寄生落叶松红腹叶蜂的都姬蜂属(膜翅目,姬蜂科)一新种

报道采自陕西宝鸡嘉陵江源头、寄生落叶松红腹叶蜂Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig)的姬蜂科1新种,叶蜂都姬蜂Dusona pristiphorae sp.nov..介绍了新种与近似种卡都姬蜂D.carpathica(Szépligeti)的主要区别特征,并附彩色特征图.     

寄生靖远松叶蜂的卷唇姬蜂属一新种(膜翅目：姬蜂科，锯角叶蜂科)

靖远松叶蜂ＤｉｐｒｉｏｎｊｉｎｇｙｕａｎｅｎｓｉｓＸｉａｏｅｔＺｈａｎｇ分布在山西、甘肃等省,是近几年发现并已对油松林造成严重危害的新害虫。近来我们在调查该害虫天敌时,发现一种重要天敌——姬蜂,经鉴定为卷唇姬蜂属一新种,现报道如下。模式标本保存在林业...     

寄生榆童锤角叶蜂的姬蜂种类研究(膜翅目,姬蜂科)

报道2种寄生榆童锤角叶蜂Agenocimbex elmina Li et Wu的姬蜂,其中1种为新种:天水镶颚姬蜂Hyposotertianshuiensis Sheng,sp.nov.;另一种为已知种:日本欧姬蜂Opheltes japonicus(Cushman,1924).     

寄生靖远松叶蜂的姬蜂科(膜翅目)中国一新纪录种

报道采自山西寄生靖远松叶蜂Diprion jingyuanensis Xiao et Zhang的姬蜂科中国1新纪录种,吉松叶蜂侵姬蜂Lamachus gilpiniae Uchida,1955。对其形态特征进行了重新描述。介绍了侵姬蜂属Lamachus Frster,1869在我国的种类及其分布;编制了我国已知种检索表。     

中国亮姬蜂属记述(膜翅目:姬蜂科, 犁姬蜂亚科)

亮姬蜂属Phalgea系Cameron(1905)根据模式种lutea所建立,系姬蜂豆科、犁姬蜂族的一个小属。至目前为止,全世界只报道两种,其中Phalgea lutea Cameron分布在印度尼西亚和马来西亚,另外一种只报道分布在菲律宾,但无详细记载,因而此属在我国为首次发现。     

辽宁省樟蚕姬蜂属一新种——膜翅目:姬蜂科, 肿跗姬蜂亚科

本文记述辽宁省樟蚕属Habronyx Foerster指名亚属Habronyx(s.str.)中一新种。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。 单眼樟蚕姬蜂Habronyx majorocellus Wang新种 雌蜂:前翅长15毫米,雄蜂:不详。 休红色。脸和唇基黄色。额带褐色。中胸盾片中叶、中胸侧板中下方至腹面、腹部第2节背板背部纵纹均为黑色。后足胫节的最端部带褐色。翅脉黑褐,翅痣黄褐,翅黄褐色透明。 体被浅色毛。头部宽于胸部;侧单眼明显大,与复眼相距很近;额部具皱褶,中央纵脊     

角姬蜂属一新种(膜翅目：姬蜂科)

角姬蜂属CosmoconusFoerster,1868隶属柄卵姬蜂亚科Tryphoninae[1]、柄卵姬蜂族Tryphonini。迄今为止,全世界已知23种,其中东洋区1种,古北区13种,新北区9种。我国已知3种[2,3]：中国角姬蜂C．chinensisKasparyan,1973分布于西藏;中角姬蜂C．meridionatorAubert,1963分布于内蒙古及欧洲;西藏角姬蜂C．tibeticusKasparyan,1971分布于西藏和甘肃。属征：前翅第2脉在中央上方强度锯齿形曲折;额中央有一个角状突或乳状突。本文报道来自沈阳的本属一新种。模式标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。沈阳角姬问Cosm。sshenyangensi…     

犁姬蜂亚科一新属二新种(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

本文记述横断山地区犁姬蜂亚科Acaenitinae一新属和二新种。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。 粗点姬蜂属Asperpunctatus新属 模式种:黑粗点姬蜂Asperpunctatus nigrus新种 本属主要特征:头:胸部均具粗而密的刻点或刻纹。唇基端缘中央具弱的突起;下唇外露部分长为宽的0.7倍;上颚二端齿几乎等长;后头脊完整。盾纵沟明显,其长超过中胸盾片的中部;胸腹侧脊抵达前胸背板后缘中凹处之下;小盾片稍隆起;并胸腹节基部     

中国隼姬蜂属一新种(膜翅目：姬蜂科)

记述采自河南省内乡县宝天曼自然保护区的姬蜂科Ichneumonidae一新种;斜隼姬蜂Neliopisthus inclivatus sp.nov.。本种与雅住址 N.elegans(Ruthe）相似,主要区别特征如下,斜住址姬蜂：触角比前长;触角鞭节30－34节;侧单眼长径（♂）为单复眼间距的0.3-0.4倍。后小脉强烈内斜,在接近下端（0.13）处曲折。雅隼姬蜂：触角不比翅长;触角鞭节不多于28节;侧单眼开径（♂）约为单复眼间距的0.91倍;后小脉仅上段内斜,在中央稍下方曲折。     

扇脊姬蜂属一新种：膜翅目：姬蜂科

本文记述扇脊姬蜂属Ａｌｃｏｃｈｅｒａ Ｆｏｅｒｓｔｅｒ１新种－白颈扇脊姬蜂Ａｌｃｏｃｈｅｒａ ａｌ－ｂｉｃｅｒｕｉｃａｌｉｓ,ｓｐ．ｎ．。模式标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总结。     

Ornithine cycle in Nostoc PCC 73102. Arginase,OCT and arginine deiminase,and the effects of addition of external arginine,ornithine, or citrulline

Arginase, ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT) and arginine deiminase activities were found in cell-free extracts of Nostoc PCC 73102, a free-living cyanobacterium originally isolated from the cycad Macrozamia. Addition of either arginine, ornithine or citrulline to the growth medium induced significant changes in their in vitro activities. Moreover, growth in darkness, compared to in light, induced higher in vitro activities. The in vitro activities of arginase and arginine deiminase, two catabolic enzymes primarily involved in the breakdown of arginine, increased substantially by a combination of growth in darkness and addition of either arginine, or ornithine, to the growth medium. The most significant effects on the in vitro OCT activities where observed in cells grown with the addition of ornithine. Cells grown in darkness exhibited about 6% of the in vivo nitrogenase activity observed in cells grown in light. However, addition of external carbon (glucose and fructose) to cells grown in darkness resulted in in vivo nitrogenase activity levels similar to, or even higher than, cells grown in light. Growth with high in vivo nitrogenase activity or in darkness with the addition of external carbon, resulted in repressed levels of in vitro arginase and arginine deiminase activities. It is suggested that nitrogen starvation induces a mobilization of the stored nitrogen, internal release of the amino compound arginine, and an induction of two catabolic enzymes arginase and arginine deiminase. A similar and even more pronunced induction can be observed by addition of external arginine to the growth medium.     

Aquaporins: water channel proteins of the cell membrane

Aquaporins (AQP) are integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water, and in some cases, small solutes across the membrane. They are conserved in bacteria, plants, and animals. Structural analyses of the molecules have revealed the presence of a pore in the center of each aquaporin molecule. In mammalian cells, more than 10 isoforms (AQP0-AQP10) have been identified so far. They are differentially expressed in many types of cells and tissues in the body. AQP0 is abundant in the lens. AQP1 is found in the blood vessels, kidney proximal tubules, eye, and ear. AQP2 is expressed in the kidney collecting ducts, where it shuttles between the intracellular storage sites and the plasma membrane under the control of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Mutations of AQP2 result in diabetes insipidus. AQP3 is present in the kidney collecting ducts, epidermis, urinary, respiratory, and digestive tracts. AQP3 in organs other than the kidney may be involved in the supply of water to them. AQP4 is present in the brain astrocytes, eye, ear, skeletal muscle, stomach parietal cells, and kidney collecting ducts. AQP5 is in the secretory cells such as salivary, lacrimal, and sweat glands. AQP5 is also expressed in the ear and eye. AQP6 is localized intracellular vesicles in the kidney collecting duct cells. AQP7 is expressed in the adipocytes, testis, and kidney. AQP8 is expressed in the kidney, testis, and liver. AQP9 is present in the liver and leukocytes. AQP10 is expressed in the intestine. The diverse and characteristic distribution of aquaporins in the body suggests their important and specific roles in each organ.     

Hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters (serotonin,norepinephrine, dopamine) and NPY,and gonadal and adrenal activities,during the early postnatal period in the rat

It is noteworthy that in the rat the early postnatal life is marked by an activation of both the corticostimulating function of the adenohypophysis in neonates of both sexes and of the gonadostimulating function mainly in males. In order to specify if such neuroendocrine variations are temporally correlated with changes in the hypothalamic metabolism of neurotransmitters, the hypothalamic metabolism of serotonin (5 HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) and the hypothalamic content of neuropeptide Y (NPY) have been investigated in newborn rats of both sexes, delivered at term by cesarean section, as well as changes in the activity of both the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) and the hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis (HPG). Experimental data suggested that 1) in males a rise in hypothalamic metabolism of 5 HT, NE and DA occurs during the first two hours after delivery, whereas in females, only the metabolism of NE increases. Moreover, the postnatal metabolism of NE was higher in females than in littermate males; 2) NPY content of the hypothalamus, which was at birth significantly higher in males than in females, dropped in the former but not in the latter; 3) in newborn males, an early surge of plasma testosterone occurs, suggesting postnatal activation of the HPG axis; on the other hand, in females, a late and slight increase in plasma estradiol is observed; 4) in early postnatal life, a sex-independent rise in plasma ACTH and adrenal and plasma corticosterone levels suggest a comparable activation of the HPA axis in newborns of both sexes. In conclusion, the early postnatal activation of the corticostimulating function in neonates of both sexes and that of the gonadostimulating function, mainly in males, could be temporally correlated with a rise in the hypothalamic metabolism of two neurotransmitters, 5 HT and NE, and of NPY content. According to our data, a sex-dependent metabolsim of neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus is already apparent in early postnatal life.     

Seasonal changes in intra- and interorgan occurrence of rodlet cells in freshwater bream

Significant seasonal differences in intra- and interorgan prevalence, abundance and distribution of rodlet cells (RC) were observed in freshwater bream caught in May and August 1997 from a PCB-polluted lake, Lake Kernaala, Finland. In May, the majority of RCs in liver were seen in blood vessel endothelium, while in August most cells were located in the epithelium of the intrahepatic biliary ducts. In kidney, a significant increase in RCs in the columnar epithelium of the collecting ducts was observed from May to August. RCs in spleen were extremely rare in May, but were seen frequently in the endothelium of the splenic blood vessels in August. In gill and intestine, RCs were found in every tissue sample studied, with no statistical differences in their abundance or distribution between seasons. No RCs were seen in gonads. Total numbers of RCs increased dramatically from May to August in kidney and in spleen. The frequency of RCs corresponded strongly with the current phase of parasitic infections in liver, kidney, and spleen. It is concluded that RCs play a role in host defence mechanisms in fish, displaying induced expression at the times of peak parasitic prevalences.     

CARBOHYDRASES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG,Podisus maculiventris (SAY) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris, is a generalist predator of insects and has been used in biological control. However, information on the digestion of food in this insect is lacking. Therefore, we have studied the digestive system in P. maculiventris, and further characterized carbohydrases in the digestive tract. The midgut of all developmental stages was composed of anterior, median, and posterior regions. The volumes of the anterior midgut decreased and the median midgut increased in older instars and adults, suggesting a more important role of the median midgut in food digestion. However, carbohydrase activities were predominant in the anterior midgut. In comparing the specific activity of carbohydrases, α‐amylase activity was more in the salivary glands (with two distinct activity bands in zymograms), and glucosidase and galactosidase activities were more in the midgut. Salivary α‐amylases were detected in the prey hemolymph, demonstrating the role of these enzymes in extra‐oral digestion. However, the catalytic efficiency of midgut α‐amylase activity was approximately twofold more than that of the salivary gland enzymes, and was more efficient in digesting soluble starch than glycogen. Midgut α‐amylases were developmentally regulated, as one isoform was found in first instar compared to three isoforms in fifth instar nymphs. Starvation significantly affected carbohydrase activities in the midgut, and acarbose inhibited α‐amylases from both the salivary glands and midgut in vitro and in vivo. The structural diversity and developmental regulation of carbohydrases in the digestive system of P. maculiventris demonstrate the importance of these enzymes in extra‐oral and intra‐tract digestion, and may explain the capability of the hemipteran to utilize diverse food sources.     

太原西山煤田太原组煤核中的科达植物雌性生殖器官

报道了首次发现于我国的３种石化科达植物雌性生殖器官Ｃｏｒｄａｉａｎｔｈｕｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｃ．ｘｉｓｈａｎｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．和Ｃ．ｓｐ．,描述了它们的内部解剖构造特征,并与欧美植物区的雌性石化科达穗进行了比较,这些化石产于山西太原西山煤田太原组组上部７号煤层煤核中。     

A role for ecdysteroids in the phase polymorphism of the desert locust

Abstract. Locusts show density-dependent continuous phase polymorphism; they appear in two forms or phases, gregarious and solitary, and there is a continuous range of intermediates between the extreme phases. Although earlier studies showed that there are no major phase-dependent differences in the titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph of desert locusts, Schistocerca gregaria , recent studies showed some minor differences in the timing of the main peak of ecdysteroids. In crowded penultimate- and last-instar hoppers, peak titres were lower but longer-lasting, whereas in isolated hoppers they were higher but of shorter duration. The major component of the haemolymph peak of ecdysteroid was 20-hydroxyecdysone in both isolated and crowded hoppers, but differences were found in the relative amounts of two minor components (makisterone A-like compound and highly polar products). In S. gregaria adults, the regression of the prothoracic glands was irregular and subject to high individual variations, but phase-dependent differences in the rate of regression were significant, and the adult glands did not produce physiologically significant amounts of ecdysteroids. Peak titres of ecdysteroid in the haemolymph were higher in isolated than in crowded adults. Similar to larvae, adults of the solitary phase contain more ecdysone in the haemolymph than those of the gregarious phase. Moreover, the phase characteristic titres of ecdysteroid in the adult stage can be shifted from one phase to another phase in response to appropriate changes in density. In contrast, the maximum amount of ecdysteroids in both ovaries and eggs was significantly higher in the gregarious than in the solitary phase. The amounts, and to some extent the types of ecdysteroids, were the only difference between ovaries and eggs from solitary and gregarious locusts. In addition, in newly hatched larvae, the amount of ecdysteroid was more than five times higher in gregarious than in solitary phase.     

Spawning of coral reef invertebrates and a second spawning season for scleractinian corals in the central Red Sea

Recent coral spawning observations in the central Red Sea show that most scleractinian species release their gametes in the spring, with a majority of species spawning in April. There is, however, a lack of reproductive data for several other coral species, as well as a general lack of data for other invertebrates. Here, we document the detailed timing of spawning for 13 scleractinian coral species, one sea anemone, and six echinoderms from an inshore reef off the coast of Thuwal, Saudi Arabia, in the spring between April and June 2014. Furthermore, inferred from the presence of mature gametes, we report the month of spawning for three additional coral species in the spring. Seven scleractinian coral species were inferred to release their gametes in a second reproductive season, in the autumn, between September and November. This is the first report of a second spawning season in the Arabian region. Biannual spawning has so far been reported on the Great Barrier Reef, in Western Australia, in Indonesia, in Malaysia, in Palau, in Thailand, in Taiwan, and in Western Samoa.     

基于芽苗砧嫁接油茶砧穗创伤后内源激素动态变化分析

为研究油茶(Camellia oleifera A)嫁接时穗条和砧木创伤后内源激素动态变化规律,解析影响砧穗嫁接面愈合的生理机制,为油茶砧穗愈合生长机理提供理论支持。以树龄6年的长林18号和53号的穗条和实生砧木为材料,按照芽苗砧嫁接方法切割穗条S0(0 min)、S10(10 min)、S40(40 min)和砧木茎段Z0(0 min)、Z10(10 min)后,利用液质联用法(HPLC-MS)测定吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)、反式玉米素(TZR)、玉米素(Zeatin)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)含量,分析不同时间段内源激素变化及品种间差异的关系。结果显示:创伤后18号的TZR、Zeatin和SA含量总体高于53号;18号IAA、SA和JA逐渐下降;TZR和Zeatin分别在S10和S0达最高值后下降;ABA在S10达最高值。53号IAA和JA爱S10达最高值后下降;TZR、Zeatin和SA在S10达低值后逐渐上升;ABA在S0达高值后逐渐下降。砧木茎段创伤前后激素含量除JA外18号高于53号;两品种Z0时激素含量下降,Z10后上升,仅53号ABA和SA含量在Z0达高值后下降。砧木茎段和根部激素含量在品种间除JA外18号高于53号,茎段的IAA、ABA高于根部,其他激素为根部高于茎段。激素比值在品种间和部位间差异明显;IAA/ABA、IAA/TZR、IAA/Zeatin和IAA/JA、ABA/TZR、ABA/Zeatin和ABA/JA比值为53号高于18号;穗条内SA/IAA为18号高于53号,SA/JA和SA/ABA为53号高于18号;砧木茎段均为18号高于53号;TZR/SA、TZR/JA比值在穗条和砧木茎段为18号高于53号。两品种创伤后IAA与JA极显著正相关,而IAA与SA,SA与JA在18号极显著正相关,53号极显著或显著负相关;53号TZR、Zeatin、SA间极显著或显著正相关,JA与TZR、Zeatin和SA极显著负相关。砧木茎段创伤后18号激素间为极显著或显著正相关;53号TZR和Zeatin与IAA、JA极显著正相关,与SA存在显著负相关,SA与JA有显著负相关。砧木茎段和根部间品种间仅在SA与各激素间相关性存在差异,其他激素间存在极显著正相关或负相关。综上所述,砧穗创伤后激素水平上18号在创伤面易于愈伤组织发育,而53号抗逆激素水平较高且与细胞分裂增殖类激素负相关,可能影响53号嫁接后愈合生长;嫁接应在创伤后10 min内较为适宜;砧穗间激素含量及比值的差异可能会影响后期嫁接部位形态重建以及穗条生长。     

Seasonal patterns in feeding ecology of three small fishes in the Biandantang Lake, China

Feeding ecology of three small fish species, Hypseleotris swinhonis, Ctenogobius giurinus and Pseudorasbora parva was studied seasonally in the Biandantang Lake, a small, shallow lake in central China. Gut length, adjusted for total body length, was significantly higher in spring than in other seasons for all the three species. Seasonal changes in gut length were not associated with changes in food quality. Weight of fore-gut contents, adjusted for body weight, was significantly higher in winter and spring than in summer and autumn in H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and significantly higher in autumn than in spring and summer for P. parva. Percentage of empty fore-guts was highest in summer and lowest in spring for H. swinhonis and C. giurinus , and highest in winter and lowest in autumn for P. parva. Diet of the three small fishes showed apparent seasonal changes, and these changes reflected partly the seasonal fluctuations of food resources in environment. Diet breadth was high in winter and low in autumn for H. swinhonis , high in winter and low in spring and summer for C. giurinus , and high in autumn and low in spring for P. parva. Diet overlaps between pairs of species were biologically significant in most cases, except between H. swinhonis and P. parva in summer and autumn and between C. giurinus and P. parva in autumn.