外源水杨酸对NaCl胁迫下大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长生理的影响

以大豆种子、幼苗为试验材料,采用砂培的方法,研究了0.2mmol·L-1外源水杨酸(SA)对100mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下大豆种子萌发、幼苗形态及生物量、膜脂过氧化和抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果显示:NaCl胁迫下,大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长受到显著抑制,且随着胁迫时间的延长(0~3d),大豆幼苗相对电解质渗漏率、硫代巴比妥酸活性产物(TBARS)含量显著升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均明显降低。外源SA促进NaCl胁迫下大豆种子萌发和根茎生长,增加幼苗生物量积累,降低幼苗叶片相对电解质渗漏率和TBARS含量,增强其叶片SOD、CAT、APX活性。研究表明,NaCl胁迫能显著抑制大豆种子萌发和幼苗生长,而一定浓度的外源SA能有效提高NaCl胁迫下大豆种子活力及幼苗抗氧化酶活性,减轻膜脂过氧化程度,缓解NaCl胁迫所造成的伤害,提高大豆幼苗抗盐胁迫的能力。     

γ-氨基丁酸浸种对番茄种子及幼苗耐盐性调节的生理机制

以番茄‘金棚一号’为材料,研究了外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)浸种处理对NaCl胁迫下种子萌发及幼苗生长和生理代谢的影响。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄种子的萌发和胚根生长,同时导致番茄幼苗体内活性氧(O2.-、H2O2)大量积累,膜脂过氧化程度加重,幼苗叶片光合系统Ⅱ活性显著降低,幼苗的生长受到严重抑制。(2)外源GABA浸种能够显著提高盐胁迫下番茄种子的萌发和胚根的生长,并以10.00mmol.L-1 GABA浸种处理效果最好。(3)外源GABA浸种处理显著提高了NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗根系和叶片抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性,降低了活性氧(O2.-、H2O2)的产生和膜脂过氧化程度,通过维持较高的光合系统Ⅱ活性,促进了幼苗的生长及生物量积累,但GABA的缓解效应存在较大的浓度差异,其中以10.00mmol.L-1 GABA处理效果较好。研究表明,10.00mmol.L-1 GABA浸种处理能够通过促进番茄种子萌发和幼苗生长来缓解盐胁迫的伤害。     

Cd胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子发芽及幼苗生理生化特性的影响

以‘甘农3号’紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.cv.‘Gannong 3’)品种为试验材料,研究不同浓度Cd胁迫对紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生理生化特性的影响。结果显示:(1)Cd胁迫显著抑制紫花苜蓿种子萌发及幼苗生长,种子发芽势、发芽率及幼苗的胚芽长、胚根长和干重均随着Cd处理浓度提高显著降低,且对发芽势的抑制作用大于发芽率,对胚根生长的抑制作用大于胚芽。(2)Cd胁迫第4d时,萌发种子中蛋白水解酶的活性受到显著抑制,可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量显著降低。(3)Cd胁迫第10d时,随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,苜蓿幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(GPX)活性均先升高后降低,过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性持续下降,超氧阴离子自由基产生速率、H2O2含量和丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著增加。研究表明,低浓度Cd胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗抗氧化系统清除活性氧的能力上升,高浓度Cd胁迫下,苜蓿幼苗抗氧化系统活性下降,膜脂过氧化程度加剧,活性氧的过量积累是Cd伤害苜蓿幼苗和其生物量下降的主要原因。     

6-苄（基）腺嘌呤和抗坏血酸对渗透胁迫时杨树光合作用光抑制的影响

研究了6-BA和A5A对渗透胁迫时杨树幼苗叶片光合作用光抑制和活性氧代谢的影响．结果表明,渗透胁迫时杨树叶片净光合速率(Pn)和表观量子效率(AQY)降低,光合作用光抑制加剧,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性降低,O2产生加快,H2O2和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)含量升高．6-BA和A5A预处理使胁迫时叶片SOD和APx活性升高。O2生成减少。H2O22和MDA含量降低,同时缓解了光合作用的光抑制．相关分析表明,杨树叶片活性氧水平和MDA含量与Pn和AQY呈负相关．胁迫时杨树叶片活性氧的积累与光合作用光抑制有一定关系,6-BA和A5A对光抑制的缓解作用与其对活性氧清除系统的促进作用有关。     

外源一氧化氮供体SNP对黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

采用水培试验,研究了不同浓度NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:50和100μmol.L-1SNP促进了黑麦草种子的发芽率、幼苗干物质积累速率、萌发种子α-淀粉酶活性、幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白质及叶绿素含量的提高。根和叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(ASC)含量增加,超氧阴离子(O.2-)积累速率和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累降低。高浓度SNP(500~2000μmol.L-1)抑制种子的萌发和幼苗生长,幼苗叶绿素、可溶性蛋白质及GSH、ASC含量下降,MDA含量和H2O2、O.2-产生速率提高,SOD、POD和APX活性降低,但叶片CAT活性升高。推测NO可能通过提高种子淀粉酶活性和幼苗活性氧清除能力,促进黑麦草种子的萌发和幼苗生长。     

NaCl胁迫对超大甜椒种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以超大甜椒种子和幼苗为材料,采用水培法研究低、中、高浓度(50、150、250 mmol·L-1)NaCl胁迫对其种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.结果显示:(1)低浓度NaCl处理促进种子萌发,而中、高浓度NaCl处理抑制种子萌发;NaCl处理第18天时,高浓度NaCl处理植株全部死亡,其余各处理植株苗高、叶面积、地上部鲜重和干重均随处理浓度升高而下降,但低浓度NaCl能刺激超大甜椒的根系生长.(2)低、中浓度NaCl处理时,植株叶绿素含量未受到大的影响,类胡萝卜素含量却随胁迫时间延长微量升高;在盐胁迫7 d的周期内,低、中浓度NaCl处理植株MDA含量、SOD活性和可溶性糖含量均随浓度升高及时间延长显著增加,脯氨酸含量在低浓度下变化不明显而中浓度下显著升高;在高浓度NaCl处理3 d中,MDA含量急剧升高,SOD活性先升高后下降,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量显著增加.研究发现,NaCl胁迫浓度越高对超大甜椒种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制效应越明显;低中浓度NaCl处理幼苗能通过自身的抗氧化酶清除系统和渗透调节物质来抵抗胁迫引起伤害,类胡萝卜素可能也有一定的抗胁迫作用,而高浓度NaCl处理增加了膜脂过氧化程度,严重影响了活性氧和渗透调节物质的正常代谢.     

大豆萌发过程的活性氧代谢

本文研究了大豆萌发过程中活性氧的产生与清除,并探讨了光因子在活性氧代谢中的作用。大豆呼吸强度、O产生速率及H2O2水平都在吸水后第四天达到高峰,然后下降,三者的变化趋势同步。SOD、POD及APX的活性随萌发过程而逐渐增强,最后趋于平稳。SOD同工酶谱中分别于萌发的第二、第三天各出现一条新的酶带。CAT在萌发的初期猛增50倍左右,之后趋于稳定。在三种清除H2O2的酶（CAT、POD、APX）中,CAT清除H2O2的能力远远高于POD与APX,CAT可能是大豆萌发过程中最主要的H2O2清除酶。光萌发时呼吸强度低于暗中萌发,但O产生速率与H2O2水平高于暗萌发,光萌发时O的产生占总耗氧量的1．1—2．7％,而暗中萌发为0．9—1．3％。光条件下SOD、APX活性明显高于暗中萌发,而POD与CAT则在光和暗条件下相差不大。     

小麦苗期对1, 2, 4-三氯苯胁迫的生理响应

通过砂培试验,研究了6种浓度(0、0.3、0.6、1.0、1.5 mmol/kg沙和2.0 mmol/kg沙)的1, 2, 4-三氯苯(TCB)对两种小麦烟辐188(耐性基因型)和扬麦16(敏感基因型)种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量、以及叶片和根系的蛋白质含量、丙二醛含量(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性等生理指标的影响.结果表明两种小麦基因型具有显著的差异,在TCB胁迫下,烟辐188的种子发芽率、发芽指数、幼苗生物量均高于扬麦16,烟辐188和扬麦16的叶片可溶性蛋白含量分别与对照差异不显著和显著偏低.随着TCB浓度的升高,烟辐188根系的可溶性蛋白含量呈上升趋势,与对照差异显著,而扬麦16先略有上升然后呈下降趋势,且显著低于对照.TCB胁迫导致扬麦16叶片SOD、POD活性小于对照,CAT活性显著小于对照;而烟辐188叶片SOD活性与对照间差异不明显,POD和CAT活性在低浓度TCB胁迫时与对照差异不大,在高浓度时小于对照,其MDA含量低于扬麦16.烟辐188根系SOD、POD活性对TCB胁迫不敏感,扬麦16 SOD、POD活性受O-·2诱导而上升,但由于其O-·2产生速率要大于烟辐188,仍然不能清除多余的O-·2,最终其根系MDA含量高于烟辐188.总体而言,TCB胁迫下烟辐188的发芽情况、幼苗生长情况和生理指标均好于扬麦16,表现出对TCB胁迫有较强的耐受性和适应性.     

根系渗透胁迫时杨树光合作用光抑制与活性氧的关系

为更多地了解自然条件下活体叶片的光抑制,研究了渗透胁迫时杨树无性系幼苗叶片的光抑制与活性氧代谢的关系．结果表明,随胁迫时间的延长和胁迫强度的增大,杨树叶片O2^-生成加快,H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量增多,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)活性升高,过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性降低,活性氧代谢失衡,光合作用的光抑制加剧．用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸铜盐抑制SOD活性,或用甲基紫精加速O2^-的生成,亦可使杨树叶片发生光抑制．渗透胁迫时杨树无性系幼苗清除H2O2能力降低,限制了叶片通过Mehler反应耗散过剩光能,防御光破坏作用的发挥;光抑制的发生与活性氧的积累有关．     

Ca2+对铬胁迫下木麻黄种子萌发的生态效应

研究不同浓度Ca2 + 对铬胁迫下木麻黄种子萌发的影响。结果表明 ,在 10mgCr3 + ·L-1或 10 0mgCr3 + ·L-1胁迫下 ,木麻黄种子萌发及幼苗生长发育受到抑制 ,较高浓度的Cr3 +显示更大的毒性效应 ;在加入适量Ca2 + 处理后 ,植物虽仍处在铬胁迫下 ,但脯氨酸、O-2 、MDA含量以及POD、CAT活性有所下降 ,SOD活性上升 ,缓解了铬对种子萌发的抑制和幼苗生长发育的影响。Ca2 + 表现出对铬胁迫下木麻黄种子萌发和幼苗膜保护酶活性有积极的调控作用 ,且可调节脯氨酸应激反应的灵敏程度 ,降低活性氧的产生速率和膜脂过氧化程度 ,但Ca2 + 处理需要适当的浓度 ,浓度过高会产生负效应。Ca2 + 调控的最适浓度为 0 0 1～ 1mmol·L-1。     

Effect of stationary magnetic field strengths of 150 and 200 mT on reactive oxygen species production in soybean

Our previous investigation reported the beneficial effect of pre-sowing magnetic treatment for improving germination parameters and biomass accumulation in soybean. In this study, soybean seeds treated with static magnetic fields of 150 and 200 mT for 1 h were evaluated for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activity of antioxidant enzymes. Superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were measured in embryos and hypocotyls of germinating seeds by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and kinetics of superoxide production; hydrogen peroxide and antioxidant activities were estimated spectrophotometrically. Magnetic field treatment resulted in enhanced production of ROS mediated by cell wall peroxidase while ascorbic acid content, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase activity decreased in the hypocotyl of germinating seeds. An increase in the cytosolic peroxidase activity indicated that this antioxidant enzyme had a vital role in scavenging the increased H(2)O(2) produced in seedlings from the magnetically treated seeds. Hence, these studies contribute to our first report on the biochemical basis of enhanced germination and seedling growth in magnetically treated seeds of soybean in relation to increased production of ROS.     

Caffeic acid decreases salinity-induced root nodule superoxide radical accumulation and limits salinity-induced biomass reduction in soybean

Caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid; CA) is a cinnamic acid occurring naturally in a variety of plant species. In this study, the effects of caffeic acid (100 μM caffeic acid) on soybean root nodule superoxide content, cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1) activity were evaluated in the presence and absence of salinity stress (imposed by application of 70 mM NaCl), along with the effects of CA on growth of soybean in the presence or absence of salinity. Treatment with CA caused a decrease in superoxide content, enhanced cell viability and SOD activity, with changes in SOD activity accounted for by increased activity of two manganese SOD isoforms and one copper/zinc SOD isoform. Furthermore, CA improved soybean growth under salinity but reduced soybean biomass in the absence of salinity. We suggest that CA improves soybean salinity stress tolerance, possibly via signals that regulate accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during salinity stress.     

Species and Organ Diversity in the Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide on Superoxide Dismutase Activity In Vitro

Superoxlde dlsmutase （SOD） is ubiquitous in aerobic organisms and constitutes the first link In the enzyme scavenging system of reactive oxygen species. In the present study, species and organ diversity of SOD activity In a solution and In an in-gel assay system, as well as the effects of hydrogen peroxide （H202） on SOD activity, were Investigated. In a solution assay system, SOD activity of jackfruIt root, shoot, leaves, axes, and cotyledons, of maize embryos and endosperms, of mung bean leaves and seeds, of sacred lotus axes and cotyledons, and of rice and wheat leaves was Increased by 1-15 mmol/L H2O2. However, SOD activity In rice root and seeds, maize roots and leaves, mung bean roots and shoots, and wheat seeds was decreased by 1-15 mmol/L H2O2. The SOD activity of wheat root and soybean roots, leaves, axes, and cotyledons was Increased by 1-4 mmol/L H2O2, but was decreased by concentrations of H2O2 〉4 mmol/L. The SOD activity of soybean shoots was not affected by 1-15 mmol/L H2O2. The SOD activity In crude mltochondrla of jackfruIt, maize, and upas seeds, as well as In purified mitochondria of jackfruIt, was also Increased by 1-15 mmol/L H2O2. In the In-gel assay system, the SOD In jackfruIt cotyledons was comprised of Mn-SOD, Cu/Zn-SOD, and Fe-SOD, the crude mltochondria of jackfruit seeds and maizes embryo was comprised of Mn-SOD and Cu/ Zn-SOD, and the crude mltochondria of maize seeds was comprised of Mn-SOD only. In the present study, H2O2 markedly Inhibited Cu/Zn-SOD and Fe-SOD activity.     

Oxidation-reduction and reactive oxygen species homeostasis in mutant plants with respiratory chain complex I dysfunction

Mutations in a mitochondrial or nuclear gene encoding respiratory chain complex I subunits lead to decreased or a total absence of complex I activity. Plant mutants with altered or lost complex I activity adapt their respiratory metabolism by inducing alternative pathways of the respiratory chain and changing energy metabolism. Apparently, complex I is a crucial component of the oxidation-reduction (redox) regulatory system in photosynthetic cells, and alternative NAD(P)H dehydrogenases of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) cannot fully compensate for its impairment. In most cases, dysfunction of complex I is associated with lowered or unchanged hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) concentrations, but increased superoxide (O(2)(-)) levels. Higher production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria in the mosaic (MSC16) cucumber mutant may be related to retrograde signalling. Different effects of complex I dysfunction on H(2)O(2) and O(2)(-) levels in described mutants might result from diverse regulation of processes involved in H(2)O(2) and O(2)(-) production. Often, dysfunction of complex I did not lead to oxidative stress, but increased the capacity of the antioxidative system and enhanced stress tolerance. The new cellular homeostasis in mutants with dysfunction of complex I allows growth and development, reflecting the plasticity of plant metabolism.     

臭氧胁迫对大豆叶片抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

由于城市化的加剧导致近地面臭氧（O3）浓度日益增加,对植物生长和生态系统的功能产生了显著影响,因此准确评估近地层O3浓度升高对植物的影响具有重要意义。本文利用开顶式气室（OTCs）,系统探讨了模拟O3胁迫下大豆抗氧化系统抗坏血酸（AsA）-谷胱甘肽（GSH）循环清除活性氧（ROS）的机制及其对植株生长发育的影响。结果表明,在整个生育期内,与对照相比, 80?10 nL?L-1和110?10 nL?L-1 O3可以使大豆叶片丙二醛（MDA）含量、相对电导率增大,超氧阴离子（O2 ）产生速率、过氧化氢（H2O2）含量升高,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性减弱; AsA-GSH循环中的AsA、GSH含量减少,脱氢抗坏血酸（DHA）、氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量增加,过氧化物酶（APX）、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（MDHAR）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性呈现出前期增强后期减弱趋势,而脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）活性呈现出增强-减弱-增强的趋势。以上结果说明,O3浓度升高促进了大豆叶片ROS的代谢速率,降低了AsA-GSH循环效率,表明抗氧化系统不能长时间忍受高浓度O3带来的氧化伤害,从而使膜脂过氧化程度加重,对大豆表现为伤害效应。     

Osmoconditioning reduces physiological and biochemical damage induced by chilling in soybean seeds

The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of osmoconditioning on chilling injury in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds during imbibition. Soybean seeds germinated readily over a large range of temperatures (10-35 degrees C), the thermal optimum being 25-30 degrees C. Low temperatures reduced the germination rate and no seed germinated at 1 degrees C. Pre-treatment of seeds at 1 degrees C reduced further germination at the optimal temperature (25 degrees C). This deleterious effect of chilling increased with duration of the treatment, and was maximal after 4 days. Osmoconditioning of seeds at 20 degrees C with a polyethylene glycol-8000 solution at -1.5 MPa for at least 24 h followed by drying back the seeds to their initial moisture content reduced their chilling sensitivity and even allowed germination at 1 degrees C. Chilling of control seeds resulted in a sharp decline in in vivo ACC-dependent ethylene production and in an increase in electrolyte leakage in the medium, which indicated deterioration of membrane properties. Osmoconditioned seeds placed at 1 degrees C did not show any reduction in their ability to convert ACC to ethylene nor any strong increase in electrolyte leakage. Imbibition of both control and osmoconditioned seeds at 1 degrees C resulted in a marked increase in ATP level (more than 50% of the total nucleotides) and energy charge; however, the latter cannot be considered as an indicator of chilling since it remained high (0.74-0.88) throughout the cold treatment. Chilling treatment longer than 6 days induced accumulation of malondialdehyde in the embryonic axis, which was more marked in control seeds than in osmoconditioned seeds, suggesting that chilling sensitivity was associated with lipid peroxidation. Imbibition of seeds at 1 degrees C resulted in an increase in superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase activity, which was generally higher in osmoconditioned seeds than in control ones. This stimulation of the antioxidant defence systems occurred during the 4 first days of chilling and decreased then in control seeds while it remained high in osmoconditioned ones. Re-warming seeds at 25 degrees C resulted in an increase in all enzyme activity involved in antioxidant defence. However this effect of re-warming decreased in control seeds after 4 days of chilling, whereas it was maintained in osmoconditioned seeds.     

Accumulation of Superoxide Radical in Corn Leaves During Waterlogging

The changes in superoxide (O2-) production, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and active oxygen scavenging system in corn (Zea mays L. ) leaves under waterlogging stress were investigated to explore the relationship between O2- accumulation and waterlogging injury. Corn plants were grown in pots in a controlled environment. The results showed that prolonged waterlogging treatment conducted at 4-leaf stage caused a significant increase in the production of O2- and H2O2, while the extent of O2- change was more than that of H2O2. Malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, chlorophyll loss and electrolye leakage were positively correlated with O2- production in corn waterlogged leaves. Foliage spraying with 0. 1 mmol/L paraquat (02- producer) at the start of waterlogging treatment led to a significant increase in 02-, H202 and MDA levels. The addition of DDTC (SOD activity inhibitor) aggravated 02- formation in waterlogged leaves. Waterlogging apperantly reduced the activities of SOD. catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (AP) and the concentrations of ascorbic acid (ASA) and glutathione (GSH). It was noted that the decline in SOD activity proceeded the diminishment of H2O2 scavengers in chloroplasts (i. e. AP, AsA and GSH). The present findings suggest that O2- is involved in waterlogging damage, and excessive accumulation of 02- is due to the reduced SOD activity.     

Abscisic acid-regulated responses of aba2-1 under osmotic stress: the abscisic acid-inducible antioxidant defence system and reactive oxygen species production

We investigated the interaction among abscisic acid (ABA), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defence system in the transduction of osmotic stress signalling using Arabidopsis thaliana WT (Columbia ecotype, WT) and an ABA-deficient mutant (aba2-1). For this, 50 μm ABA and osmotic stress, induced with 40% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG8000; -0.7 MPa), were applied to WT and aba2-1 for 6, 12 or 24 h. Time course analysis was undertaken for determination of total/isoenzyme activity of the antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11), NADPH oxidase (NOX; EC 1.6.3.1) activity; scavenging activity of the hydroxyl radical (OH˙), hydrogen peroxide (H(2) O(2) ); endogenous ABA and malondialdehyde (MDA). The highest H(2) O(2) and MDA content was found in PEG-treated groups of both genotypes, but with more in aba2-1. ABA treatment under stress reduced the accumulation of H(2) O(2) and MDA, while it promoted activity of SOD, CAT and APX. APX activity was higher than CAT activity in ABA-treated WT and aba2-1, indicating a protective role of APX rather than CAT during osmotic stress-induced oxidative damage. Treatment with ABA also significantly induced increased NOX activity. Oxidative damage was lower in ABA-treated seedlings of both genotypes, which was associated with greater activity of SOD (Mn-SOD1 and 2 and Fe-SOD isoenzymes), CAT and APX in these seedlings after 24 h of stress. These results suggest that osmotic stress effects were overcome by ABA treatment because of increased SOD, CAT, APX and NOX.