水稻茎伸长生长与植物激素

赤霉素（GA）,生长素（IAA）,脱落酸（ABA）和乙烯影响水稻茎（或节间）的伸长,其中赤霉素与水稻茎伸长生长的关系最密切。GA1是植物体内刺激茎伸长的至关重要的赤霉素,GA3已作为最常用的外源激素诱导水稻的节间伸长。水稻茎秆的伸受激素浓度和敏感性的双重控制,激素浓度或敏感性任一方的改变都有可能导致株高的变异。赤霉素如此显著地促进茎的伸长可能与增加细胞分裂和促使细胞壁松弛有关。而生长素主要促进细胞伸长。植物激素促进水稻茎长的分子机理的研究已有较大的进展,预期这方面的研究和应用在未来几年内将有新的突破。     

烟草株高变异体的茎尖中内源激素含量变化及其对外源激素的响应

烟草矮秆基因型“农大202’的茎生长过程中茎尖中内源赤霉素（GA3）、生长素（IAA）含量始终低于中、高秆基因型,其内源脱落酸（ABA）和玉米素（ZR）含量则相对较高。喷施外源激素GA,和IAA的结果表明,GA,可调节矮秆基因型茎尖中各内源激素的含量,与正常株高基因型‘K326’的各激素含量相接近,从而促进茎生长,而IAA的作用较小。     

深水稻节间伸长生长的机制

淹水可促进深水稻节间快速伸长生长,其主要受内源赤霉素、乙烯、脱落酸等激素信号分子的调控。淹水能促进深水稻植株体内乙烯、赤霉素的生物合成、抑制脱落酸的生物合成,外源乙烯、赤霉素会加速深水稻节间伸长,而外源脱落酸抑制淹水节间的伸长,其中赤霉素是直接作用因子,乙烯能降低内源脱落酸水平、增加节间对赤霉素的敏感性;还与渗透调节、细胞壁组份如膨胀素等有关,淹水及赤霉素都大大增加了膨胀素基因的表达。并就深水稻的进一步研究进行了展望。     

深水稻节间伸长生长的机制

淹水可促进深水稻节间快速伸长生长,其主要受内源赤霉素、乙烯、脱落酸等激素信号分子的调控。淹水能促进深水稻植物株体内乙烯、赤霉素的生物合成、抑制脱落酸的生物合成,外源乙烯、赤霉素会加速深水稻节间伸长,而外源脱落酸抑制淹水节间的伸长,其中赤霉素是直接作用因子,乙烯能降低内源脱落酸水平、增加节地赤霉素的敏感性;还与渗透调节、细胞壁组份如膨胀素等有关,淹水及赤霉素都大大增加了膨胀素基因的表达。并就深水稻的     

赤霉素在蔬菜生产上的应用

赤霉素（GA）是一种高效植物生长激素,在蔬菜生产上有广泛的应用。它能促进蔬菜的细胞分裂、细胞伸长、叶片扩大和茎伸长生长,促进侧枝生长、抽苔及种子萌发,提高座果率,诱导雄花形成与单性结实,加速果实膨大及延长贮藏保鲜期。赤霉素可刺激茎叶生长,明显增加株高,而不影响节间的数目。在一定浓度范围内,随着浓度的提高,刺激生长的效应增大。用10～50mg／kg赤霉素喷洒芹菜、甚芭、菠菜、觅菜及商蒿等蔬菜,可促进生长,增加产量10％～40％。同时,赤霉素能促进遗传上的矮化蔬菜如矮生豌豆、四季豆、玉米等的生长,也能促进生理型…     

植物激素对菜豆下胚轴生长的影响

用黄化菜豆下胚轴切段作材料,研究了五种植物激素对生长的影响。生长素促进切段的伸长,最适浓度为10~(-6)M。浓度过高则有抑制作用。赤霉素亦有促进伸长的效果。激动素和乙烯抑制切段伸长但却促进了它的加粗。脱落酸抑制伸长的作用最明显。高浓度生长素诱导组织产生大量乙烯。赤霉素、激动素和脱落酸对乙烯的产生没有明显的影响;然而,将这几种激素与生长素同时处理则它们可以影响生长素诱导乙烯产生的效果。这种影响与它们对切段伸长的作用呈明显的负相关性。用CO_2和高浓度生长素同时处理可使被抑制的伸长得到部分恢复。本文就高浓度生长素对菜豆下胚轴切段伸长的抑制作用与乙烯释放的关系进行了讨论。     

赤霉素作用机理的分子基础与调控模式研究进展

赤霉素（gibberellins或gibberellic acid,GA）作为植物生长的必需激素之一,调控植物生长发育的各个方面,如：种子萌发,下胚轴的伸长,叶片的生长和植物开花时间等。近年来随着植物功能基因组学的进一步发展,有关赤霉素生物合成及其调控,赤霉素信号转导途径,以及赤霉素与其他激素和环境因子的互作等领域的研究取得了较大的进展。本文综述了赤霉素生物合成的生物学途径及其调控研究;GA信号转导通道的研究进展,特别是DELLA蛋白阻遏植物生长发育的分子机理和GA解除阻遏作用（derepress）的分子模型;GA受体研究的新进展;探讨GA与其它激素之间的相互作用,以及植物在应答环境过程中的作用。     

生长素和赤霉素对离体水仙花茎切段伸长的影响

以离体水仙(Narcissustazettavar.chinensis)花茎切段为材料,通过外源吲哚-3-乙酸(Indole-3-aceticacid,IAA)和赤霉素A3(GA3)处理,结合内源激素分析,研究了这两种激素对水仙花茎切段伸长的影响,以及它们之间的相互作用。结果表明:外源50μmol/LIAA和30μmol/LGA3均能促进花茎切段的伸长,其中IAA的促进作用大于GA3。200μmol/L生长素运输抑制剂2,3,5-三碘苯甲酸(2,3,5-Triiodobenzoicacid,TIBA)和65μmol/L赤霉素合成抑制剂烯效唑(Uniconazole,S-3307)均显著抑制花茎切段的伸长。外源50μmol/LIAA处理明显增加内源GA1 3的含量,是对照的3.40倍;外源30μmol/LGA3处理对内源IAA含量影响不明显,说明IAA对维持花茎切段内源活性GA水平起重要作用,IAA和活性GA共同发挥调控花茎切段伸长的作用。     

温度对温敏核不育水稻eui突变体最上节间伸长的影响

以培矮64S为对照, 采用田间调查和人工温度处理方法研究了温度对温敏核不育水稻（Oryza sativa）eui突变体（双低培eS）最上节间伸长的影响。结果表明, 双低培eS穗颈伸出度与抽穗前12–17天（花粉母细胞形成期至减数分裂期）的日均温度呈显著负相关。在温度敏感期分别进行人工温度处理, 在18–26℃条件下穗颈伸出度为正值且不包颈; 在28℃条件下出现包颈现象。在可育温度（20℃）和不育温度（24℃）条件下, 双低培eS最上节间中GA1、IAA和ZR含量极显著地高于培矮64S, 而ABA含量则显著低于培矮64S, 最上节间中最内层薄壁细胞数目分别比培矮64S多1 177和823个, 细胞平均长度分别比培矮64S长23.2和16.7 μm。温敏核不育水稻eui突变体最上节间伸长是由于节间最内层薄壁细胞数目增多和细胞长度增加双重作用所致, 其中以细胞伸长为主, 且随着处理温度的升高, 最上节间最内层薄壁细胞数目减少, 细胞平均长度变短。eui基因还可能通过调节激素间的平衡来控制温敏核不育水稻eui突变体最上节间的伸长生长。     

罗汉果花芽分化过程中内源激素的变化

采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）,在花芽分化期对罗汉果雌株二级蔓上的腋芽（花芽）进行了植物内源激素生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA3）、脱落酸（ABA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量变化的研究。结果表明：在罗汉果花芽分化进程中,低水平的IAA、GA3和高水平的ABA、ZR可能促进花芽分化;在激素平衡中,ABA/GA3和ZR/GA3比值的变化起主要的影响作用,高比值的ABA/GA3和ZR/GA3可能有利于罗汉果花芽分化。     

甘蔗节间伸长过程赤霉素生物合成关键基因的表达及相关植物激素动态变化

以甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)优良品种桂糖42号(GT42)为研究材料, 分别于未伸长期(9-10叶龄以前) (Ls1)、伸长初期(12-13叶龄) (Ls2)和伸长盛期(15-16叶龄) (Ls3)取甘蔗第2片真叶(自顶部起)对应的节间组织, 测定其赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、油菜素甾醇(BR)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、乙烯(ETH)和脱落酸(ABA)的含量, 并通过实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)分析赤霉素合成途径关键基因GA₂₀氧化酶基因(GA20-Oxidase1)、赤霉素受体基因(GID1)和DELLA蛋白编码基因(GAI)的差异表达。结果表明, 在甘蔗伸长期间, GA和IAA含量呈现上升趋势, CTK和ABA含量呈下降趋势, ETH含量先上升后下降, BR含量则变化不明显; GA20-Oxidase1和GID1的表达呈上升趋势, 而GAI的表达则呈下降趋势, 这与相关植物激素的变化基本一致。综上, 甘蔗节间伸长过程主要与GA和IAA相关, 其次为CTK和ABA, 而ETH受到IAA的调控影响节间伸长; 植物激素间通过相互作用调控GA20-Oxidase1、GID1和GAI的表达, 影响GA含量和GA的信号转导过程, 进而影响甘蔗节间的伸长。该研究揭示了甘蔗节间伸长过程中赤霉素生物合成途径和信号转导关键基因的差异表达及植物激素含量的动态变化规律。     

甘蔗节间伸长过程赤霉素生物合成关键基因的表达及相关植物激素动态变化

以甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)优良品种桂糖42号(GT42)为研究材料, 分别于未伸长期(9-10叶龄以前) (Ls1)、伸长初期(12-13叶龄) (Ls2)和伸长盛期(15-16叶龄) (Ls3)取甘蔗第2片真叶(自顶部起)对应的节间组织, 测定其赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、油菜素甾醇(BR)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、乙烯(ETH)和脱落酸(ABA)的含量, 并通过实时荧光定量PCR (qRT-PCR)分析赤霉素合成途径关键基因GA₂₀氧化酶基因(GA20-Oxidase1)、赤霉素受体基因(GID1)和DELLA蛋白编码基因(GAI)的差异表达。结果表明, 在甘蔗伸长期间, GA和IAA含量呈现上升趋势, CTK和ABA含量呈下降趋势, ETH含量先上升后下降, BR含量则变化不明显; GA20-Oxidase1和GID1的表达呈上升趋势, 而GAI的表达则呈下降趋势, 这与相关植物激素的变化基本一致。综上, 甘蔗节间伸长过程主要与GA和IAA相关, 其次为CTK和ABA, 而ETH受到IAA的调控影响节间伸长; 植物激素间通过相互作用调控GA20-Oxidase1、GID1和GAI的表达, 影响GA含量和GA的信号转导过程, 进而影响甘蔗节间的伸长。该研究揭示了甘蔗节间伸长过程中赤霉素生物合成途径和信号转导关键基因的差异表达及植物激素含量的动态变化规律。     

Uncoupling light quality from light irradiance effects in Helianthus annuus shoots: putative roles for plant hormones in leaf and internode growth

An attempt has been made to uncouple the effects of the two primary components of shade light, a reduced red to far-red (R/FR) ratio and low photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), on the elongation of the youngest internode of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seedlings. Maximal internode growth (length and biomass) was induced by a shade light having a reduced R/FR ratio (0.85) under the low PAR of 157 micromol m(-2) s(-1). Reducing the R/FR ratio under normal PAR (421 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) gave similar growth trends, albeit with a reduced magnitude of the response. Leaf area growth showed a rather different pattern, with maximal growth occurring at the higher (normal) PAR of 421 micromol m(-2) s(-1)), but with variable effects being seen with changes in light quality. Reducing the R/FR ratio (by enrichment with FR) gave significant increases in gibberellin A(1) (GA(1)) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) contents in both internodes and leaves. By contrast, a lower PAR irradiance had no significant effect on GA(1) and IAA levels in internodes or leaves, but did increase the levels of other GAs, including two precursors of GA(1). Interestingly, both leaf and internode hormone content (GAs, IAA) are positively and significantly correlated with growth of the internode, as are leaf levels of abscisic acid (ABA). However, changes in these three hormones bear little relationship to leaf growth. By implication, then, the leaf may be the major source of GAs and IAA, at least, for the rapidly elongating internode. Several other hormones were also assessed in leaves for plants grown under varying R/FR ratios and PARs. Leaf ethylene production was not influenced by changes in R/FR ratio, but was significantly reduced under the normal (higher) PAR, the irradiance treatment which increased leaf growth. Levels of the growth-active free base and riboside cytokinins were significantly increased in leaves under a reduced R/FR ratio, but only at the higher (normal) PAR irradiance; other light quality treatments evoked no significant changes. Taken in toto, these results indicate that both components of shade light can influence the levels of a wide range of endogenous hormones in internodes and leaves while evoking increased internode elongation and biomass accumulation. However, it is light quality changes (FR enrichment) which are most closely tied to increased hormone content, and especially with increased GA and IAA levels. Finally, the increases seen in internode and leaf GA content with a reduced R/FR ratio are consistent with FR enrichment inducing an overall increase in sunflower seedling GA biosynthesis.     

Temperature alternations and the influence of gibberellins and indoleacetic acid on elongation growth and flowering of Begonia x hiemalis Fotsch

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of plant hormones, particularly the gibberellins (GAs), in the thermoperiodic regulation of stem elongation in the short day plant (SDP) Begonia x hiemalis. Effects of GAs and some GA precursors were tested on plants grown under alternating day/night temperatures (DT/NT; 12/12 h), and the effects of these temperature regimes on endogenous plant hormones were analyzed using combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Compared with constant temperatures (19/19 °C; 21/21 °C), stem elongation was significantly inhibited by low DT/high NT (14/24 °C; 18/24 °C) and enhanced by the opposite treatments (24/14 °C; 26/17 °C). GA1 stimulated elongation of internodes and petioles while ent-kaurene, kaurenoic acid, GA12, GA19, GA20 had no significant effect. The effect of GA1 was enhanced by a simultaneous application of calcium 3,5-dioxo-4-propionylcyclohexanecarboxylate (BX-112). BX-112 inhibited internode elongation at high DT/low NT (24/14 °C) but not at the reverse temperature regime.Gibberellins A53, A19, A20, A1, A4, A9, and indoleacetic acid (IAA), were identified by GC-MS from both leaves, including the petioles, and stems of B. x hiemalis. There were no apparent relationships between elongation of internodes and petioles and endogenous contents of gibberellins A53, A19, A20, and A1. Recoveries of deuterated GA4 and GA9 were generally too low for estimation of endogenous levels of these GAs.Constant temperature resulted in more open flowers and flower buds compared to alternating DT and NT. BX-112 decreased the time to anthesis.     

Developmental changes in the gibberellin-induced growth response in stem segments of light-grown pea genotypes

The effects of GA on stem elongation were studied using segments from one tall and three dwarf light-grown pea genotypes varying in endogenous hormone content. Stem segments were cut at two distinct ages: when the fourth internode was at about 6–13% of full expansion (early-expansion) or at 18–25% of full expansion (mid-expansion). Light microscopy and flow cytometry were used to demonstrate that GA does not induce cell division in excised pea stem segments. The growth studied here was strictly elongation. Measurement of final segment length after 48 hours and high resolution measurement of growth kinetics over 20 hours using an angular position transducer were done on segments treated with hormone solutions. Our data indicate that the action of GA on stem elongation can be classified into two distinct modes. The first, apparent in early-expansion stem segments, shows distinct growth kinetics and is independent of the endogenous IAA concentration of the segments. Quantitation of IAA by GC/MS in early-expansion segments of wild type pea incubated with gibberellin shows that an increase in IAA concentration is part of the GA response in such segments. The second mode of GA action is evinced in mid-expansion segments. Whereas there is no short term (<20 h) response to GA alone (as determined by growth kinetics), there is a long term (48 h) response whose magnitude decreases across the genotypes with decreasing endogenous hormone content. Growth responses indicate that in mid-expansion segments exogenous GA acts by enhancing IAA action but appears to be unable to augment endogenous IAA content. Contradictory reports of the response of excised stem segments to GA can be reconciled when tissue genotype and developmental stage are considered.