The Azorhizobium caulinodans nitrogen-fixation regulatory gene, nifA, is controlled by the cellular nitrogen and oxygen status

The nucleotide sequence of the Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 nifA locus was determined and the deduced NifA amino acid sequence compared with that of NifA from other nitrogen-fixing species. Highly conserved domains, including helix-turn-helix and ATP-binding motifs, and specific conserved residues, such as a cluster of cysteines, were identified. The nifA 5' upstream region was found to contain DNA sequence motifs highly homologous to promoter elements involved in nifA/ntr-mediated control and a consensus element found in the 5' upstream region of the Bradyrhizobium japonicum 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase (hemA) gene and of Escherichia coli genes activated during anaerobiosis via the fnr (fumarate nitrate reduction) control system. A nifA-lac fusion was constructed using miniMu-lac and its activity measured in different genetic backgrounds and under various physiological conditions (in culture and in planta). NifA expression was found to be negatively autoregulated, repressed by rich nitrogen sources and high oxygen concentrations, and controlled (partially) by the ntrC gene, both in culture and in planta. DNA supercoiling was also implicated in nifA regulation, since DNA gyrase inhibitors severely repressed nifA-lac expression.     

Nucleotide sequence and mutagenesis of the nifA gene from Azotobacter vinelandii

The nucleotide sequence of the nifA gene from Azotobacter vinelandii was determined. This gene encodes an Mr = 58,100 polypeptide that shares significant sequence identity when compared to nifA-encoded products from other organisms. Interspecies comparisons of nifA-encoded products reveal that they all have a consensus ATP binding site and a consensus DNA binding site in highly conserved regions of the respective polypeptides. The nifA gene immediately precedes the nifB-nifQ gene region but is unlinked to the major nif gene cluster from A. vinelandii. A potential regulatory gene precedes and is apparently cotranscribed with nifA. Mutant strains that have a deletion or a deletion plus an insertion within nifA are incapable of diazotrophic growth and they fail to accumulate nitrogenase structural gene products.     

Interaction of a rhizobial DNA-binding protein with the promoter region of a plant leghemoglobin gene.

A nucleotide sequence was identified approximately 650 bp upstream of the Sesbania rostrata leghemoglobin gene Srglb3 start codon, which interacts specifically with a proteinaceous DNA-binding factor found in nodule extracts but not in extracts from leaves or roots. The binding site for this factor was delimited using footprinting techniques. The DNA-binding activity of this factor was found to be heat stable, dependent on divalent cations, and derived from the (infecting) Azorhizobium caulinodans bacteria or bacteroids (A. caulinodans bacterial binding factor 1, AcBBF1). A 9- to 10-kD protein was isolated from a free-living culture of A. caulinodans that co-purifies with the DNA-binding activity (A. caulinodans bacterial binding protein 1, AcBBP1) and interacts specifically with its target (S. rostrata bacterial binding site 1, SrBBS1). The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 27 residues of AcBBP1 was determined and was found to share significant similarity (46% identity; 68% similarity) with a domain of the herpes simplex virus major DNA-binding protein infected cell protein 8 (ICP8). An insertion mutation in the SrBBS1 was found to result in a substantial reduction of the expression of a Srglb3-gus reporter gene fusion in nodules of transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants, suggesting a role for this element in Srglb3 promoter activity. Based on these results, we propose that (a) bacterial transacting factor(s) may play a role in infected cell-specific expression of the symbiotically induced plant lb genes.     

Sequence and structural organization of a nif A-like gene and part of a nifB-like gene of Herbaspirillum seropedicae strain Z78.

The deduced amino acid sequence derived from the sequence of a fragment of DNA from the free-living diazotroph Herbaspirillum seropedicae was aligned to the homologous protein sequences encoded by the nifA genes from Azorhizobium caulinodans, Rhizobium leguminosarum, Rhizobium meliloti and Klebsiella pneumoniae. High similarity was found in the central domain and in the C-terminal region. The H. seropedicae putative NifA sequence was also found to contain an interdomain linker similar to that conserved among rhizobial NifA proteins, but not K. pneumoniae or Azotobacter vinelandii. Analysis of the regulatory sequences found 5' from nifA indicated that the expression of this gene in H. seropedicae is likely to be controlled by NifA, NtrC and RpoN, as judged by the presence of specific NifA- and NtrC-binding sites and characteristic -24/-12 promoters. Possible additional regulatory features included an 'anaerobox' and a site for integration host factor. The N-terminus of another open reading frame was found 3' from nifA and tentatively identified as nifB by amino acid sequence comparison. The putative nifB promoter sequence suggests that expression of H. seropedicae nifB may be activated by NifA and dependent on RpoN.     

The global nitrogen regulator, FNR1, regulates fungal nutrition-genes and fitness during Fusarium oxysporum pathogenesis

Fusarium oxysporum is a soil-borne pathogen that infects plants through the roots and uses the vascular system for host ingress. Specialized for this route of infection, F. oxysporum is able to adapt to the scarce nutrient environment in the xylem vessels. Here we report the cloning of the F. oxysporum global nitrogen regulator, Fnr1 , and show that it is one of the determinants for fungal fitness during in planta growth. The Fnr1 gene has a single conserved GATA-type zinc finger domain and is 96% and 48% identical to AREA-GF from Gibberella fujikuroi , and NIT2 from Neurospora crassa , respectively. Fnr1 cDNA, expressed under a constitutive promoter, was able to complement functionally an N. crassa nit-2 ^RIP mutant, restoring the ability of the mutant to utilize nitrate. Fnr1 disruption mutants showed high tolerance to chlorate and reduced ability to utilize several secondary nitrogen sources such as amino acids, hypoxanthine and uric acid, whereas growth on favourable nitrogen sources was not affected. Fnr1 disruption also abolished in vitro expression of nutrition genes , normally induced during the early phase of infection. In an infection assay on tomato seedlings, infection rate of disruption mutants was significantly delayed in comparison with the parental strain. Our results indicate that FNR1 mediates adaptation to nitrogen-poor conditions in planta through the regulation of secondary nitrogen acquisition, and as such acts as a determinant for fungal fitness during infection.