Studies on Chemical Constituents of Essential Oil from Leaves of Jiang-Zhang

Jiang-Zhang is a Physiological type of Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm. The essential oil of leaves of Jiang-Zhang can be extracted by steam distillation, with yields of 0.5–0.8%. It contained dtral (α-,β-citral) 64.11% and can be used in aromatic and medicinal industries. We used the methods of GC, IR, GC/MS/DS and prepared derivative and 47 chemical constituents were identified, as follows: α-thujene (0.06 %), α-pinene (2.42%), camphene (1.26%), sabinene (0.21%),β- pinene (1.38%) myrcene(0.38%), α-phellandrene (0.32%),△3-carene (0.01%), p-cymene(0.21%),α-limonene (1.57%), 1 8-cineole (0.82 % ), β-phellandrene (0.10 %), cis-linalool oxide(0.07 % ), linalool (8.43 % ) epicamphor(0.26 % ), camphor(1.10 %), borneol( 1.07 % ), β-citral (neral) (28.28 % ), geraniol (0.25%), nerol (0.47%), α-citral (geranial) (35.83%), methyl citronellate (0.12%), n-undecane (0.18), safrole (0.02), methyl geranate (0.23%), geranyl formate (0.09%), α-copaene (0.12%), trans-methyl cinnamate (0.02%), n-dodecane (0.20), β-elemene (0.12%), caryophyllene (4.67%), α-guaiene (0.04), β-guaiene (0.06%), β-selinene (0.97%), azulene (0.38%), β-cubebene (0.30%), n-pentadecane (0.05%), β-gurjunene (0.04 %), epi-β-santalene (0.46 %), aremophliene (0.05 % ), alloaromadendrene (0.03 % ), α-elemene (0.26%), trans-β-farnesene (0.04%), (z)-β-farnesene (0.30%), r-elemene (0.03%), β-bisaboiol(0.41%), cedrol (0.16%), respectively.     

To the knowledge of the fauna of Microlepidoptera of the “Kurshskaya Kosa” National Park: I

A list of 212 Microlepidoptera species found in the territory of the Curonian Spit (both in its Russian and Lithuanian parts) is given: Micropterigidae (1), Eriocraniidae (1), Nepticulidae (16), Opostegidae (1), Heliozelidae (1), Adelidae (3), Prodoxidae (2), Incurvariidae (2), Tineidae (8), Psychidae (1), Douglasiidae (2), Bucculatricidae (3), Gracillariidae (26), Yponomeutidae (12), Plutellidae (3), Acrolepiidae (2), Glyphipterigidae (3), Lyonetiidae (1), Ethmiidae (1), Depressariidae (12), Elachistidae (20), Chimabachidae (1), Oecophoridae (9), Stathmopodidae (1), Batrachedridae (2), Coleophoridae (25), Momphidae (3), Blastobasidae (2), Cosmopterigidae (3), Choreutidae (1), Schreckensteiniidae (1), Epermeniidae (1), Alucitidae (1), Pterophoridae (7) and Pyralidae (35 species). 113 species of 24 families have been collected in the territory of the “Kurshskaya Kosa” National Park, including 45 species new to the Curonian Spit and 32 species new to Kaliningrad Province.     

A Preliminary Study on the Chemical Constituents of Head Space of Jasminum sambac (L.) Alt

The flowers of Jasminum sambac (L.) Ait. are noted for their fresh and delicate pleasant fragrance. We used the XAD-4 (Robin and Haas Co.) hydrophobic resin to absorb the fragrance released from the flowers and had a satisfied result. The Head Space was analysed by means of capillary GC/MS/DS combination and 37 constituents were identified. They are ethyl acetate (0.22%), 3-methyl cyclopentene (0.13%), 2-methyl hexane ( 0.09 % ), 2, 2, 3, 4-tetramethyl petane (0.07 % ), n-heptane (0.03 % ), phenyl- 2-propanone (0.05%), 2-methyl butate (0.03 % ), 3-methyl heptane (0.02%), butyl acetate (0.12 % ), 2-methyl propen-2-1y acetate (0.04 % ), n-hexen-l-ol ( 1.06% ), 6-methyl-2-hepta- none (0.18%), 6-methyl 5-hepten-2-one (0.12%), carbamyl benzoate (0.42%), β-pinene ( 0.53 % ), 3- hexenyl acetate ( 13.80 % ), limonene ( 0.12 % ), benzaldehyde ( 1.13 % ), ocimene ( 0.06 % ), methyl benzoate ( 6.27 % ), linalool ( 25.01% ), trans-linalool oxide ( 0.32 % ), benzyl acetate (23.71%), 3-hexenyl butate ( 1.72% ), methyl salicylate (2.55%), cyclohexyl formate (0.10%), indole ( 1.83% ), 2, 6-dimethyl 5-heptenal (0.05%), methyl anthranilate (1.56%), 2, 6-dimethyl heptenal (0.53%), β-caryophyllene (0.32%), β-farnsene (0.10%), humulene ( 0.21% ), γ -cadinene (0.62%), cis-caryophyllene ( 13.67% ), trans, trans-farnsol (0.35%), cyclohexyl benzoate ( 3.37% ), respectively.     

水朝阳旋覆花化学成分的研究

从水朝阳旋覆花(Inula helianthus-aquatica)地上部分分离得到24个化合物,经波谱数据分析分别鉴定为aromaticin(1),8-epi-helenalin(2),bigelovin(3),2,3-dihydroaromaticin(4),carpesiolin(5),ergolide(6),inuchinenolide C(7),6α-acetoxy-isoinuviscolide(8),8-epi-inuviscolide(9),inuchinenolide B(10),tomentosin(11),11α,13-dihydrotomentosin(12),inuchinenolide A(13),4H-tomentosin(14),11β,13-dihydro-4H-tomentosin(15),11-epi-sundiversifolide(16),sundiversifolide(17),8,9,10-三羟基百里香酚(18),10-羟基-8,9-双氧亚异丙基百里香酚(19),8,10-二羟基-9-异丁酰百里香酚(20),8-羟基-9,10-二异丁酰百里香酚(21),8-羟基-9-异丁酰-10-(2-甲基丁酰)百里香酚(22),8,9-环氧-9,10-二异丁酰百里香酚(23)和8,9-环氧-3-异丁酰-10-(2-甲基丁酰)百里香酚(24)。除了化合物1～6外,其他化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Biotransformation of terpenoids by mammals, microorganisms, and plant-cultured cells

This review article summarizes our knowledge of the metabolism of mono- and sesquiterpenoids in mammals, microorganisms, cloned-insect enzymes, and plant-cultured cells. A number of unusual enzymatic reactions and products are reported such as the stereoselective formation of primary alcohols from sterically congested Me2C groups. Such enzymatic processes, including unknown chemical transformations under abiotic conditions, could lead to the discovery of new chemical reactions and might be helpful in the design of new drugs. The transformations of the following mono- and sesquiterpenoids (in alphabetical order) are discussed: (+)-(1R)-aromadendrene (61), (-)-allo-aromadendrene (62), (+/-)-camphene (21), (-)-cis-carane (20), (+)-3-carene (17), (+/-)-carvone (27), (-)-beta-caryophyllene (43), (+)-cedrol (35), cuminaldehyde (25), (+)-curdione (69), (-)-cyclocolorenone (60), (-)-elemol (51), (2E,6E)-farnesol (31), germacrone (67), ginsenol (40), (-)-globulol (63), isoprobotryan-9alpha-ol (82a), juvenile hormone III (33), (+)-ledol (65), (+)-longifolene (46), myrcene (3), (-)-myrtenal (23), (+)-nootkatone (48), patchouli alcohol (37), (-)-perillaldehyde (24), (-)-alpha- and beta-pinene (8 and 9), alpha-santalol (28), (-)-6beta-santonin (83a), 6beta-tetrahydrosantonin (83b), beta-selinene (57), alpha-thujone (26a), beta-thujone (26b), T-2 toxin (87), and valerianol (53).     

Identification of endogenous phosphorylation sites of bovine medium and low molecular weight neurofilament proteins by tandem mass spectrometry

Neurofilament proteins (NFP) are intermediate filaments found in the neuronal cytoskeleton. They are highly phosphorylated, a condition that is believed to be responsible for the assembly and stability of the filaments. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) shows molecular masses for bovine NFP subunits of 63, 105, and 125 kDa for NFL, NFM, and NFH. Mass spectrometric de novo sequencing was used to determine the N-terminal sequence of bovine NFM (115 amino acids), which was previously unknown. Molecular mass information shows that there is one-half equivalent phosphate group on NFL and 24 on NFM. For the first time, it is shown that bovine NFL has three phosphorylation sites (Ser(55), Ser(66), and Ser(472)) and NFM has 22 (Ser(512), Ser(546), Ser(554), Ser(560), Thr(627), Ser(629), Ser(634), Ser(639), Thr(646), Ser(649), Ser(654), Ser(664), Ser(669), Thr(676), Ser(679), Ser(684), Ser(694), Ser(726), Ser(750), Ser(756), Ser(770), and Ser(846)) and two tentative sites (Ser(659)/Thr(661) and Thr(840)). Ser(66) was previously not known to be phosphorylated in NFL of other species, while two sites (Ser(55) and Ser(472)) are consistent with the phosphorylations observed in other mammalian NFLs. The three sites, Ser(55), Ser(66), Ser(472), are heterogeneously phosphorylated. Phosphorylation in bovine NFM occurs mainly in the Lys-Ser-Pro (KSP) region, but the Val-Ser-Pro and Ser-Glu-Lys motifs are also phosphorylated. Most of the phosphorylation sites are in accordance with those previously identified in other mammalian NFMs. In bovine NFM, 16 out of the 22 sites are always phosphorylated (Ser(512), Thr(627), Ser(629), Ser(634), Ser(639), Thr(646), Ser(649), Ser(654), Ser(664), Ser(669), Thr(676), Ser(679), Ser(684), Ser(694), Ser(726), and Ser(750)), all of which are contained in the KSP region, and six are sometimes phosphorylated (Ser(546), Ser(554), Ser(560), Ser(756), Ser(770), and Ser(846)). The NFPs have other modifications, including deamidation, oxidation, and N-terminal acetylation. Pyroglutamic acid formation also occurs.     

延胡索的化学成分研究(英文)

采用现代分离技术和方法,从延胡索根茎中分离得到17个化合物,通过波谱分析鉴定其结构。包括11个生物碱类化合物,二氢白屈菜红碱(1)、去氢紫堇碱(2)、四氢非洲防己胺(3)、异紫堇球碱(4)、紫堇碱(5)、四氢黄连碱(6)、药根碱(7)、黄连碱(8)、小檗碱(12)、巴马汀(13)和延胡索乙素(14);2个蒽醌类化合物,大黄素(9)和大黄素甲醚(10);1个三萜类化合物,即3β-羟基-齐墩果烷-111,3(18)-二烯-28-酸(11)和3个甾醇类化合物,豆甾醇(15)、β-谷甾醇(16)和胡萝卜苷(17)。其中,化合物9～11首次从该属植物中分离得到,1首次从该种中分离得到。     

木棉叶酚性成分研究

采用硅胶、MCI和Sephadex LH-20层析方法对木棉叶的化学成分进行分离纯化,鉴定了12个酚性化合物,分别为芒果苷(1)、东莨菪内酯(2)、滨蒿内酯(3)、原儿茶酸(4)、七叶内酯(5)、柠檬油素(6)、龙胆酸(7)、东莨菪苷(8)、七叶苷(9)、丁香酸葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮素(11)和木犀草素-4’-葡萄糖苷(12)。除化合物1和11,其余化合物均为首次从该属植物中分得。     

湖北旋覆花化学成分的研究(英文)

从湖北旋覆花(Inula hupehensis)地上部分分离得到19个化合物,经波谱数据分析分别鉴定为9-羟基-百里香酚(1),8,10-去氢-β-羟基-百里香酚(2),2-羟基-4-甲基苯乙酮(3),8,9-双羟基-9-百里香酚(4),10-羟基-8,9-双氧亚异丙基百里香酚(5),8,10-二羟基-9-异丁酰百里香酚(6),8-羟基-9-异丁酰-10-(2-甲基丁酰)百里香酚(7),8,9,10-三羟基百里香酚(8),8-羟基-9,10-二异丁酰百里香酚(9),neoechinulin A(10),3-醛基吲哚(11),3-羟乙酰基吲哚(12),丁香酸(13),4,6-二羟基-2-甲氧基苯乙酮(14),7-甲氧基-8-羟基香豆素(15),6-甲氧基山奈酚(16),(+)-正丁香酯素(17),β-棕榈精(18)和豆甾醇(19)。除了化合物8和9外,其他化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

5-Lipoxygenase-derived oxylipins from the red alga Rhodymenia pertusa

The lipid extract of the temperate red alga Rhodymenia pertusa has yielded four eicosanoid metabolites, three of which are new natural products. Using principally NMR and MS techniques, their structures were deduced as 5R,6S-dihydroxy-7(E),9(E),11(Z),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (5R,6S-diHETE), 5R*,6S*-dihydroxy-7(E),9(E),11(Z),14(Z),17(Z)-eicosapentaenoic acid (5R*,6S*-diHEPE), 5-hydroxy-6(E),8(Z),11(Z),14(Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE), 5-hydroxy-6(E),8(Z),11(Z),14(Z),17(Z)-eicosapentaenoic acid (5-HEPE). The co-occurrence of these metabolites strongly suggests that R. pertusa contains a unique 5R-lipoxygenase system acting on both arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids.     

Chemical composition of the essential oils of two Alpinia species from Hainan Island, China

The essential oils of two Alpinia species, ie. A. hainanensis and A. katsumadai, from Hainan Island, China were analyzed by using GC-MS. The major constituents in the leaf oil of A. hainanensis were ocimene (27.4%), beta-pinene (10.1%), 9-octadecenoic acid (6.5%), n-hexadecanoic acid (5.8%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (5.4%), and terpinen (4.3%). The oil constituents obtained from the flowers of A. hainanensis were ocimene (39.8%), beta-pinene (17.7%), terpinene (5.5%), p-menth-1-en-ol (4.9%), caryophyllene (4.9%), and phellandrene (4.4%). In A. katsumadai, the major constituents in the leaf oil were p-menth-1-en-ol (22.0%), terpinen (19.0%), 4-carene (9.1%), 1,8-cineole (8.3%), and camphor (5.6%). The major constituents in the flower oil were p-menth-1-en-ol (21.3%), 1,8-cineole (20.2%), terpinen (12.6%), phellandrene (7.0%), 4-carene (6.4%), and beta-pinene (5.2%).     

Energy enzymes from the flight muscle of the house sparrow, Passer domesticus-II. Physical and chemical properties related to purification of the glycolytic enzymes

The isoelectric points (pI0), molecular weights and ammonium sulfate precipitation ranges for most of the glycolytic enzymes from house sparrow (Passer domesticus) flight muscle were determined. The pI0 for each enzyme is as follows: HK (6.8), PGI (6.7), PFK (5.4), Ald (7.2), TPI (7.5), PGK (7.1), PGM (6.1), Enol (6.2), PyK (6.6), and LDH (8.3). The molecular weight for each enzyme is as follows: PGI (145,000), Ald (160,000), TPI (60,000), PGK (35,000), PGM (60,000), Enol (100,000), PyK (200,000), and LDH (145,000). The ammonium sulfate precipitation range for each enzyme is as follows: PGI (0-80%), PFK (40-50%), Ald (40-65%), TPI (30-90%), PGK (70-90%), PGM (30-80%), Enol (45-80%), PyK (55-85%), and LDH (40-65%).     

竹节参化学成分研究

从竹节参的乙醇提取物分离得到了12个化合物,通过MS和NMR等方法鉴定为:竹节参皂苷Ⅳa(1),楤木皂苷A(2),竹节参皂苷Ⅰb(3),竹节参皂苷Ⅴ(4),尿嘧啶(5),胸嘧啶(6),尿苷(7),鸟苷(8),胸苷(9),腺苷(10),肌苷(11),胞苷(12),其中5 ～ 12为首次从该植物中分离.     

Biological screening of rain forest plot trees from Palawan Island (Philippines)

Study plots totaling 0.2 Ha were established in primary forest in the highlands of central Palawan Island, Philippines. Samples of various anatomical parts [typically leaf + twig (If/tw), stem bark (sb), and root (rt)] were collected from all tree species represented within the plots by individuals having a diameter at breast height > or = 10 cm. In all, 211 distinct samples were obtained from 68 tree species, representing 35 families (not including samples from 4 indeterminate species). Methanol extracts of these samples were tested in in vitro antiplasmodial, brine shrimp toxicity, and cytotoxicity assays. The following samples showed an IC50 < or = 10 microg/mL against either chloroquine-sensitive or chloroquine-resistant clones of Plasmodium falciparum: Acronychia laurifolia (sb), Agathis celebica (lf/tw), Aglaia sp. 1 (sb), Aglaia sp. 2 (lf/tw, rt), Bhesa sp. 1 (rt), Cinnamomum griffithii (lf/tw), Croton leiophyllus (rt), Dysoxylum cauliflorum (rt), Garcinia macgregorii (sb), Lithocarpus sp. 1 (rt, sb), Meliosma pinnata ssp. macrophylla (lf/tw, rt), Myristica guatteriifolia (lf/tw), Ochrosia glomerata (rt, sb), Swintonia foxworthyi (lf/tw), Syzygium sp. 1 (rt), Turpinia pomifera (rt), and Xanthophyllum flavescens (sb). Secondly, those samples which displayed > or = 50% immobilization of brine shrimp at 100 microg/mL were: Acronychia laurifolia (lf/tw/fruit, rt, sb), Agathis celebica (lf/tw, sb), Aglaia sp. 1 (lf/tw), Alphonsea sp. 1 (rt), Ardisia iwahigensis (lf/tw), Arthrophyllum ahernianum (lf/tw, rt, sb), Castanopsis cf. evansii (rt), Cinnamomum griffithii (lf/tw, rt), Croton argyratus (lf/tw), C. leiophyllus (lf/tw, rt), Dysoxylum cauliflorum (fruit, lf/tw, rt), Euonymus javanicus (rt), Glochidion sp. 1 (rt), Polyosma sp. 1 (rt), Symplocos polyandra (rt), Timonius gammillii (sb), and Xanthophyllum flavescens (rt). Lastly, samples which exhibited an IC50 < or = 20 microg/mL against one or more of the cancer cell lines employed (LU1, KB, KB-V1, P-388, LNCaP, or ZR-75-1) include: Acronychia laurifolia (lf/tw/fruit, rt, sb), Aglaia sp. 1 (sb), Aglaia sp. 2 (rt), Alphonsea sp. 1 (rt), Ardisia iwahigensis (lf/tw, rt, sb), Astronia cumingiana (sb), Croton argyratus (lf/tw, rt, sb), C. leiophyllus (lf/tw, rt), Dimorphocalyx murina (lf/tw, rt, sb), Lithocarpus caudatifolius (rt, sb), Litsea cf. sibuyanensis (rt), Syzygium cf. attenuatum (rt, sb), S. confertum (sb), Ternstroemia gitingensis (rt), and Ternstroemia sp. 1 (rt, sb).     

Chemical evolution and the origin of life

This bibliography is the seventeenth annual supplement to the comprehensive bibliography on the same subject which was published in Space Life Sci. 2(1970), 225-295; 3(1972), 293-304; 4(1973), 309-329 and in Origins of Life 5(1974), 505-527; 6(1975), 285-300; 7(1976), 75-85; 8(1977), 59-66; 9(1978), 67-74; 10(1980), 69-87; 10(1980), 379-404; 11(1981), 273-288; 12(1982), 93-118; 13(1983), 61-80; 15(1984), 55-69; 17(1987), 171-184; 17(1987), 185-206.     

New neoclerodane diterpenoids isolated from the leaves of Salvia divinorum and their binding affinities for human kappa opioid receptors

Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the leaves of Salvia divinorum has resulted in the isolation of three new neoclerodane diterpenoids: divinatorin D (1), divinatorin E (2), and salvinorin G (3), together with 10 known terpenoids, divinatorin C (4), hardwickiic acid (5), salvinorin-A (6), -B (7), -C (8), -D (9), -E (10), and -F (11), presqualene alcohol (12), and (E)-phytol (13). The structures of these three new compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. All these compounds were evaluated for their binding affinities to the human kappa opioid receptors. In comparison with divinatorin D (1), divinatorin E (2), and salvinorin G (3), salvinorin A (6) is still the most potent kappa agonist.     

Spectral and thermodynamic properties of Ag(I), Au(III), Cd(II), Co(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(IV), and Zn(II) binding by methanobactin from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b

Methanobactin (mb) is a novel chromopeptide that appears to function as the extracellular component of a copper acquisition system in methanotrophic bacteria. To examine this potential physiological role, and to distinguish it from iron binding siderophores, the spectral (UV–visible absorption, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and X-ray photoelectron) and thermodynamic properties of metal binding by mb were examined. In the absence of Cu(II) or Cu(I), mb will bind Ag(I), Au(III), Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Hg(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), U(VI), or Zn(II), but not Ba(II), Ca(II), La(II), Mg(II), and Sr(II). The results suggest metals such as Ag(I), Au(III), Hg(II), Pb(II) and possibly U(VI) are bound by a mechanism similar to Cu, whereas the coordination of Co(II), Cd(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) by mb differs from Cu(II). Consistent with its role as a copper-binding compound or chalkophore, the binding constants of all the metals examined were less than those observed with Cu(II) and copper displaced other metals except Ag(I) and Au(III) bound to mb. However, the binding of different metals by mb suggests that methanotrophic activity also may play a role in either the solubilization or immobilization of many metals in situ.     

Diterpenoids and triterpenoids from Euphorbia guyoniana

Two new compounds with tigliane and cycloartane skeletons: 4,12-dideoxy(4alpha)phorbol-13-hexadecanoate (1) and 24-methylenecycloartane-3,28-diol (2), respectively, in addition of four known diterpenoids and 13 triterpenoids: 3-benzoyloxy-5,15-diacetoxy-9,14-dioxojatropha-6(17),11-diene (4), ent-abieta-8(14),13(15)-dien-16,12-olide (5), ent-8alpha,14alpha-epoxyabieta-11,13(15)-dien-16,12-olide (6), ent-3-hydroxyatis-16(17)-ene-2,14-dione (7), 3beta-hydroxytaraxer-14-en-28-oic acid (8), beta-sitosteryl-3beta-glucopyranoside-6'-O-palmitate (9), multiflorenyl acetate (10), multiflorenyl palmitate (11), peplusol (12), 24-methylenecycloartanol (3), lanosterol (13), euferol (14), butyrospermol (15), cycloartenol (16), obtusifoliol (17), cycloeucalenol (18) and beta-sitosterol (19), were isolated from the roots of Euphorbia guyoniana. Their structures were established on the basis of physical and spectroscopic analysis, including 1D and 2D homo- and heteronuclear NMR experiments (COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY) and by comparison with the literature data.     

Blood and urine physiological values in farm-cultured Rana catesbeiana (Anura: Ranidae) in Argentina

A total of 302 samples of healthy farm-cultured Rana catesbeiana specimens (9-21 months-old, 50-350 g liveweight, 50% each sex) from the north-east of Argentina, were analyzed through spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, densitometry, refractometry and microscopy in order to obtain blood and urine normal values. Confidence intervals (p<0.05) for PCV (28.6-31.6%), RBC (0.40-0.44 T/L), MCV (686-732 fL), hemoglobin (6.41-7.20 g/dL), MCH (151-164 pg), MCHC (22.6-24.0%), WBC (18.7-22.3 G/L), neutrophils (58.4-63.4%), lymphocytes (23.9-29.8%), monocytes (2.1-3.8%), eosinophils (4.6-7.0%), basophils (2.9-4.1%), bleeding time (289-393s), coagulation time (452-696s), prothrombin time (76-128s), urinary density (1.0061-1.0089 g/mL), urinary pH (6,38-6.96)., fibrinogen (0.59-0.99 g/dL), total protein (4.19-4.49 g/dL), albumin (1.49-1.67 g/dL), alpha-1 globulin (0.20-0.24 g/dL), alpha-2 globulin (0.48-0.54 g/dL), beta globulin (0.68-0.77 g/dL), gamma globulin (1.28-1.42 g/dL), albumin/globulin ratio (0.50-0.58), creatinine (4.09-5.56 mg/L). urea (76.1-92.4 mg/L), uric acid (11.5-15.4 mg/L), triglycerides (0.34-0.52 g/L), total cholesterol (0.56-0.67 g/L), HDL-C (0.03-0.05 g/L), LDL-C (0.34-0.44 g/L), alpha lipoprotein (6.01-8.67%). beta lipoprotein (91.3-93.9%), glucose (0.45-0.54 g/L), Na (116-121 meq/L), K (3.42-3.81 meq/L), Cl (100-116 meq/L), Ca (7.98-8.61 mg/dL). P (8.319.36 mg/dL), Mg (2.26-2.55 mg/dL), Fe (105-178 ug/dL), ALP (144-170 [U/L), ALT (10.0-14.8 IU/L), AST (42.8-53.4 IU/L), GGT (7.8-10.6 IU/L), LDH (99-135 IU/L), CHE (151-185 lU/L) and CPK (365-500 IU/L), were obtained. Some parameter ranges were similar to those obtained in amphibians, birds or mammals; others were very different. These parameters are useful to evaluate sanitary, metabolic and nutritional state on captive bullfrogs.     

凹叶瑞香的化学成分研究(英文)

从凹叶瑞香的乙酸乙酯部位分离得到14个化合物,经理化性质及波谱数据分析分别鉴定为瑞香黄烷A(1),瑞香黄烷B(2),瑞香黄烷C(3),瑞香黄烷E(4),瑞香黄烷F(5),芫花素(6),芫根苷(7),4,′5-二羟基-3,′7-二甲氧基黄酮(8),瑞香新素(9),5′′-去甲氧基瑞香新素(10),左旋松脂酚(11),瑞香醇酮(12),紫丁香苷(13)和丁香醛(14)。化合物1～14均为首次从该植物中分离得到。