湿润亚热带峰丛洼地岩溶土壤系统中碳分布及其转移

以桂林丫吉村岩溶试验场为例,研究了湿润亚热带峰丛洼地表层岩溶带生物量碳库、凋落物碳库、土壤有机碳库(SOM)及其活泼性、有机碳分解速率、土壤中CO₂浓度和土壤呼吸CO₂排放,表明岩溶系统中丰富的碳库提供了系统中CO₂的来源,并用D¹³C证实春夏岩溶活跃季节中岩溶输出C约60%来自土壤CO₂.由此认为,驱动岩溶作用的CO₂并非直接来自大气CO₂,而是大气-植物-土壤-水碳素转移的结果,因而揭示了土壤作为碳环境地球化学界面对于表生带岩溶作用的驱动意义.     

Distribution,abundance, and size structure of Amur kaluga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acipenser dauricus</Emphasis> and Amur sturgeon <Emphasis Type="Italic">A. schrenckii</Emphasis> in the Lower Amur and Amur Estuary

Distribution, population structure, and abundance of Amur kaluga Acipenser dauricus and Amur sturgeon A. schrenckii in the Lower Amur and Amur Estuary have been considered based on the materials of two surveys performed in 2011. Both species occur along almost the entire length of the Lower Amur and in major part of the Amur Estuary. The density of their aggregations has significantly decreased in most regions of the river if compared to the 1960s. In the Amur Estuary, A. dauricus and A. schrenckii are most abundant in freshwater and light salted water bodies of its western part. In 2011, the abundance and biomass of A. dauricus and A. schrenckii in the Lower Amur and Amur Estuary was 345000 specimens and 7110 tons and 289000 specimens and 1946 tons, respectively.     

New data about distribution of lower Amur grayling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus tugarinae</Emphasis> and Baikal-Lena grayling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus</Emphasis> sp. (Thymallidae) in the basins of the upper Amur River and Zeya River

New findings of lower Amur grayling (Lower Amur grayling) Thymallus tugarinae and Baikal-Lena grayling Th. sp. (Th. baicalolenensis) in the basins of the upper Amur River and Zeya River are reported for 2010?2014. Lower Amur grayling has been registered in the tributaries of Argun River and in the middle stream of Ingoda River. Baikal-Lena grayling has been found for the first time in the headstream of Ingoda River. New data about the distribution of this species in the basin of upper stream of Zeya River are reported; particularly, Baikal-Lena grayling has been found in Okonon Lake; this is the first finding of a representative of Thymallidae family in the alpine lakes of the watershed area of Amur River. In the basins of upper Amur River and Zeya River, the summer ranges of upper Amur grayling Th. grubii grubii and lower Amur grayling overlap to some extent; on the other hand, the ranges of Baikal-Lena grayling and lower Amur grayling are disjoint. During the summer period, upper Amur grayling and Baikal-Lena grayling together inhabit the basin of upper stream of Zeya River, but only Baikal-Lena grayling has been found in the headstream of Zeya River. In the basin of upper Amur River (the headstream of Ingoda River), the joint range of these species is still unknown; the sympatric zone is located in Dzhermoltai River (the basin of Onon River).     

Biological specific features of the Lower Amur grayling Thymallus tugarinae (Salmoniformes: Thymallidae): 1. Age composition

We consider age composition of samples of the Lower Amur grayling Thymallus tugarinae inhabiting water bodies of the lower and middle course of the Amur and several rivers of the northwestern part of Sakhalin Island and the southern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Age composition of the Lower Amur grayling from the studied samples is not similar because of several reasons. In rivers of the Amur basin, the species has a maximal age of 6+.     

Seismosensory system of the Lower Amur rayling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus tugarinae</Emphasis> (Thymallidae) from the Anyui River

Data on specific features of the seismosensory system of the Lower Amur grayling Thymallus tugarinae from the Anyui River (basin of the Lower Amur) are provided. According to the number of openings in canals of the seismosensory system, individuals from the middle course significantly differ from graylings from the lower course in greater values of interpopulation diversity and fluctuating asymmetry. According to the number of pores of canals of the seismosensory system, the Lower Amur grayling differs from the East Siberian T. arcticus pallasi, Kamchatka T. a. mertensii, and Alaska T. a. signifer graylings.     

A new subspecies of the amur grayling Thymallus grubii flavomaculatus ssp. nova (Thymallidae)

A new subspecies of the Amur grayling is described, the yellow-spotted grayling Thymallus grubii flavomaculatus ssp. n. populating the upper reaches of large tributaries of the Lower Amur basin and some rivers flowing to the Tatar Strait, the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Sea of Japan. From nominative subspecies T. g. grubii populating the basin in the upper reaches of the Amur and from other representatives of the genus Thymallus, this subspecies differs in the dorsal fin pattern whose principal trait is a yellow spot on the last two-five interray membranes, in the body coloration, and in some morphological characters. The yellow-spotted grayling in the upper reaches of tributaries sympatrically coexists with the Lower Amur grayling Thymallus sp. No specimens with intermediate characters are found. The sympatric forms spawn at different times, thus being isolated reproductively. Isolation of the yellow-spotted grayling as a subspecies of the Amur grayling T. grubii is confirmed by the results of molecular-genetic investigations.     

New species of grayling <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus tugarinae</Emphasis> sp. nova (Thymallidae) from the Amur River Basin

Data on a new species, low Amur grayling Thymallus tugarinae sp. nova, inhabiting tributaries of the lower and middle current of the Amur River, are presented. This species has been earlier equated with the Amur grayling T. grubii, described by Dybowski (1869) from the rivers Onon and Ingoda (the Upper Amur Basin). The new species differs from other representatives of the genus in the body coloration, the pattern on the upper fin, and certain morphological characters. On most of the Amur Basin, the grayling from the Lower Amur is sympatric with T. grubii and in its tributary Bureya River, also with the Bureya grayling T. burejensis. Individuals with intermediate traits are unknown, pointing to reproductive isolation. These data are supported by the results of molecular-genetic analysis (Froufe et al., 2003, 2005; Knizhin et al., 2004).     

A comparative analysis of two Amur grayling species from the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus</Emphasis> Genus (Salmoniformes; Thymallidae) according to a number of osteological and morphological features in their zone of sympatry

The results of the comparison of the Lower Amur grayling Thymallus tugarinae and the yellowspotted grayling T. flavomaculatus that were collected in the zone of their sympatry in the middle reaches of the Anuy River (the Lower Amur basin) for a number of osteological and morphological features are provided. The work was based on the analysis of X-ray images and a number of plastic features. Considerable differences were detected between the two species in the numbers of the bone elements of the axial skeleton. The differences in the number and topography of certain bone elements correlate with the morphological features of these species. The comparison results for certain features do not correspond with the literature data.     

Macrozoobenthic Communities of the Piedmont and Lowland Watercourses of the Lower Amur Region

On the basis of 120 original stations, macrozoobenthic communities of rivers from two adjacent areas of the Lower Amur Region (Khabarovsk krai) have been described. Rivers basins are characterized by contrasting landscape conditions: the Anyuy River basin in the piedmonts of the Sikhote-Alin mountain range and the Simmi River basin on the Amur Lowland. About 250 taxa of macroinvertebrates have been found; 16 types of communities have been described. The principal differences in both benthic fauna and macrozoobenthic communities in the basins of the Anyuy River (cold-water rheophilic fauna as well as ritral and crenal communities predominate) and the Simmi River (warm-water limnophilic fauna and phytal communities predominate) are shown. We discuss the reasons for these differences, specific features of the fauna and communities of the whole region, and the biogeographical position of the region.     

Contribution to the knowledge of the leaf-rollers (Lepidoptera,Tortricidae) of the Lower Amur Area

A list of 94 species of Tortricidae from the Lower Amur Area is presented, 14 species being recorded for Khabarovsk Terr. for the first time. Three species, Endotheina quadrimaculana, Argyroploce arbutella, and Dichrorampha obscuratana, are new to the Russian Far East. Two species monophagous on Quercus, Tortrix sinapina and Hedya inornata, have been found in the relict oak forests of the Lower Amur Area. Individual variation of the male genitalia within the Dichrorampha simpliciana species-group is revealed, and doubts are cast on the species rank of D. cancellatana and D. okui.     

The Dual Origin and Siberian Affinities of Native American Y Chromosomes

The Y chromosomes of 549 individuals from Siberia and the Americas were analyzed for 12 biallelic markers, which defined 15 haplogroups. The addition of four microsatellite markers increased the number of haplotypes to 111. The major Native American founding lineage, haplogroup M3, accounted for 66% of male Y chromosomes and was defined by the biallelic markers M89, M9, M45, and M3. The founder haplotype also harbored the microsatellite alleles DYS19 (10 repeats), DYS388 (11 repeats), DYS390 (11 repeats), and DYS391 (10 repeats). In Siberia, the M3 haplogroup was confined to the Chukotka peninsula, adjacent to Alaska. The second major group of Native American Y chromosomes, haplogroup M45, accounted for about one-quarter of male lineages. M45 was subdivided by the biallelic marker M173 and by the four microsatellite loci alleles into two major subdivisions: M45a, which is found throughout the Americas, and M45b, which incorporates the M173 variant and is concentrated in North and Central America. In Siberia, M45a haplotypes, including the direct ancestor of haplogroup M3, are concentrated in Middle Siberia, whereas M45b haplotypes are found in the Lower Amur River and Sea of Okhotsk regions of eastern Siberia. Among the remaining 5% of Native American Y chromosomes is haplogroup RPS4Y-T, found in North America. In Siberia, this haplogroup, along with haplogroup M45b, is concentrated in the Lower Amur River/Sea of Okhotsk region. These data suggest that Native American male lineages were derived from two major Siberian migrations. The first migration originated in southern Middle Siberia with the founding haplotype M45a (10-11-11-10). In Beringia, this gave rise to the predominant Native American lineage, M3 (10-11-11-10), which crossed into the New World. A later migration came from the Lower Amur/Sea of Okhkotsk region, bringing haplogroup RPS4Y-T and subhaplogroup M45b, with its associated M173 variant. This migration event contributed to the modern genetic pool of the Na-Dene and Amerinds of North and Central America.     

Lepidopterans of the Lower Amur Region: Barriers of fauna change

Changes in Lepidoptera fauna (without moths) from Southern Primorye to the Amur River mouth have been analyzed. The most significant change in the south-to-north direction has been registered on the border of rich broad-leaved forests. It has been suggested to consider this area the northeastern border of the Amur-Manchurian (Stenopean or Palaearchaearctic) zoogeographic choron. The territory to the north of this border, in the nearby of the Amur River mouth, is inhabited by transitional fauna. The main faunistic barriers of different phenological complexes (spring, summer, and autumn) are different in their location.     

New jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) and similar beetles from the Cretaceous and Early Paleogene of Asia

A new genus and two new species of jewel beetles are described, Andakhudukia ponomarenkoi gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia and Metabuprestium ustkivdense sp. nov. from the lowermost Paleogene of the Amur Region. In addition, four new monotypic genera that share some features with jewel beetles are described: Cretoelaterium kazanovense gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Transbaikalia and Cretopoena gratshevi gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia have been referred to the families Elateridae and Eucnemidae; Cretofalselaterium baiankhongoricum gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous of Mongolia and Cretogermen turonicum gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous of Kazakhstan have been erected for isolated elytra and placed in Coleoptera incertae sedis.     

Paternal leakage of mitochondrial DNA in the great tit (Parus major)

Animal mitochondrial DNA is normally inherited clonally from a mother to all her offspring. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy, the occurrence of more than one mitochondrial haplotype within an individual, can be generated by relatively common somatic mutations within an individual, by heteroplasmy of the oocytes, or by paternal leakage of mitochondria during fertilization of an egg. This biparental inheritance has so far been reported only in mice, mussels, Drosophila, and humans. Here we present evidence that paternal leakage occurs in a bird, the great tit Parus major. The major and minor subspecies groups of the great tit mix in the middle Amur Valley in far-eastern Siberia, where we found a bird that possessed the very distinct haplotypes of the two groups. To our knowledge this is the first report of paternal leakage in birds.     

Endemic sturgeons of the Amur River: kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii

General biological characteristics and the contemporary status of the kaluga, Huso dauricus, and Amur sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, are described. Both inhabit the Amur River basin. Kaluga is the largest freshwater fish in this river system reaching more than 5.6 m in length and more than 1000 kg in weight. We recognize four populations of kaluga: the first is from the estuary of the Amur River and coastal brackish waters of the Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan, the second is from the lower Amur River, the third is from the middle-Amur, and the fourth occurs in lower reaches of the Zeya and Bureya rivers. Freshwater and brackish water morphs exist in the estuary population, with the freshwater morph predominating in number. The number of individuals in the lower Amur River population at age 2 or greater was recently estimated to be 40 000, and in the middle Amur, 30 000. The population will continue to decline because of rampant overfishing. The Amur sturgeon is represented in the Amur River basin by two morphs: brown and gray. Brown morphs occur in the middle and lower parts of the Amur River; they grow more slowly than the gray ones. Today, the lower Amur River population of Amur sturgeon is made up of 95 000 fish at age 2 or greater and is approximately half as large as the population in the middle Amur River. Populations of kaluga and Amur sturgeon in the Zeya and Bureya rivers are extremely small and on the verge of extinction.     

First finding of loach (Cobitidae: <Emphasis Type="Italic">Misgurnus</Emphasis>) in the lower Miocene deposits of Western Siberia

The first finding of a fossil loach of the genus Misgurnus from the Lower Miocene deposits of Western Siberia is described. The fossil form is extremely close to the modern M. mohoity from the Amur River basin. It is the actual proof of the hypothesis of latitudinal community of the Eurasian Neogene ichthyofauna.     

Bioindication of transboundary pollution of the Amur River with aromatic hydrocarbons after the technogenic accident in China

Applying bioindication methods for estimation of the ecological risk under pollution of aquatic ecosystems with hydrocarbons is discussed. The consequences of the transboundary pollution of the Amur River ecosystem with benzene derivatives released after the technogenic accident at a petroleum chemical plant in China are analyzed. Responses of microbial complexes involved in self-purification of water and accumulation of toxic substances in fish are considered.     

Bird and Mammal Footprints From the Tertiary of Navarre (Western Pyrenees)

A rich variety of vertebrate footprints is known from a number of Upper Eocene to Lower Miocene localities of Navarre (western Pyrenees). The sediments were deposited in a wide range of depositional environments, from marginal marine to diversified terrestrial. Abundant bird tracks have been found in the coastal deposits of the Upper Eocene Liedena Sandstone of the Yesa and Itzagaondoa areas. Ciconiiformes-like (Leptoptilostipus pyrenaicus) and Charadriiformes-like (Charadriipeda ichnospp.) footprints have been recognized. Mammal ichnites have been discovered in the Oligocene and Lower Miocene deposits of Navarre. Equoid perissodactyl ichnites similar to those of Plagiolophustipus occur in the Oligocene fluviatile rocks of the Mués Sandstone of Olexoa and the Rocaforte Sandstone near Oibar and Sada. Trackways of entelodontids (Entelodontipus) are known in fluviatile-palustrine beds of the Oligocene Mués Sandstone of Olkotz. Additionally, bird (Charadriiformes-like) tracks are known in fluviatile-palustrine floodplain deposits of the Lower Miocene Ujué Formation of Los Arcos. In the same area, the Desoio and Los Arcos outcrops have also yielded perissodactyl trackways of possible Equoidea. Trackways of rhinocerotids (?) and artiodactyls (possibly Pecoripeda) are described from the Lower Miocene (Ramblian) palustrine limestones marginal to the Lerín Formation of Kaparroso and from alluvial fan deposits of the Uncastillo-Perdón Formation of Altzorritz, respectively.     

探讨基于红外相机技术对大型猫科动物及其猎物的种群评估方法

红外相机技术的发展促进了对东北虎(Panthera tigris altaica)、东北豹(Panthera pardus orientalis)及其猎物种群的研究。本研究以珲春保护区春化和马滴达两个区域的监测结果为例, 介绍利用该技术对我国长白山区东北虎、东北豹及其猎物的种群评估方法, 包括监测位点的选择、相机的架设方式及参数设置、数据筛选、东北虎和东北豹体侧花纹个体识别方法、物种相对丰富度的计算以及捕食者与猎物丰富度关系模型的构建。最后就东北虎、东北豹体侧花纹个体识别技术的适用性、红外相机监测与传统调查方法的差异, 相机监测的误差进行了讨论。研究表明, 利用红外相机技术进行密度预测以及东北虎、东北豹个体自动识别技术还需继续完善。1对/25 km²的相机架设密度基本上满足对于珲春保护区春化至马滴达区域虎豹的监测强度要求, 但对于有蹄类则需要另外的监测方案。     

Early cretaceous bird-dominated and dinosaur footprint assemblages from the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China

Here we describe a number of mostly isolated bird and non-avian dinosaur footprints from the Huangyangquan track site in the Lower Cretaceous Lower Layer of the Tugulu Group near Huangyangquan Reservoir in the Wuerhe District, Karamay, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. Bird footprints at the site pertain to Koreanaornis dodsoni n. ichnosp., Goseongornipes isp., Aquatilavipes isp., and Moguiornipes robusta n. ichnogen. n. ichnosp. Moguiornipes tracks may be the products of a bird with lobed feet. These shorebird-morph tracks are the first solid evidence of birds in the Tugulu Group, and greatly enrich the known faunal diversity of the Lower Layer of the Tugulu Group. The Huangyangquan avian ichnofauna is comparable to those of the Jindong Formation, Korea and the Dakota Formation, USA. Non-avian dinosaur footprints at the site pertain to cf. Jialingpus isp., Asianopodus isp., and Kayentapus isp. This is the first report of Jialingpus from Lower Cretaceous strata. The discoveries of Asianopodus isp. and Kayentapus isp. increase the known ranges of these two ichnogenera.