转录因子ChREBP在葡萄糖诱导生脂中的作用

葡萄糖既是动物主要的能量来源和脂肪合成的底物,也可通过转录因子碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白（ChREBP）调控脂肪生成。ChREBP是具有碱性螺旋-环-螺旋亮氨酸拉链（bHLH/ZIP）结构的转录因子,可激活糖酵解和脂肪生成相关基因的转录表达,在机体脂质代谢和葡萄糖稳态的调控中起重要作用。对ChREBP调控机制的认识,可为肥胖及相关代谢综合征的治疗和肉用动物体脂沉积的营养调控提供基础。本文就有关ChREBP表达、反式激活活性的调控,以及与其他调控因子的相互作用等方面的研究新进展作一综述。     

ChREBP和Mlx在调控葡萄糖反应基因表达中的作用

近年的研究结果显示,葡萄糖能在转录水平调控糖酵解和生脂酶基因的表达,对肝糖类和脂类动态平衡起协同调控作用.其重要转录因子是糖反应元件结合蛋白（ChREBP）和Max样蛋白X(Mlx),葡萄糖通过ChREBP.Mlx异二聚体调控葡萄糖反应基因的转录.本文主要综述转录因子ChREBP和Mlx的结构与功能,调控葡萄糖反应基因表达的机制,以及影响转录因子表达的因素.     

糖类应答元件结合蛋白——葡萄糖信号途径中的转录因子

糖类应答元件结合蛋白(ChREBP)是2001年发现的葡萄糖信号途径中的一个新的候选转录因子,在哺乳动物体内可结合到糖酵解和脂肪合成酶相关基因启动子区的糖类应答元件(ChRE)上,激活这些基因的转录,并与SREBP-1c协同作用,调节糖酵解和脂肪合成酶相关基因的表达。该文介绍ChREBP的基因结构、表达调控、活性调节、生物学功能及其作用机制等的最新研究进展。     

调控糖酵解和生脂的重要转录因子:碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白

碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白（carbohydrate response element binding protein,ChREBP）是最近发现和分离的一种重要的转录调控因子,它直接激活多个参与糖酵解和脂肪合成基因的表达,从而调控糖代谢和脂肪酸合成。研究ChREBP表达的调控机制及生物学效应,将有助于全面认识肥胖、糖尿病等代谢综合征的发病机制。本文综述了碳水化合物调控元件（carbohydrate response element,ChRE）及ChREBP的结构,ChREBPDNA结合活性的活化过程和分子机制,以及对靶基因的作用。     

ChREBP在糖脂代谢和肿瘤中的作用及其机制的研究进展

高发的糖尿病、肥胖症、脂肪肝等代谢性疾病和肿瘤对生活品质和生命健康带来极大威胁,寻找更加有效的药物靶标至关重要。碳水化合物反应元件结合蛋白(carbohydrate responsive element binding protein, ChREBP)是调控糖脂代谢的转录因子,显著影响肝脏糖酵解、脂质生成和胰岛素敏感性,在胰岛中促进β细胞适应性增殖,提示ChREBP对糖尿病等代谢性疾病的发展起重要作用。近年发现,ChREBP在肝癌、结直肠癌等肿瘤的发生发展中举足轻重。现就ChREBP的结构及特点、在正常组织和肿瘤中的作用及机制进行综述。ChREBP作为细胞代谢和肿瘤发生发展的纽带,为代谢性疾病和肿瘤研究提供了新的思路,其潜在靶标具有临床应用前景。     

SREBP介导的基因表达的调控(英文)

SREBP转录因子是脂类代谢的重要调节者。当细胞有脂类需求时,在内质网膜上的SREBP前体通过蛋白水解被激活。然后,氨基端的SREBP片段被运到细胞核内激活靶基因的转录。细胞培养和转基因小鼠模型的研究已经证明,SREBP的主要靶基因包括负责脂肪和胆固醇合成的酶,以及低密度脂蛋白受体。早期对SREBP的研究相当完善地揭示了其前体被激活的机理。最近的研究又使我们认识了细胞核内SREBP的调控机理。在细胞核中,SREBP会结合特定的转录辅助因子,刺激或抑制其靶基因的转录,这些转录辅助因子包括CBP/p300和Mediator蛋白复合体。此外,细胞核内SREBP的稳定性受磷酸化和乙酰化的调节。细胞核内SREBP的这种蛋白质相互作用和修饰,使细胞内外信号(如胰岛素或氧化应激)更好地控制脂类合成。在正常生理状态下,脂质动态平衡是严格保持着的,然而,在有些病理条件下,如肥胖、二型糖尿病、心血管疾病和脂肪肝,SREBP往往会失调。因此,SREBP的新调控机制可能对治疗代谢性疾病提供新的机遇。     

PPARα信号通路激活抵抗高脂和Leptin缺失诱导的肥胖和脂肪肝

脂肪酰基辅酶A氧化酶1(acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1,Acox1)缺失可通过内源性配体激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α,PPARα)及其调控的信号通路,从而减轻肥胖基因leptin突变型(ob/ob)小鼠的肥胖和脂肪肝症状,但提高了其肝癌发生率.为进一步研究PPARα信号通路在高脂日粮和leptin缺失诱导的脂肪肝形成过程中的作用,本研究以野生型、Acox1-/-、ob/ob和Acox1Δob/ob小鼠为模型,用正常日粮或60%高脂日粮饲喂10个月.结果显示,正常日粮或高脂日粮饲喂情况下,Acox1-/-和Acox1Δob/ob小鼠的体重、白色脂肪细胞体积、棕色脂肪组织含量及肝脏脂肪含量均分别显著低于WT和ob/ob小鼠.溴化脱氧尿嘧啶核苷(Brdurd)及烯酰辅酶A水合酶(L-PBE)免疫组化染色结果显示Acox1-/-和Acox1Δob/ob小鼠肝脏内肝细胞增殖及L-PBE活性、肝脏重量及其占体重的百分比均显著高于WT和ob/ob小鼠.正常日粮饲喂的WT、Acox1-/-、ob/ob和Acox1Δob/ob小鼠肝癌发生率分别为0%、100%、0%和4%,高脂日粮饲喂后,其肝癌发生率分别为0%、100%、2.9%和100%.Q-PCR结果显示Acox1-/-和Acox1Δob/ob小鼠肝脏内L-PBE、Cyp4a3、Akr1b10、ap2等基因的表达水平显著高于WT和ob/ob小鼠.综上所述,PPARα信号通路激活可以抵抗高脂日粮和leptin缺失诱导的肥胖和脂肪肝,但脂质过氧化反应可能通过Nrf2-Akr1b10信号通路促进了肝癌发生.     

大肠杆菌ptsG和ptsM突变体的构建及特性研究

目的：敲除大肠杆菌DH5α中与葡萄糖磷酸化转运相关的ptsG、ptsM基因,考察缺陷株生长特性及其可能的应用。方法：PCR扩增靶基因,构建两翼带有靶基因序列并嵌合抗药基因标记的线性片段,利用Red同源重组技术敲除靶基因。结果：成功敲除了大肠杆菌DH5α的ptsG和ptsM基因;在含有葡萄糖的LB培养基中,DH5αΔptsG最高菌密度是亲本的2.8倍,添加吡咯喹啉醌或导入其生物合成基因后能够产酸;DH5αΔptsM最高菌密度是亲本的4/10,有明显的产酸现象。结论：DH5αΔptsG可用于大肠杆菌高密度发酵和吡咯喹啉醌生物合成基因缺陷株筛选。     

Smads基因功能的研究进展

转化生长因子 -β( TGF-β)超家族通过调节细胞的增殖、分化、移行和凋亡而在脊椎动物发育过程中起重要的作用 . SMAD家族是一类新发现的 TGF-β信号的细胞质内介导者 ,它们可将TGF- β信号直接从细胞膜转导入细胞核内 .受体激活的 SMADs被特导性的细胞表面受体磷酸化后 ,与通用介导分子 SMAD4相互作用形成异源三聚体 ,转移至细胞核内并激活靶基因的转录 .抑制型 SMADs通过负反馈途径阻断或减弱 TGF- β信号 .SMADs通过与 TGF- β配体应答的启动子序列及其它转录因子和辅助活化因子相互作用而调节转录 .通过同源重组在小鼠中定位敲除Smads基因的研究已经开始揭示 SMADs分子在脊椎动物发育过程中的功能 .     

脂质过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体在心脏生理与病理中的作用

心肌能量代谢状况是其结构与功能的重要决定因素,调节能量代谢是心脏疾病的有效疗法之一.脂质过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPARs)是一组具有复杂功能的核受体超家族成员,与脂肪形成、糖脂代谢、炎症及肿瘤发生等多种生物过程有关.PPARs可通过调控编码脂肪酸与糖类氧化相关酶的基因转录而调节心肌代谢,在心脏多种疾病病理过程中其表达与活性均有明显变化,因此已被作为心脏病的治疗靶点之一.本文对PPARs在心脏生理与病理中的作用进行简要介绍.     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

Changes in lactate dehydrogenase activity in chicken tissues in hyperthyreosis in ontogenesis

The lactate dehydrogenase activity in reactions of lactate oxidation and synthesis was studied in subfractions of the chicken brain, heart and liver at the embryonal, early postembryonal and adult stages of development after thyroxine administration. It has been shown that during embryogenesis thyroxine predominantly enhanced the rate of lactate oxidation in the mitochondrial tissues. A marked increase in the lactate synthesis was found in cytoplasm of the adult chicken tissues. Specificity of enzyme activity alterations was detected in the chicken brain during ontogenesis after thyroxine administration.     

Scurvy in capybaras bred in captivity in Argentine

In order to determine if the absence of vitamin C in the diet of capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) causes scurvy, a group of seven young individuals were fed food pellets without ascorbic acid, while another group of eight individuals received the same food with 1 g of ascorbic acid per animal per day. Animals in the first group developed signs of scurvy-like gingivitis, breaking of the incisors and death of one animal. Clinical signs appeared between 25 and 104 days from the beginning of the trial in all individuals. Growth rates of individuals deprived of vitamin C was considerably less than those observed in the control group. Deficiency of ascorbic acid had a severe effect on reproduction of another population of captive capybaras. We found that the decrease in ascorbic acid content in the diet affected pregnancy, especially during the first stages. The results obtained suggest that it is necessary to supply a suitable quantity of vitamin C in the diet of this species in captivity.     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.