环境质量生物监测的数学模式

以常规标准取样法、静态挂片吸收取样法分别测定了深圳南山区范围内大气二氧化硫、硫酸盐化速率和氟化物的含量,并同步测定了植物叶片的污染物含量。利用回归方法分析了3种测定结果的相互关系,并以植物叶片污染物含量为基础建立大气环境质量生物监测的数学模型,其中以叶片含硫量评价大气硫酸盐化速率的模型为夏季y=0.781x-0.754,冬季y=1.88x-2.283;以叶片含氟量评价大气氟化物的模型为夏季y=0.363x-7.511,冬季y=0.175x-3.461,这些模型均有很高的可信度(p<0.001)。     

二氧化硫污染对植物影响的研究进展

20多年来 ,关于SO2 污染对植物伤害症状、生长发育、生理生化的影响以及伤害机理的研究获得了长足的发展。研究成果应用于大气SO2 的监测和评价 ,以及抗污树种的筛选。对目前刚开始的SO2 与NOx、O3 等复合污染和酸沉降对植物影响的研究 ,将会成为今后研究的主导方向。     

松萝挂袋法监测氟化盐厂大气氟污染

以长松萝为材料,制成挂袋,与石灰滤纸法（ＬＴＰ）同步对白银市某氟人盐厂内外大气氟进行监测的结果表明：两种方法在监测效果上显著相关。由松萝挂袋法监测结果确定的污染等级范围与实际情况符合,从而证明此法监测大气氟污染的可行性与可靠性。与天然地衣调查法和种子植物污染成分分析法相比,松萝挂袋法具有不受时间、地点限制,可定量反映植物聚焦污染物的数量等优点,对环境质量评价有直接参考价值。     

土壤物理性状检测的取样方法和数量——以祁连山东段高寒草甸为例

土壤异质性是导致植物空间异质性分布以及土壤动物和啮齿动物栖息地选择的主要因素之一。选择合理的土壤取样点数量和分布对反映研究区土壤信息尤为重要。本研究以祁连山东段高寒草甸土壤为例,以土壤紧实度、容重和水分为调查指标,在110 m×110 m的样地中,以每个样点相互间隔10 m设置了121个取样点,运用地统计学和经典统计学方法,比较不同取样数量(3～36个)和3种取样方法(随机法、网格法和对角线法)与整体取样(121个样点)所获得的结果。研究发现:(1)土壤物理性状的取样误差均随着取样数量的增加而呈下降趋势;(2)最优的取样方法是随机法,且取样数量大于18个,即能达到最小误差以及满足90%和95%置信水平的取样精度。建议研究者根据研究目的和草地类型,关注草地取样方法对研究结果的影响。     

园林绿化植物对大气二氧化硫和氟化物污染的净化能力及修复功能

研究32种盆栽于佛山市污染区的城市园林绿化植物对大气二氧化硫(SO2)和氟化物的净化能力及其对大气污染的修复功能。结果显示,竹节树、傅园榕等14种植物对SO2、氟化物等污染气体不但具有较强的抗性,而且具有较高的吸收净化能力,叶片平均含硫量达17442(11754—27658mg kg^-1 DW),是清洁区(5988mg kg^-1 DW)的2．9倍;平均含氟量达3725．9(1954．9—5331.7mg kg^-1 DW),是清洁区(1703：mg kg^-1DW)的21倍。表明这些植物对大气SO2、HF复合污染具有很好的净化能力和修复功能。是值得推广的城市园林绿化树种。     

兰州一个铝厂氟污染对植物的影响

木文是以兰州一个铝厂为中心,沿北面、西北面、东南面和南面四个方向设置十八个测点。采集空气样品235个,土壤样品127个,植物样品362个。这些样品的测定结果,说明空气和土壤的污染主要在2—4公里的半径范围内,下风向可能到达7.5公里。由于植物从空气中吸收氟,并加以积累,使叶片含量达数百ppm,最高达2534ppm,构成氟的伤害。这种伤害最早(5月间)出现在离铝厂最近测点的桃树(Prunus persica)、杏树(P．armeniaca)上,以后逐渐扩大到稍远的其他地方和别的植物,使葱、蒜失去食用价值,小麦发育不良,叶面积缩小,有效分蘖下降,穗长缩短,小穗数减少,千粒重从50.1克下降为37.6克,造成粮食减产。根据铝厂周围地区植物、土壤和空气氟的污染程度,可分为四种类型：清洁区、轻污染区、污染区和重污染区。     

近20年来京津冀地区土壤风蚀扬尘颗粒物排放变化

京津冀地区是我国大气污染严重区域,土壤扬尘颗粒物排放变化研究对于改善京津冀地区空气质量具有重要意义。收集2000-2019年京津冀地区气候、土壤、植被覆盖数据,分析近20年来京津冀地区土壤扬尘颗粒物排放变化,揭示其变化的影响因素。结果显示2000-2019年京津冀地区土壤扬尘源总悬浮颗粒物（TSP）排放系数均值为1.79 t km^-2 a^-1,其中PM10占8.99%,PM2.5占0.25%。近20年土壤扬尘源TSP排放系数具有下降趋势,PM10和PM2.5排放系数变化过程与TSP一致。上述变化主要受气候因子变化影响,其次受植被覆盖度影响。分析发现近20年来京津冀地区土壤扬尘源TSP排放系数变化主要受年降水量影响。沧州市、天津市和石家庄市土壤扬尘源TSP、PM10和PM2.5排放系数均值较高,张家口市、保定市和沧州市土壤扬尘源TSP排放量占京津冀地区总量的19.18%、12.98%和11.63%。耕地土壤扬尘排放量最大占京津冀地区总量的59.83%,是抑制土壤扬尘源颗粒物排放的重点关注对象,其次为草地占15.66%。2019年邢台市土壤扬尘源PM10排放占观测值比例最高为12.66%,石家庄市和天津市占比也较高分别为11.09%和10.30%,沧州市和邯郸市占比分别为8.63%和8.02%。上述地区环境管理部门均应关注土壤扬尘源颗粒物排放对空气质量的影响。     

贺兰山低山区土壤种子库空间分布特征北大核心CSCD

土壤种子库作为地上植被更新的潜在种源,在植被自然恢复和演替过程以及生态系统建设中起着重要作用。该研究对贺兰山低山区不同海拔高度植物群落土壤理化性质变化与其土壤种子库特征之间的关系进行分析,以揭示贺兰山低山区植物群落的土壤种子库空间分布特征和自然恢复潜力。研究结果表明:(1)海拔1200 m处种子主要来源于一年生草本,海拔1600 m土壤种子库主要来源于多年生草本,海拔2000 m土壤种子库主要来源于灌木和小灌木;随着海拔升高,隶属于禾本科的物种数呈下降趋势,菊科和藜科呈增加趋势,蒺藜科、大戟科、豆科和玄参科消失。(2)5个海拔高度土壤种子库物种数均显著低于地上植被;在物种生活型组成上,土壤种子库中物种数占比最大为一年生草本,地上植被为多年生草本。(3)土壤理化性质对种子库物种多样性影响中,土壤pH、电导率最为显著。贺兰山低山区5个海拔高度土壤种子库种子密度和物种多样性均较低,无法满足植被自然恢复需求,可通过飞播等生态恢复措施来弥补表层土壤种子的不足,从而满足地上植被恢复所需种源量。     

氟污染区绿化树种的选择

前言凡使用含氟矿石(如冰晶石、磷矿石等)作原料的工厂,在碾磨、加热、酸化等过程中,以及利用含氟化合物作为接触剂、助熔剂的各种工艺过程的生产中,都会散发出大量的含氟废气与粉尘污染环境,给农林业生产及人     

Assessing the disturbance impact on vegetation and lizard communities of fluoride pollution interacting with fire and mining in eastern Australia

The effects of atmospheric fluoride pollution on the lizard fauna of the open forest of coastal dunes in New South Wales, Australia were examined. Lizards were pitfall-trapped at sites with background fluoride levels (< 0.25 μmol F.g^–1), or subject to low (1.85–3.4 μmol F.g^–1) or high (8.00–13.2 μmol F.g^–1) levels of fluoride pollution. Sites had been disturbed by fire or mineral sand-mining 4 or 8 years prior to the study. Fluoride pollution resulted in significant changes to canopy cover, understorey vegetation density and ground cover. Where fluoride levels were low in unmined forest, there was significantly higher species richness, total lizard abundance and abundance of the most common species, Lampropholis guichenoti and Lampropholis delicata (Scincidae), compared with areas of high or background fluoride levels. Both the present and previous studies show that fluoride pollution is significantly correlated with increased abundance of the most common lizard species in sand-mined areas, Ctenotus robustus, Ctenotus taeniolatus (Scincidae) and Amphibolurus muricatus (Agamidae). A discriminant function model of background-fluoride mined sites was used to predict lizard abundances based on vegetation density, leaf litter density and soil hardness. The model was verified by using it to predict similarities between background-fluoride sites and fluoride-affected sites. The sites within each predicted group were more similar in lizard species composition than when grouping of sites was done by time since mining or fire. With this analysis, a close relationship between vegetation variables and the lizard fauna, irrespective of the type of disturbance or time since disturbance, is demonstrated. Discriminant function analysis suggested that Ctenotus would be unlikely to use unmined forest sites that had been burned within 12 months previously. Thus it seems unlikely that the original open forest of these coastal dunes would have supported populations of either C. robustus or C. taeniolatus. In conclusion, the original source of Ctenotus that colonized sand-mined areas is more likely to have been the relatively small areas of heath vegetation in the area. Therefore, sand-mining and atmospheric fluoride pollution result in landscape-scale changes to the relative abundance of lizard species, with forest species becoming less common and lizard species from open areas becoming more common.     

Spontaneous adenocarcinoma immunoreactive to cyclooxygenase-2 and transforming growth factor-beta1 in the buccal salivary gland of a Richardson's ground squirrel (Spermophilus richardsonii).

The ground squirrel is used as an experimental animal because of its unique biological nature. A 3-year-old female Richardson's ground squirrel developed a mass, 1.5 cm in diameter, in the buccal mucosa. The mass consisted of neoplastic epithelial cells showing acinar, ductular, intraductal papillary, solid, and lobular growth patterns; the cells were immunoreactive to cytokeratin, cyclooxygenase-2 (a marker of malignancy) and TGF-beta1. After resection, the tumor recurred with increased area having a solid or lobular pattern with little differentiation. This tumor was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma arising from the buccal gland, the first case reported in the ground squirrel. A prominent desmoplastic reaction was present. The interstitial cells reacted to alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, indicating a myofibroblastic nature, presumably induced by epithelial TGF-beta1.     

Using the Pollen Viability and Morphology for Fluoride Pollution Biomonitoring

The methods using plants for biomonitoring of air and soil quality are simple, cheap, and fast and can supplement the classical physicochemical methods. In this study, biological pollen characterization of some collected legume species from an aluminum smelter area in Iran (IRALCO) was carried out to determine the actual value of pollen as a bioindicator of the effects of soil and atmospheric pollution. Young buds and flowers of six legumes (Cercis siliquastrum L., Medicago sativa L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) lam, Trifolium repens L., and Sophora alopecuroides L.) in polluted and control plants were removed and compared. Studies of light and electron microscopic preparation showed some abnormalities during pollen development in affect of fluoride pollution. The viability of pollen grains estimated by staining with acetocarmine shows sharp differences in smearing advanced pollen grains from abnormal ones. Except M. officinalis, the pollen grains of C. siliquastrum, M. sativa, R. pseudoacacia, T. repens, and S. alopecuroides in polluted areas showed light, partial, or no staining with acetocarmine, whereas almost all of the control ones clearly stained. Observation of the pollen grains by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed the significant effect of fluoride on shapes and sizes of pollen grains. The stimulation and inhibition of these pollen characteristics depend on the pollen species as well as on the pollutant and its concentration. Therefore, pollen grains provide essential information on biological impact of pollutants and they are good candidates for biomonitoring the atmospheric and edaphic pollutions.     

Membrane lipids and morphology of brain cortex synaptosomes isolated from hibernating Yakutian ground squirrel

Synaptosomes were isolated from Yakutian ground squirrel brain cortex of summer and winter hibernating animals in active and torpor states. Synaptosomal membrane cholesterol and phospholipids were determined. The seasonal changes of synaptosomal lipid composition were found. Synaptosomes isolated from hibernating Yakutian ground squirrel brain cortex maintained the cholesterol sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine, cardiolipin, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine contents 2.5, 1.8, 2.6, 1.8, 1.6, and 1.3 times less, respectively, and the content of phosphatidylcholine twice as much as the one in summer season. The synaptosomal membrane lipid composition of summer animals was shown to be markedly different from that as hibernating ground squirrels and non-hibernating rodents. It is believed that phenotypic changes of synaptosomal membrane lipid composition in summer Yakutian ground squirrel are the important preparation step for hibernation. The phosphatidylethanolamine content was increased in torpor state compared with winter-active state and the molar ratio of cholesterol/phospholipids in synaptosomal membrane of winter torpor ground squirrels was lower than that in active winter and summer animals. These events were supposed to lead to increase of the synaptosomal membrane fluidity during torpor. Synaptosomes isolated from torpor animals have larger sizes and contain a greater number of synaptic vesicles on the synaptosomal profile area. The synaptosomal membrane lipid composition and synaptosome morphology were involved in phenotypic adaptation of Yakutian ground squirrel to hibernation.     

沈阳张士灌区重金属污染再评价及镉的形态分析

评价了沈阳张士灌区土壤及稻田的重金属污染状况.结果表明,研究区镉污染仍很严重,样品糙米含镉量为0.435～0.855mg.kg-1,均超过国家食品卫生标准,该浓度与20年前相比有上升的趋势,增加了335%～755%.回归分析表明,土壤的pH值与糙米含镉量呈显著负相关,生物有效态镉与糙米含镉量呈显著正相关.土壤pH值下降使土壤酸化,导致土壤中的镉更多地转变为生物有效态镉,占总量的22.8%～52.0%,易被作物吸收,导致水稻含镉量超标.重金属污染物随着地表径流、地下水及飘尘等移动方式发生迁移转化,使污染范围逐渐扩大.     

西北内陆盐湖盆地土壤重金属Cr、Hg、As空间分布特征及潜在生态风险评价

选取位于西北内陆的吉兰泰盐湖盆地为研究对象,按照表层(0—10 cm)、50 cm层(50—60 cm)和100 cm层(100—110 cm)分层土壤取样,系统采集了120个样品,测定了重金属Cr、Hg和As,以及主要化学成分的含量,以地统计学插值绘图揭示了吉兰泰盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的空间分布特征,以单因子指数法、内梅罗指数法和潜在生态风险指数法评价解析了盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的污染及生态风险状况,以统计相关检验和主成分分析法进行了盐湖盆地Cr、Hg和As的源分析。结果表明:1)盐湖盆地土壤中Cr、Hg、As总体具有相似的空间分布特征,Cr在西北部的巴音乌拉山、乌兰布和沙漠地区和西南台地地区的含量较高,Hg仅在西南低山台地地区、以及东北局部区域的含量较高,As在盐湖附近、东南贺兰山、巴音乌拉山西北部和乌兰布和沙漠地区含量较高;2)基于内蒙古土壤质量背景值,土壤污染分布次序为AsHgCr,其中Hg和As中度污染以上累计比重达到为45%,而Cr仅有7.5%的轻微污染;研究区无清洁土壤,仅有尚清洁土壤占2.5%,开始受到污染和中度污染以上土壤比重为50%和42.5%;土壤潜在风险次序为HgAsCr,Hg整体处于很强生态风险水平;轻微生态风险占到40%,由中度、强度到极强在20%以内,很强生态风险程度略超20%,大部地区处于轻微生态风险状况;3)基于国家土壤环境质量二级标准值,土壤中Cr、Hg、As无论是单因子污染、综合污染,还是潜在生态风险指数均未出现超标区域,不存在Cr、Hg、As污染或潜在生态风险,但相对内蒙古整个地区来说,盐湖盆地Cr、Hg、As含量较高;4)研究区土壤中Cr主要来源于土壤母质形成过程中的自然来源,Hg和As主要来源于工业排放、交通污染源等人类活动,均受到人类活动和自然环境变化的综合影响。