伊比利亚河共生的当年生鳟和埃布罗河鲒的夏季摄食关系

1996—1998年8月在Larraun河（埃布罗河流域,西班牙北部）共捕获306尾埃布罗河鱥和185尾0龄的鳟,分析比较了胃含物组成,并测定了种间的食物重叠。食物的个数百分比组成表明两种都主要摄食水生无脊椎动物。摄食策略图显示两种都是摄食不同食物种类的广食性种类。另外,比较胃含物和底栖大型无脊椎动物群落表明,0龄的鳟和埃布罗河鱥不摄食光螺科、钩虾科、细蜉科、四节蜉科和卷稹科的物种,而喜食摇蚊科、五节蜉科和毛翅目物种。尽管简化的Monsita’s指数表明Larraun河中这两种鱼之间的食物重叠是显著的,但由于栖息地不同和摄食的可塑性可以降低种间的竞争,使得该水域的这两种鱼能以相对较大的数量共存。然而,在食物资源和可用栖息地有限的河域,埃布罗河鱥的引入,其适应性和可塑性有可能威胁单独存在的鳟     

伊比利亚河共生的当年生鳟和埃布罗河的夏季摄食关系(英文)

1996-1998年8月在Larraun河(埃布罗河流域,西班牙北部)共捕获306尾埃布罗河和185尾0龄的鳟,分析比较了胃含物组成,并测定了种间的食物重叠。食物的个数百分比组成表明两种都主要摄食水生无脊椎动物。摄食策略图显示两种都是摄食不同食物种类的广食性种类。另外,比较胃含物和底栖大型无脊椎动物群落表明,0龄的鳟和埃布罗河不摄食光螺科、钩虾科、细蜉科、四节蜉科和卷襀科的物种,而喜食摇蚊科、五节蜉科和毛翅目物种。尽管简化的Morisitas指数表明Larraun河中这两种鱼之间的食物重叠是显著的,但由于栖息地不同和摄食的可塑性可以降低种间的竞争,使得该水域的这两种鱼能以相对较大的数量共存。然而,在食物资源和可用栖息地有限的河域,埃布罗河的引入,其适应性和可塑性有可能威胁单独存在的鳟。     

赤水河外来鱼类尖(鱼岁)和董氏须鳅的引种溯源及生态适应性分析

历史上,赤水河流域干流及支流的鱼类物种组成中未曾出现过尖头(鱼岁)(Rhynchocypris oxycephalus)和董氏须鳅(Barbatula toni)。但是,近年来在赤水河支流白沙河的鱼类资源调查中发现了这两个物种的分布,其来源及未来的生存可能性受到关注。本研究比较了尖头(鱼岁)赤水河野外种群与养殖种群形态上的差异;基于线粒体Cyt b基因序列,分析了赤水河流域尖头(鱼岁)和董氏须鳅的来源,并通过生态位模型分析了这两种鱼在赤水河流域的生态适应性。形态数据结果表明,尖头(鱼岁)在赤水河的野外种群与养殖种群的个体大小存在显著差异,养殖种群的体长、尾柄长、尾柄高3个形态数据均高于野外种群。分子系统发育分析结果显示,尖头(鱼岁)赤水河流域野外种群及养殖种群与辽宁杨运种群聚为一支,董氏须鳅则与来自内蒙古、辽宁和河北的种群聚为一支。生态位模型分析表明,赤水河支流白沙河具有尖头(鱼岁)的中度适生区,其适生性概率为0.620;而董氏须鳅在该区域的适生性概率较低,仅为0.025,这可能与该物种已有分布数据较少有关。采样中发现白沙河实际采样点的水温较低,与北方分布点的水温接近,推测该区域仍具备尖头(鱼岁)和董氏须鳅生存的条件。综上所述,赤水河流域的尖头(鱼岁)和董氏须鳅均为来自东北地区的外来种,且能适应赤水河的生态环境。这与现场访问结果一致,未来需要加强种群监测以防成为外来入侵种。     

香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物空间分布

2005年7月至2006年6月,通过对大型底栖无脊椎动物的量化检测,对三峡水库湖北库区最大河流香溪河的大型底栖无脊椎动物空间分布进行了研究.结果表明：四节蜉、高翔蜉、短尾石蝇为香溪河水系大型底栖动物优势类群;香溪河各支流间生境特征及大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构差异较大;功能摄食类群密度相对丰度的变化能够反映不同的栖境特征.对生物多样性指数及优势类群耐污值的比较表明,大型底栖动物栖境为九冲河最好,香溪河干流次之,高岚河和古夫河较差.典型对应分析表明：铵态氮对香溪河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;pH值、浊度、水深、二氧化硅、电导和碱度对九冲河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;浊度对高岚河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著;铵态氮和硝酸盐氮对古夫河大型底栖动物群落结构影响显著.     

洱海鲢、鳙的食物组成及与太湖新银鱼的食性重叠研究

为了研究鲢（Hypophthalmichthys molitrix）、鳙（Aristichthys nobilis）两种鱼食物组成的空间变化,分析了2010年7月至2011年10月在洱海古生和北部两采样点逐月采集或收集的共93尾鲢和71尾鳙的肠道内含物,对其食物组成的季节变化、空间变化及与太湖新银鱼（Neosalanx taihuensis）的食物重叠进行了研究。结果表明,鲢、鳙全年摄食的饵料生物数分别为75 属和 64属。根据相对重要性指数（IRI%）,微囊藻（Microcystis）和象鼻溞（Bosmina）为两种鱼的主要饵料类群。鲢、鳙的食物组成呈明显的季节变化,这与饵料生物的季节变化密切相关。在空间上,两种鱼在古生摄食的浮游植物比例大于北部,这是由不同区域饵料生物组成差异导致的结果。Schoener重叠指数显示鲢、鳙与太湖新银鱼之间的食性重叠不显著（E0.6）。       

山地河流浅滩生境潜流层大型无脊椎动物群落拓殖

通过包埋人工基质法研究大型无脊椎动物在山地河流潜流层中的拓殖过程。结果表明:群落个体密度在7—29 d呈"J"型增长,在29 d后骤然降低,55 d后呈波动趋势;物种丰富度在1—29 d呈增加趋势,29 d后呈波动状态;群落的生物量总体呈增加趋势。群落的物种丰富度、密度和生物量在第29、71和83天时没有显著性差异(P0.05),Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数在第55、71、83天没有显著性差异(P0.05),综合不同拓殖时间段物种的主成分分析,表明潜流层大型无脊椎动物群落在55 d后趋于稳定。群落优势种为摇蚊(Camptochironomus sp.)、河蚬(Corbicula fluminea)、四节蜉(Baetis sp.)、动蜉(Cinygmina sp.)、纹石蛾(Hydropsyche sp.)和扁泥甲科的一种(Psephenidae)。滤食者和收集者在整个拓殖过程中均是优势功能摄食群。群落拓殖过程是一个群落自身恢复能力和外部环境影响相互作用的过程,拓殖初期潜流层的结构是影响着无脊椎动物迁入的主要因素,中期动物的生活史特征起主要作用,稳定期之后群落可能受到各因素的综合影响。     

金沙江上中段大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构特征和多样性分析

研究将2010—2019年的大型底栖无脊椎动物观测资料进行了系统整理分析,旨在为金沙江上中段大型底栖无脊椎动物的多样性评估以及高海拔地区河流的生物多样性研究和保护提供较为全面的基础资料。研究结果显示,金沙江上中段大型底栖无脊椎动物种类组成上水生昆虫占据绝对优势地位,主要由双翅目、蜉蝣目、毛翅目和襀翅目组成,软体动物占比较低,且以基眼目为主。就科级水平而言,四节蜉科、摇蚊科、扁蜉科和石蝇科为整个研究区域的常见分类单元,其中摇蚊科和四节蜉科在干支流和丰枯期均较为常见。干流和支流大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构显著不同,不受丰水期和枯水期的影响。丰水期和枯水期大型底栖无脊椎动物的群落结构差异显著,不受干流和支流的局限。四节蜉(四节蜉属Baetis、二翼蜉Cloeon dipterum、花翅蜉属Baetiella和四节蜉科Baetidae)和石蝇(纯石蝇属Paragnetina和石蝇科Perlidae)以及纹石蛾(纹石蛾属Hydropsyche)是造成不同群组群落结构差异的关键分类单元。整个研究区域大型底栖无脊椎动物呈现较高的嵌套度,且嵌套度枯水期高于丰水期,支流高于干流。底栖物种丰富度和现存量枯...     

长江口两种重要石首鱼类的摄食习性

通过对2006年夏、秋季在长江口及其毗邻海域采集的575尾白姑鱼(Argyrosomus argentatus)和1089尾小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)胃含物样品的分析,利用多元统计分析方法,研究了它们的摄食习性以及随栖息地、季节和体长的变化规律。结果表明:该水域的白姑鱼是底栖动物食性,小黄鱼是混合动物食性,甲壳类在它们食物中均占83%以上的比例,2种石首鱼类的食物重叠系数为0.55。由于摄食的优势饵料种类的差异,使这2种石首鱼类之间不存在严重的食物竞争。与20世纪80年代的研究结果相比,两种石首鱼类所摄食的鱼类的比例均有所下降。结果还表明:白姑鱼的摄食习性较为稳定,受栖息环境、季节以及体长变化的影响较小;而小黄鱼随栖息环境、季节以及体长的变化较大,且109mm是其发生食性转换的一个关键的临界体长。     

Yan蜓日活动节律,食性及繁殖特殊的初步研究

Ｙａｎ蜓白天有两个活动高峰期,第一个出现在８：００－１２：００,第二个出现在１６：００－１８：００。雨天Ｙａｎ蜓基本不活动,Ｙａｎ蜓属肉食性种类其食谱包括民有在其栖息地分布的陆地无脊椎动物。Ｙａｎ蜓胃内容物中各类无脊椎动物的娄一百分比与栖息地陆生无脊椎动物不同种类数量百分比之间呈显著正相关,表明Ｙａｎ蜓的食物组成依赖于周围环境中的动物组成。     

香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构季节动态研究

研究香溪河大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构和季节动态特征情况,发现高翔蜉、萝卜螺、河蚬、湖沼股蛤、四节蜉为香溪河水系优势分类单元,各季节底栖动物优势种的组成存在显著差异。冬季的生物密度、生物量、生物多样性指数显著高于其他季节,说明冬季的河流生境最适宜大型底栖无脊椎动物生存。香溪河刮食者丰度最高,撕食者最低,表明香溪河着生藻类丰富;固着型底栖动物在香溪河底栖类群中丰度最高,说明香溪河河流流速较快,生境更适宜固着型动物栖居。不同季节环境因子对大型底栖动物群落结构有显著影响。     

Niche segregation of coexisting Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) constrains food web coupling in subarctic lakes

1. Generalist fish species are recognised as important couplers of benthic and pelagic food‐web compartments in lakes. However, interspecific niche segregation and individual specialisation may limit the potential for generalistic feeding behaviour. 2. We studied summer habitat use, stomach contents and stable isotopic compositions of the generalist feeder Arctic charr coexisting with its common resource competitor brown trout in five subarctic lakes in northern Norway to reveal population‐level and individual‐level niche plasticity. 3. Charr and trout showed partial niche segregation in all five lakes. Charr used all habitat types and a wide variety of invertebrate prey including zooplankton, whereas trout fed mainly on insects in the littoral zone. Hence, charr showed a higher potential to promote habitat and food‐web coupling compared to littoral‐dwelling trout. 4. The level of niche segregation between charr and trout and between pelagic‐caught and littoral‐caught charr depended on the prevailing patterns of interspecific and intraspecific resource competition. The two fish species had partially overlapping trophic niches in one lake where charr numerically dominated the fish community, whereas the most segregated niches occurred in lakes where trout were more abundant. 5. In general, pelagic‐caught charr had substantially narrower dietary and isotopic niches and relied less on littoral carbon sources compared to littoral‐caught conspecifics that included generalist as well as specialised benthivorous and planktivorous individuals. Despite the partially specialised planktivorous niche and thus reduced potential of pelagic‐dwelling charr to promote benthic–pelagic coupling, the isotopic compositions of both charr subpopulations suggested a significant reliance on both littoral and pelagic carbon sources in all five study lakes. 6. Our study demonstrates that both interspecific niche segregation between and individual trophic specialisation within generalist fish species can constrain food‐web coupling and alter energy mobilisation to top consumers in subarctic lakes. Nevertheless, pelagic and littoral habitats and food‐web compartments may still be highly integrated due to the potentially plastic foraging behaviour of top consumers.     

Comments on the morphology of Nicsmirnovius eximius (Kiser, 1948) (Aloninae,Anomopoda, Cladocera) in Thailand,with description of its male

The density, diet and habitat use of brown trout (Salmo trutta) and Siberian sculpin (Cottus poecilopus) were studied in the subalpine River Atna in southeastern Norway in the autumn during a six year period (1986–1991). There was an inverse relationship between the density of brown trout and Siberian sculpin. Diet overlap, as indicated by the Schoener index, was high between the two species, ranging between 0.48 and 0.86. Chironomid larvae and other aquatic insects were the most common food items for both species. Brown trout also consumed substantive amounts of surface insects. Siberian sculpin typically occupied sites with finer substrates and greater water depths than brown trout, even though there was considerable overlap in habitat use between the two species. Because the two species shared similar habitats, we suggest that the potential for species interactions exists, particularly at sites where density of sculpin is high.     

Species-specific effects of gastropods on leaf litter processing in pond mesocosms

A study of the diet of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) parr and introduced European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) in the subalpine lake, Øvre Heimdalsvatn, showed that the two species had considerable dietary overlap, both in the littoral zone and in the outlet of the lake. Chironomidae constituted a substantial proportion of the diet of the two species in both habitats. The results indicated that both zooplankton (Cladocera) and large macroinvertebrates (EPT-species) made up a higher proportion of the minnow diet in the early phase of the minnow establishment (1975–1977) than later, and that the significance of small macroinvertebrates (Chironomidae) as prey has increased during the same period. Dietary analysis of the sympatric brown trout and minnow population in Øvre Heimdalsvatn does not provide a definitive conclusion about the degree of competition between the two species. However, together with the findings in other studies in Øvre Heimdalsvatn that have documented reduced recruitment and individual growth of brown trout, decreased individual growth of minnows and a marked decline in the density of large crustaceans (Lepidurus arcticus and Gammarus lacustris) in the shallow littoral of the lake during the last decades indicates that competitive interactions between the two species are likely. This is probably an example of the competition between two fish species with a high degree of dietary overlap when living in sympatry, most likely caused by absence of alternative prey and alternative habitats due to the high predation risk for both brown trout parr and minnows in deeper parts and in the open waters of the lake.     

Short-and long term niche segregation and individual specialization of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in species poor Faroese lakes

Trophic niche divergence is considered to be a major process by which species coexistence is facilitated. When studying niche segregation in lake ecosystems, we tend to view the niche on a one-dimensional pelagic-littoral axis. In reality, however, the niche use may be more complex and individual fidelity to a niche may be variable both between and within populations. In order to study this complexity, relative simple systems with few species are needed. In this paper, we study how competitor presence affects the resource use of brown trout (Salmo trutta) in 11 species-poor Faroese lakes by comparing relative abundance, stable isotope ratios and diet in multiple habitats. In the presence of three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus), a higher proportion of the trout population was found in the pelagic habitat, and trout in general relied on a more pelagic diet base as compared to trout living in allopatry or in sympatry with Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Diet analyses revealed, however, that niche-segregation may be more complex than described on a one-dimensional pelagic-littoral axis. Trout from both littoral and offshore benthic habitats had in the presence of sticklebacks a less benthic diet as compared to trout living in allopatry or in sympatry with charr. Furthermore, we found individual habitat specialization between littoral/benthic and pelagic trout in deep lakes. Hence, our findings indicate that for trout populations interspecific competition can drive shifts in both habitat and niche use, but at the same time they illustrate the complexity of the ecological niche in freshwater ecosystems.     

Food borne parasites as indicators of trophic segregation between Arctic charr and brown trout

The habitat and diet choice and the infection (prevalence and abundance) of trophically transmitted parasites were compared in Arctic charr and brown trout living sympatrically in two lakes in northern Norway. Arctic charr were found in all main lake habitats, whereas the brown trout were almost exclusively found in the littoral zone. In both lakes the parasite fauna reflected the niche segregation between trout and charr. Surface insects were most common in the diet of trout, but transmit few parasites, and accordingly the brown trout had a relatively low diversity and abundance of parasites. Parasites transmitted by benthic prey such as Gammarus and insect larva, were common in both salmonid host species. Copepod transmitted parasites were much more common in Arctic charr, as brown trout did not include zooplankton in their diets. Parasite species that may use small fish as transport hosts, were far more abundant in piscivorous fish, especially brown trout. The seasonal dynamics in parasite infection were also consistent with the developments in the diet throughout the year. The study demonstrates that the structure of parasite communities of charr and the trout is highly dependent on shifts in habitat and diet of their hosts both on an annual base and through the ontogeny, in addition to the observed niche segregation between the two salmonid species.     

Habitat shifts in rainbow trout: competitive influences of brown trout

Summary We compared habitat use by rainbow trout sympatric (three streams) and allopatric (two streams) with brown trout to determine whether competition occurred between these two species in the southern Appalachian Mountains. We measured water depth, water velocity, substrate, distance to overhead vegetation, sunlight, and surface turbulence both where we collected trout and for the streams in general. This enabled us to separate the effects of habitat availability from possible competitive effects. The results provided strong evidence for asymmetrical interspecific competition. Habitat use varied significantly between allopatric and sympatric rainbow trout in 68% of the comparisons made. Portions of some differences refelected differences in habitats available in the several streams. However, for all habitat variables measured except sunlight, rainbow trout used their preferred habitats less in sympatry with brown trout than in allopatry if brown trout also preferred the same habitats. Multivariate analysis indicated that water velocity and its correlates (substrate particle size and surface turbulence) were the most critical habitat variables in the interaction between the species, cover in the form of shade and close overhead vegetation was second most important, and water depth was least important.     

Competitive habitat displacement of brown trout by Siberian sculpin: the role of size and density

Habitat competition in brown trout Salmo trutta and Siberian sculpin Cottus poecilopus was investigated by varying density, fish size, and species composition in stream channels providing areas of different substratum particle sizes. In allopatry, both small (52 ± 4 mm L _T) and large (86 ± 6 mm L _T) brown trout exhibited strong preference for the intermediate (8–11 cm diameter) and large (17–21 cm) gravel substrata. There was a tendency for more brown trout to occupy finer (2–4 cm) substrata with increasing density, in particular for large brown trout. Also, more small brown trout were observed on finer substrata when tested with large brown trout, suggesting interspecific competition for restricted space. Both small (56 ± 6 mm L _T) and large (88 ± 10 mm L _T) Siberian sculpin preferred the large gravel in all tests, and did not change their substratum preferences much with increasing densities, suggesting higher tolerance for 'crowding'. The large Siberian sculpin preferred the coarser substratum, and the largest individuals were consistently found on it. In sympatry with large Siberian sculpin, habitat displacement of brown trout occurred, indicative of interspecific competition. A higher proportion of small and large brown trout occupied the finer substrata than in allopatry. Habitat selection by large Siberian sculpin appeared to be unaffected by species composition and density. Small Siberian sculpin were displaced to finer substrata when tested with large Siberian sculpin, suggesting intraspecific competition. The results indicate that Siberian sculpin are potential habitat competitors for young brown trout.     

Interspecific association of brown trout (Salmo trutta) with non‐native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) at the fry stage

The introduction of non‐native brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in Europe has led to displacement and decreasing populations of native brown trout (Salmo trutta). Some studies have found that brown trout shift to a diet niche similar to brook trout when the two species live in sympatry, which conflicts with the competitive exclusion principle. A change in feeding niche may be a sign of early interspecific association and social learning, leading to behavioral changes. As a first step to address this possibility, it is essential to assess the interspecific association between the species during the early ontogenetic life stages. In this study, we therefore assess whether juvenile brown trout associate with non‐native juvenile brook trout to the same extent as with conspecifics by setting up two experiments: (i) a binomial choice test allowing visual and chemical cues to estimate the species specificity of group preference, and (ii) an association test without physical barriers to estimate the degree of association of a focal brown trout with a group of either conspecifics or heterospecifics. In experiment (1), we found that focal juvenile brown trout preferred to associate with the stimuli groups and did not discriminate either against conspecific or heterospecific groups. Furthermore, more active individuals showed stronger preference for the stimuli group than less active ones, regardless of species. In experiment (2), we found that brook trout groups had a tighter group structure than brown trout groups, and that focal brown trout showed stronger association with brook trout than with brown trout. These results indicate that brown trout may associate with brook trout at an early life stage, which would allow for interspecific social learning to occur. Future studies should look closer into causes and consequences of interspecific association and social learning, including potential effects on the phenotype selection in brown trout populations.     

Trophic relationships of nonnative brown trout, Salmo trutta, and native Bonneville cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarkii utah, in a northern Utah, USA river

Nonnative trout invasions have caused the widespread decline of cutthroat trout populations in western North America. In contrast to other nonnative salmonids, the role of nonnative brown trout in native cutthroat trout decline is poorly understood. Specifically, the level of ecological similarity that occurs between these species and the importance of other trophic mechanisms (e.g., predation) in their interactions are key uncertainties. We evaluated the trophic relationships of brown trout and cutthroat trout in a northern Utah river using a combination of diet and stable isotope analyses. We compared the dietary habits of these two species using multiple and complementary measures. Based on both stomach contents and δ¹³C signatures, we found that these species consumed a similar and opportunistic diet (i.e., they were nonselective in their foraging patterns). However, at most sizes, brown trout ingested larger prey—including fishes—and occupied a higher relative trophic position (i.e., δ¹⁵N) than cutthroat trout. Overall, these results demonstrate a high degree of dietary similarity and therefore strengthen earlier conclusions regarding interspecific competition between these two species. Our study, when considered alongside the work of others, suggests there is potential for predatory interactions between these species (i.e., brown trout preying on small cutthroat trout). We believe that future research on brown trout–cutthroat trout interactions should consider predatory effects in greater detail.