千岛湖次生林优势种种群结构与分布格局

为了揭示亚热带地区常绿阔叶林次生演替机理,以砍伐后自然恢复40余年的浙江千岛湖姥山岛次生林为研究对象,分析了该群落优势种的种群结构、存活曲线和空间分布格局。结果表明:1)群落中重要值最大的是马尾松(Pinus massoniana)种群,达到50.47%,其后依次是石栎(Lithocarpusglabra)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)和青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)。2)马尾松的种群结构呈纺锤型,但1、2径级个体数极少,幼龄个体储备严重不足,已呈衰退趋势;石栎、苦槠、青冈的种群结构呈金字塔型。3)从静态生命表看,马尾松种群小径级的死亡率为负值,也说明马尾松种群幼苗严重缺乏,种群呈衰退趋势。4)马尾松种群的存活曲线为凸型,石栎、苦槠和青冈种群则近似直线型。5)4种优势种种群总体和各级个体的空间分布格局均呈聚集分布。总体来看,马尾松种群为稳定型趋向衰退型,而石栎、苦槠和青冈种群为稳定增长型,群落会继续向针阔混交林方向演替,进而演替成为常绿阔叶林。     

湖南岳麓山植被演替趋势

在系统调查岳麓山现有植被的基础上,通过TWINSPAN、DCA、生态住分析、种群结构分析,并结合历史文献,研究了岳麓山植被的现状与演替.结果表明,经过30年城市公园管理,岳麓山次生植被正在向地带性植被亚热带常绿阔叶林恢复.其主要演替途径为:灌丛或人工林→针阔混交林或常绿阔叶落叶混交林→常绿阔叶林.近顶级或顶级群落以樟树(Cinnamomum camphora)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、栲(Castanopsis fargesii)、石栎(Lithocarpus gluer)等为优势种.马尾松(Pinusmassoniana)种群严重衰退,著名景观植物枫香(Liquidambar formosana)的种群虽表现出一定程度衰退,但仍将作为一种优势种存在较长时期.研究结果建议种植青冈、栲、石栎、木荷(Schima superba)等作为岳麓山林分改造的目标种.     

科尔沁沙地“生境岛屿”面积对植物物种多样性及其分布格局的影响

气候变化与人为干扰加剧景观破碎化进程,导致产生一系列相互隔绝的"生境岛屿"。本研究以科尔沁沙地流动沙丘18个不同大小丘间低地为研究对象,将丘间低地视为"生境岛屿",探讨"生境岛屿"面积对植物种分布格局的影响,并基于此提出物种多样性保护方案。结果表明:物种对生境破碎化的敏感性不同,第I类物种主要分布在小面积岛屿(如乌丹蒿、芦苇、野豌豆);第II类物种主要分布在大面积岛屿(如胡枝子、画眉);第III类物种主要分布在中面积岛屿(如刺藜、苦参);第IV类物种在大岛、中岛、小岛均有分布(如黄柳);在累加岛屿面积相同时,总物种数为中岛组合组合岛大岛组合小岛组合;沙生植物物种数为组合岛中岛组合大岛组合小岛组合;草甸植物物种数为中岛组合组合岛大岛组合小岛组合;草原植物物种数为组合岛中岛组合大岛组合小岛组合。探讨"生境岛屿"面积对植物多样性及其分布格局的影响将为半干旱沙区植物多样性保护提供理论依据。     

庐山25hm2森林样地乔木层优势种空间分布格局及关联性

为探究亚热带亚高山地区庐山地带性树种的空间分布格局,参照CTFS技术规范,2021年在庐山仰天坪地区建立了25 hm²森林样地,按叶片形状、是否落叶等植物生活型,将样地乔木树种类分为常绿针叶树种、落叶阔叶树种和常绿阔叶树种,使用空间点格局法分析了不同生活型中优势种的空间分布格局。结果表明：台湾松、四照花、化香树、锥栗、枹栎、灯台树、格药柃、黄丹木姜子、微毛柃等为主要优势种,其中台湾松为样地乔木层建群种。优势种种群空间点格局表现为在一定尺度内聚集分布,随着尺度的增加,逐渐转变为随机分布。常绿针叶树种与落叶阔叶树种、常绿阔叶树种之间呈小尺度内无关联、大尺度下负相关的特点;落叶阔叶树种与常绿阔叶树种之间的负相关关系较为明显;各落叶阔叶树种之间在小尺度内呈正相关或无关联,大尺度下呈负相关;常绿阔叶树种间在小尺度内呈正相关,中间尺度内无关联,大尺度下呈负相关。     

浙江省生态公益林植被恢复过程中物种组成及多样性的变化

在浙江省生态公益林区域的现状植被中分析了6种主要群落类型的物种组成和多样性的变化格局,包括演替系列中的2种灌丛、松优势林、2种混交林和常绿阔叶林。结果表明含松较多的灌丛和松优势林常分布在环境退化较严重(土层瘠薄)的生境中,其中灌木层主要由阳性的映山红、木、白栎等组成,常绿阔叶林优势种木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等在其中偶见,因此推断其自然恢复为常绿林的速度慢;含常绿阔叶树较多的灌丛及含松较少的混交林分布在土层较厚处,木荷、青冈、苦槠、甜槠等的频度和重要值都较大,较容易自然恢复为常绿阔叶林。各种群落中物种多样性指数——Gleason、Shannon-Wiener、Simpson指数基本上以常绿阔叶林为最高,其次是含松较少的混交林,含松较多的灌丛和松优势林各种多样性指数最低。本研究显示我国中亚热带东部森林植被恢复途径有3条:(1)灌草丛→针叶林(松)→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(2)灌草丛→针(松)阔混交林→常绿阔叶林;(3)灌草丛→常绿阔叶林。这意味着本区域的常绿阔叶林恢复可以不必经历松林阶段,在生境条件较好的地方通过人工干预、补种常绿阔叶树可以加速常绿阔叶林恢复。     

浙江天目山苦槠种群结构和动态研究

选取了6个代表性样地对浙江天目山的苦槠种群结构和动态进行了研究,研究结果表明：苦槠种群的结构为衰败型：种群结构存在着幼龄种苗数量较少,部分样地有缺失现象。种群结构总体分布格局为随机型,不同阶段幼苗—幼树—中树—大树动态格局趋势表现为聚集—聚集—随机过渡—随机型。造成这种现象的原因一方面是由于大量的结实种子易被啮齿类捕食所致;另一方面也与苦槠的生物学特性和生境密切相关。苦槠种群维持和更新繁殖方式的适应性特点表现为无性萌生繁殖贡献率远远大于有性繁殖,种群主要通过萌生的方式来维持种群的更新和存活,并在一定程度上影响了演替的方向。衰败型苦槠种群的生态恢复可通过控制鼠害和移栽幼苗的策略。     

金华北山常绿阔叶林群落结构及优势乔木树种更新类型

以金华北山常绿阔叶林为对象,对群落的结构特征和优势乔木树种的更新进行调查研究。根据调查统计,群落共有维管植物66科115属144种,木本植物中的常绿阔叶树种以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科为主,达到62.96%,体现了亚热带常绿阔叶林的特点。该群落可划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间4个层次,其物种多样性表现出灌木层乔木层层间草本层的特点。根据径级频率分布形状,将各树种的种群结构归纳为4种类型,并结合各种群的生物学和生态学特性,分别讨论其更新类型,同时对群落所处的演替阶段进行诊断。结果为:(1)群落的建群种为木荷、苦槠,枫香、马尾松等也占有一定优势。(2)种群结构为逆-J字型的木荷、苦槠、香樟,耐荫性强,可以通过实生和萌生两种方式实现种群的更新,是顶极群落的优势种;L型的木、女贞、格药柃等均为常绿阔叶小乔木或者大灌木,是顶极群落亚乔木层和灌木层的主要组成种;间歇型的枫香、麻栎、锥栗等,种群结构具有机会性和波动性,体现出顶级性先锋种的特性;纺锤型的白栎、马尾松和杉木为高大阳性树种,是演替序列中的先锋种,在此群落中种群更新不足,已表现出衰退的迹象。(3)该群落正处于顶级演替的前期,并未达到最终阶段,将进一步向以木荷、苦槠为优势种的方向发展。     

浙江天台山常绿阔叶林优势种群结构及种间联结性研究

以浙江天台山常绿阔叶林为研究对象 ,用“空间序列代替时间变化”的方法 ,对该群落优势种群的结构和动态进行了分析 ,结果是 :甜槠、木荷、东南石栎种群的存活曲线均表现为极显著的线性关系 ,种群的年龄结构为稳定型或增长型 ,马尾松、短柄种群的年龄结构为衰退型 ,小叶青冈种群的年龄结构由稳定型趋向衰退型。用方差比率 (VR)和通过 2× 2联列表进行 X2 检验的方法 ,检验了常绿阔叶林乔木层 2 0个主要树种、灌木层 2 2个主要种类的总体相关性和各种对间的联结性。结果是乔木层、灌木层主要种类间在总体上均呈显著的正相关 ,正联结的种对多于负联结的种对。     

井冈山区常绿阔叶林更新动态的研究

本文从常绿阔叶林更新苗的分布和生态因子的研究入手,并通过对更新苗种群和区系特征的分析,初步揭示了在井冈山区恢复和发展以热带-亚热带区系植物为主要种类成分的常绿阔叶林的可能性。     

恢复与发展井岗山区常绿阔叶林的初步探讨

本文从常绿阔叶林更新苗的分布和生态习性的研究入手,并通过对更新苗种群和区系特征的分析,初步揭示了在井岗山区,恢复和发展以热带——亚热带区系植物为主要种类成分的常绿阔叶林的可能性。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。