离子转运蛋白调控钝齿棒杆菌离子和pH稳态促进L-精氨酸合成

L-精氨酸是一种半必需氨基酸,广泛应用于食品、制药、饲料等行业。【目的】当前对L-精氨酸生产菌株的研究,极少涉及离子转运领域。在本研究中,发现在发酵时适量添加外源K~+有利于促进钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum) SYPA5-5合成L-精氨酸。【方法】在C. crenatum SYPA5-5发酵培养基外源添加0.5 g/L和2.5 g/L的K_3PO_4,取对数期发酵样品进行转录组数据分析,挖掘出K~+转运相关的阳离子转运ATP酶CTAP1以及单价阳离子/H~+逆转运蛋白Mrp1A,研究其在C. crenatum SYPA5-5快速合成L-精氨酸阶段,对菌株生长及L-精氨酸合成的影响。【结果】对基因ctap1和mrp1分别进行敲除和过表达,深入研究突变株对L-精氨酸合成的影响。研究发现同时过表达离子转运蛋白CTAP1和Mrp1A更有利于胞内离子、pH稳态和渗透压调节,最终提高L-精氨酸的产量。在补料分批发酵中分别过表达Mrp1A、CTAP1以及同时过表达Mrp1A和CTAP1的菌株L-精氨酸产量分别达到61.4 g/L、63.9 g/L和65.3 g/L,产率分别为0.383 g/g、0.392 g/g和0.395 g/g,比C. crenatum SYPA5-5分别提高了34.9%、38.0%和39.1%。【结论】CTAP1是特异性的K~+转运ATP酶,可以将培养基中的K~+运输到胞内。同时Mrp1A可将胞内K~+和Na~+等单价阳离子运输到胞外,将胞外H~+运输至胞内,中和胞内L-精氨酸所导致的碱性环境,从而维持胞内pH稳定。CTAP1和Mrp1A的研究为解析离子转运机制和L-精氨酸合成之间的联系奠定了基础。     

西伯利亚白刺质膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因NsSOS1的分离及表达分析

采用同源克隆技术分离了西伯利亚白刺(Nitraria sibirica)质膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因NsSOS1,并对其在不同胁迫条件下的表达特性进行了分析。NsSOS1包含3 516bp开放阅读框(ORF),编码1 171个氨基酸,蛋白分子量为128.34kD。生物信息学分析显示,NsSOS1包含12个跨膜结构域,具有植物SOS1蛋白的保守结构域。系统发育分析表明,NsSOS1与其他植物质膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白处于同一个次级分化群,与锦葵科海滨锦葵KvSOS1亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析显示,NsSOS1基因在西伯利亚白刺的根和叶中表达量较高;其表达受到非生物胁迫(NaCl、低温、干旱)和外源激素(MeJA和GA)的诱导,表明NsSOS1基因在西伯利亚白刺抵御逆境胁迫过程中发挥重要作用。     

长叶红砂液泡膜Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因的克隆及表达特性

为研究长叶红砂(Reaumuria trigyna)离子转运分子机制,利用RT-PCR和RACE技术,克隆到其液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因(NHX1)的全长cDNA片段,命名为RtNHX1(NCBI序列号为KR919802)。结果表明:RtNHX1的cDNA片段全长2 622bp,开放阅读框1 662bp,5′非编码区509bp,3′非编码区451bp,编码553个氨基酸,推测分子量为60.91kD。该蛋白含有12个跨膜结构域,为疏水蛋白,与其他植物液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白NHX1的亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量PCR对其在NaCl胁迫下的表达检测显示,不同时间和不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,RtNHX1表达量变化均呈先升高后降低趋势,在100mmol/L NaCl胁迫6h和200mmol/L NaCl胁迫后达到最高,表达量分别超过或约是对照的3倍,一定程度反应出RtNHX1参与长叶红砂的盐胁迫应答,是该植物离子转运体系的重要元件。     

Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白和植物耐盐性

Na⁺H⁺逆向转运蛋白对植物耐盐起着重要作用 ,它利用质膜H⁺ATPase或液泡膜H⁺ATPase及Ppiase泵H+产生的驱动力把Na⁺排出细胞或在液泡中区隔化以消除Na⁺的毒害。主要讨论植物中Na⁺H⁺逆向转运蛋白研究在分子水平的最新进展.     

白内障与晶状体的离子转运

本文介绍了晶状体的结构与功能,并着重介绍了与白内障有密切关系的离子转运的研究概况。大多数学者认为,白内障晶状体的离子泵Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase和Ca²⁺-ATPase活力下降,也有人认为Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase的活力没有变化。     

双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD在谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中的功能

【目的】通过改造谷氨酸棒杆菌JNR中双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD,减弱尿苷酰去除酶的活性,增强NH_4~+的转运和利用,提高L-精氨酸的合成。【方法】本文对来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌的突变菌株JNR中的双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶GlnD进行整合突变,采用同源重组的方法将H_(414)和D_(415)位点突变为两个丙氨酸AA,在此菌株的基础上过量表达PII蛋白GlnK,并对其进行尿苷酰化研究,离子色谱检测摇瓶发酵过程中NH4+的浓度,并对最终的改造菌株进行连续流加发酵分析。【结果】该双功能尿苷酰转移/去除酶在谷氨酸棒杆菌中成功进行整合突变,有效减弱了尿苷酰去除酶的活性;同时过表达PII蛋白GlnK,其酰基化程度明显增强。摇瓶发酵结果表明菌株L4消耗NH_4~+增加,L-精氨酸产量为36.2±1.2 g/L,比对照菌株L3高出22.7%。5-L发酵罐实验结果显示改造菌株L4的L-精氨酸的产量为52.2 g/L,较野生型菌株L0提高了25.3%。【结论】谷氨酸棒杆菌合成L-精氨酸的过程中氮源是必不可少的。减弱GlnD尿苷酰去除酶的活性后,胞内尿苷酰化的GlnK-UMP增加,GlnK-UMP与氮转录调控因子AmtR结合,转运至胞内的NH_4~+浓度提高,促使L-精氨酸产量显著提高。     

中度嗜盐菌Halomonas sp.BYS-1的渗透调节*

Halomonassp BYS 1是一株从活性污泥中分离的中度嗜盐菌 ,它能在 0.1～2.6mol LNaCl的以苯乙酸为唯一碳源的基础培养基中生长。BYS 1在不同NaCl条件下生长时 ,胞内的Na+含量基本不发生变化 ;它主要通过积累K⁺、谷氨酸和甜菜碱来调节胞内外的渗透压平衡。当培养基中的NaCl浓度从 0.1mol L上升到 2.0mol L时 ,其胞内的K⁺、谷氨酸和甜菜碱分别提高了 1.9、2.4和13.6倍。     

稀土La3+跨PC12细胞膜行为研究

使用AR-CM-M1C阳离子测定系统,发展Fura-2荧光测定技术,将其应用于测定细胞内游离稀土离子La³⁺,并以此研究了La³⁺跨PC12细胞（大鼠嗜铬细胞瘤细胞）膜的行为.结果表明：在模拟细胞内离子组分,pH=7.05的溶液中,测得La³⁺-Fura-2的表观解离常数为3.27×10^-11 mol·L^-1.对于PC12细胞,静息条件下La³⁺不能跨越细胞膜进入胞内.与钙离子通道相关的KCl和去甲肾上腺素均不能刺激稀土La³⁺过膜.用哇巴因（ouabain）使胞内Na⁺超载后,La³⁺可过膜进入细胞内,且过膜量与胞外La³⁺浓度和胞内Na⁺超载程度有一定的浓度依赖关系,提示La³⁺可以经由Na⁺／La³⁺交换机制过膜而进入细胞内.     

c-di-AMP在细菌感染与免疫中的作用

环二腺苷酸(Cyclic diadenosine monophosphate,c-di-AMP)是细菌中广泛存在的第二信号分子。c-di-AMP在细菌中的代谢受二腺苷酸环化酶(Diadenylatecyclase, DAC)和磷酸二酯酶(Phosphodiesterase,PDE)的精密调控。c-di-AMP不仅调节细菌生长、细胞壁稳态、离子转运等多种生理过程,而且能够被真核宿主胞内多种感应子/受体蛋白识别,从而调控抗感染免疫。细菌c-di-AMP参与调控宿主I型干扰素应答、NF-κB信号通路活性、自噬以及炎症小体应答等固有免疫应答。此外,c-di-AMP作为黏膜佐剂可诱导宿主适应性免疫。c-di-AMP被认为是一种新发现的病原体相关的分子模式(Pathogen associated molecular pattern,PAMP),已成为细菌疫苗和药物研究中的新靶点。     

大肠杆菌NAD+合成关键酶的克隆表达及发酵优化

【目的】烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD~+)在细胞基因表达、氧化还原反应、能量代谢以及调控细胞生命周期中具有重要的作用,其细胞内含量是能量效率的关键因素。强化辅因子合成策略,获得高产NAD~+菌株,对于NAD~+依赖型氧化还原反应的速率和调节相关生化合成途径的代谢流具有重要意义。【方法】首先通过内源性调节,对代谢途径中的关键酶基因进行强化,过量表达和共表达NAD~+合成途径中的关键酶基因pncB、nadD和nadE;其次,通过外源调节增加NAD~+前体物,优化诱导条件提高发酵过程中关键酶的表达量,增加NAD~+的合成量;最后在单因素优化试验的基础上,以NAD~+含量为响应值,采用Box-Bohnken试验设计方法,研究3个显著性影响因素相互作用对NAD~+积累量的影响,确定最佳的优化条件。【结果】根据关键酶基因强化策略,构建了7株重组菌,其中重组菌E.coli BL21/p ET-21a-nad E-pncB胞内NAD~+含量相比初始菌株E.coli BL21/pET-21a提高了405.2%。通过对该菌株诱导条件和NAD~+合成前体的优化,使用Design Expert 8.0分析实验数据,得出该重组菌株的最佳发酵条件为:诱导温度控制在15–20 oC,OD_(600)为0.6–0.8时添加IPTG 0.63 mmol/L、烟酸15.8 mg/L、诱导时长控制在24 h。NAD~+含量在最优条件下实验验证值可达43.16μmol/g DCW,与优化前相比提高了123.6%,与初始菌株相比提高了1029.8%。【结论】在大肠杆菌中共表达关键酶基因pncB和nadE,胞内NAD~+合成量明显增加,前体物以及诱导条件的外源调节使NAD~+积累量达到最佳优化值。实现了提高NAD~+含量的目标,胞内辅因子浓度的增加为提高生物催化效率奠定了可行性基础。     

Towards an understanding of the molecular basis of plants K+ transport: Characterization of cloned K+ transport cDNAs

Recently, two K⁺-transport cDNAs, KAT1 and AKT1, were cloned in Arabidopsis thaliana. These cDNAs had structural similarities to K⁺ channel genes in animals, and also conferred the ability for growth on micromolar levels of K⁺ when expressed in K⁺ transport-defective yeast mutants. In this study, we examined the possibility that KAT1 encodes the high-affinity K⁺ transport system that has been previously characterized in plant roots, by studying the concentration-dependent kinetics of K⁺ transport for KAT1 expressed in Xenopus oocytes and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In both organisms, the K⁺ transport system encoded by KAT1 yielded Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a high K_m for K⁺ (35 mM in oocytes, 0.6 mM in yeast cells). Furthermore, Northern analysis indicated that KAT1 is expressed primarily in the Arabidopsis shoot. These results strongly suggest that the system encoded by KAT1 is not a root high-affinity K⁺ transporter.     

Role of the furosemide-sensitive Na+/K+ transport system in determining the steady-state Na+ and K+ content and volume of human erythrocytesin vitro andin vivo

Summary To study the physiological role of the bidirectionally operating, furosemide-sensitive Na⁺/K⁺ transport system of human erythrocytes, the effect of furosemide on red cell cation and hemoglobin content was determined in cells incubated for 24 hr with ouabain in 145mm NaCl media containing 0 to 10mm K⁺ or Rb⁺. In pure Na⁺ media, furosemide accelerated cell Na⁺ gain and retarded cellular K⁺ loss. External K⁺ (5mm) had an effect similar to furosemide and markedly reduced the action of the drug on cellular cation content. External Rb⁺ accelerated the Na⁺ gain like K⁺, but did not affect the K⁺ retention induced by furosemide. The data are interpreted to indicate that the furosemide-sensitive Na⁺/K⁺ transport system of human erythrocytes mediates an equimolar extrusion of Na⁺ and K⁺ in Na⁺ media (Na⁺/K⁺ cotransport), a 1:1 K⁺/K⁺ (K⁺/Rb⁺) and Na⁺/Na⁺ exchange progressively appearing upon increasing external K⁺ (Rb⁺) concentrations to 5mm. The effect of furosemide (or external K⁺/Rb⁺) on cation contents was associated with a prevention of the cell shrinkage seen in pure Na⁺ media, or with a cell swelling, indicating that the furosemide-sensitive Na⁺/K⁺ transport system is involved in the control of cell volume of human erythrocytes. The action of furosemide on cellular volume and cation content tended to disappear at 5mm external K⁺ or Rb⁺. Thein vivo red cell K⁺ content was negatively correlated to the rate of furosemide-sensitive K⁺ (Rb⁺) uptake, and a positive correlation was seen between mean cellular hemoglobin content and furosemide-sensitive transport activity. The transport system possibly functions as a K⁺ and waterextruding mechanism under physiological conditiosin vivo. The red cell Na⁺ content showed no correlation to the activity of the furosemide-sensitive transport system.     

Regulation of the Na+/K+-ATPase by insulin: Why and how?

The sodium-potassium ATPase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase or Na⁺/K⁺-pump) is an enzyme present at the surface of all eukaryotic cells, which actively extrudes Na⁺ from cells in exchange for K⁺ at a ratio of 3:2, respectively. Its activity also provides the driving force for secondary active transport of solutes such as amino acids, phosphate, vitamins and, in epithelial cells, glucose. The enzyme consists of two subunits ( and ) each expressed in several isoforms. Many hormones regulate Na⁺/K⁺ -ATPase activity and in this review we will focus on the effects of insulin. The possible mechanisms whereby insulin controls Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity are discussed. These are tissue- and isoform-specific, and include reversible covalent modification of catalytic subunits, activation by a rise in intracellular Na⁺ concentration, altered Na⁺ sensitivity and changes in subunit gene or protein expression. Given the recent escalation in knowledge of insulin-stimulated signal transduction systems, it is pertinent to ask which intracellular signalling pathways are utilized by insulin in controlling Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity. Evidence for and against a role for the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and mitogen activated protein kinase arms of the insulin-stimulated intracellular signalling networks is suggested. Finally, the clinical relevance of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase control by insulin in diabetes and related disorders is addressed.     

Assessing the efficacy of vesicle fusion with planar membrane arrays using a mitochondrial porin as reporter

The gene for a putative cation calcium exchanger (CCX) from Arabidopsis thaliana, AtCCX5, was cloned and its function was analyzed in yeast. Green fluorescent protein-tagged AtCCX5 expressed in yeast was localized in the plasma membrane and nuclear periphery. The yeast transformants expressing AtCCX5 were created and their growth in the presence of various cations (K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ni²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Li⁺) were analyzed. AtCCX5 expression was found to affect the response to K⁺ and Na⁺ in yeast. The AtCCX5 transformant also showed a little better growth to Zn²⁺. The yeast mutant 9.3 expressing AtCCX5 restored growth of the mutant on medium with low K⁺ (0.5 mM), and also suppressed its Na⁺ sensitivity. Ion uptake experiments showed that AtCCX5 mediated relatively high-affinity K⁺ uptake and was also involved in Na⁺ transport in yeast. Taken together, these findings suggest that the AtCCX5 is a novel transport protein involves in mediating high-affinity K⁺ uptake and Na⁺ transport in yeast.     

Ba2+-sensitive potassium permeability of the apical membrane in newt kidney proximal tubule

Summary The apical membrane K⁺ permeability of the newt proximal tubular cells was examined in the doubly perfused isolated kidney by measuring the apical membrane potential change (V _a change) during alteration of luminal K⁺ concentration and resultant voltage deflections caused by current pulse injection into the lumen.V _a change/decade for K⁺ was 50 mV at K⁺ concentration higher than 25mm, and the resistance of the apical membrane decreased bt 58% of control when luminal K⁺ concentration was increased from 2.5 to 25mm. Ba²⁺ (1mm in the lumen) reducedV _a change/decade to 24 mV and increased the apical membrane resistance by 70%. These data support the view that Ba²⁺-sensitive K⁺ conductance exists in the apical membrane of the newt proximal tubule. Furthermore, intracellular K⁺ activity measured by K⁺-selective electrode was 82.4 ± 3.6 meq/liter, which was higher than that predicted from the Nernst equation for K⁺ across both cell membranes. Thus, it is concluded that cell K⁺ passively diffuses, at least in part, through the K⁺ conductive pathway of the apical membrane.     

Closure of the yeast mitochondria unspecific channel (YMUC) unmasks a Mg2+ and quinine sensitive K+ uptake pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The K⁺ uptake pathways in yeast mitochondria are still undefined. Nonetheless, the K⁺-mediated mitochondrial swelling observed in the absence of phosphate (PO₄) and in the presence of a respiratory substrate has led to propose that large K⁺ movements occur in yeast mitochondria. Thus, the uptake of K⁺ by isolated yeast mitochondria was evaluated. Two parallel experiments were conducted to evaluate K⁺ transport; these were mitochondrial swelling and the uptake of the radioactive K⁺ analog ⁸⁶Rb⁺. The opening of the yeast mitochondrial unspecific channel (YMUC) was regulated by different PO₄ concentrations. The high protein concentrations used to measure ⁸⁶Rb⁺ uptake resulted in a slight stabilization of the transmembrane potential at 0.4 mM PO₄ but not at 0 or 4 mM PO₄. At 4 mM PO₄ swelling was inhibited while, in contrast, ⁸⁶Rb⁺ uptake was still observed. The results suggest that an energy-dependent K⁺ uptake mechanism was unmasked when the YMUC was closed. To further analyze the properties of this K⁺ uptake system, the Mg²⁺ and quinine sensitivity of both swelling and ⁸⁶Rb⁺ uptake were evaluated. Under the conditions where the unspecific pore was closed, K⁺ transport sensitivity to Mg²⁺ and quinine increased. In addition, when Zn²⁺ was added as an antiport inhibitor, uptake of ⁸⁶Rb⁺ increased. It is suggested that in yeast mitochondria, the K⁺ concentration is highly regulated by the equilibrium of uptake and exit of this cation through two specific transporters.     

Molecular and functional characterization of choline transporter in rat renal tubule epithelial NRK-52E cells

Homeostatic regulation of the plasma choline concentration depends on the effective functioning of a choline transporter in the kidney. However, the nature of the choline transport system in the kidney is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the molecular and functional characterization of choline uptake in the rat renal tubule epithelial cell line NRK-52E. Choline uptake was saturable and mediated by a single transport system, with an apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) of 16.5 μM and a maximal velocity (V_max) of 133.9 pmol/mg protein/min. The V_max value of choline uptake was strongly enhanced in the absence of Na⁺ without any change in K_m values. The increase in choline uptake under Na⁺-free conditions was inhibited by Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger (NHE) inhibitors. Choline uptake was inhibited by the choline uptake inhibitor hemicholinium-3 (HC-3) and organic cations, and was decreased by acidification of the extracellular medium and by intracellular alkalinization. Collapse of the plasma membrane H⁺ electrochemical gradient by a protonophore inhibited choline uptake. NRK-52E cells mainly express mRNA for choline transporter-like proteins (CTL1 and CTL2), and NHE1 and NHE8. CTL1 protein was recognized in both plasma membrane and mitochondria. CTL2 protein was mainly expressed in mitochondria. The biochemical and pharmacological data indicated that CTL1 is functionally expressed in NRK-52E cells and is responsible for choline uptake. This choline transport system uses a directed H⁺ gradient as a driving force, and its transport functions in co-operation with NHE8. Furthermore, the presence of CTL2 in mitochondria provides a potential site for the control of choline oxidation.     

K+-conductance and electrogenic Na+/K+ transport of cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelium

Summary Using intracellular microelectrode technique, we investigated the changes in membrane voltage (V) of cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells induced by different extracellular solutions. (1)V in 213 cells under steady-state conditions averaged –46.1±0.6 mV (sem). (2) Increasing extracellular K⁺ concentration ([K⁺] _o ) depolarizedV. Addition of Ba²⁺ could diminish this response. (3) Depolarization on doubling [K⁺] _o was increased at higher [K⁺] _o (or low voltage). (4) Removing extracellular Ca²⁺ decreasedV and reduced theV amplitude on increasing [K⁺] _o . (5)V was pH sensitive. Extra-and intracellular acidification depolarizedV; alkalinization induced a hyperpolarization.V responses to high [K⁺] _o were reduced at acidic extracellular pH. (6) Removing K _o ⁺ depolarized, K _o ⁺ readdition after K⁺ depletion transiently hyperpolarizedV. These responses were insensitive to Ba²⁺ but were abolished in the presence of ouabain or in Na⁺-free medium. (7) Na⁺ readdition after Na⁺ depletion transiently hyperpolarizedV. This reaction was markedly reduced in the presence of ouabain or in K⁺-free solution but unchanged by Ba²⁺. It is concluded that in cultured bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells K⁺ conductance depends on Ca²⁺, pH and [K⁺] _o (or voltage). An electrogenic Na⁺/K⁺-transport is present, which is stimulated during recovery from K⁺ or Na⁺ depletion. This transport is inhibited by ouabain and in K⁺-or Na⁺-free medium.     

Furosemide-sensitive K+ (Rb+) transport in human erythrocytes: Modes of operation,dependence on extracellular and intracellular Na+, kinetics,pH dependency and the effect of cell volume and N-ethylmaleimide

Summary The effect of extracellular and intracellular Na⁺ (Na _o ⁺ , Na _i ⁺ ) on ouabain-resistant, furosemide-sensitive (FS) Rb⁺ transport was studied in human erythrocytes under varying experimental conditions. The results obtained are consistent with the view that a (1 Na⁺+1 K⁺+2 Cl^–) cotransport system operates in two different modes: modei) promoting bidirectional 11 (Na⁺–K⁺) cotransport, and modeii) a Na _o ⁺ -independent 11 K _o ⁺ /K _i ⁺ exchange requiring Na _i ⁺ which, however, is not extruded. The activities of the two modes of operation vary strictly in parallel to each other among erythrocytes of different donors and in cell fractions of individual donors separated according to density. Rb⁺ uptake through Rb _o ⁺ /K _i ⁺ exchange contributes about 25% to total Rb⁺ uptake in 145mm NaCl media containing 5mm RbCl at normal Na _i ⁺ (pH 7.4). Na⁺–K⁺ cotransport into the cells occurs largely additive to K⁺/K⁺ exchange. Inward Na⁺–Rb⁺ cotransport exhibits a substrate inhibition at high Rb _o ⁺ . With increasing pH, the maximum rate of cotransport is accelerated at the expense of K⁺/K⁺ exchange (apparent pK close to pH 7.4). The apparentK _m ^Rb _o ⁺ of Na⁺–K⁺ cotransport is low (2mm) and almost independent of pH, and high for K⁺/K⁺ exchange (10 to 15mm), the affinity increasing with pH. The two modes are discussed in terms of a partial reaction scheme of (1 Na⁺+1 K⁺+2 Cl^–) cotransport with ordered binding and debinding, exhibiting a glide symmetry (first on outside = first off inside) as proposed by McManus for duck erythrocytes (McManus, T.J., 1987,Fed. Proc., in press). N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) chemically induces a Cl^–-dependent K⁺ transport pathway that is independent of both Na _o ⁺ and Na _i ⁺ . This pathway differs in many properties from the basal, Na _o ⁺ -independent K⁺/K⁺ exchange active in untreated human erythrocytes at normal cell volume. Cell swelling accelerates a Na _o ⁺ -independent FS K⁺ transport pathway which most probably is not identical to basal K⁺/K⁺ exchange. K _o ⁺ o ⁺

o ⁺ o ²⁺ reduce furosemide-resistant Rb⁺ inward leakage relative to choline _o ⁺ .     

An endogenous factor which interacts with synaptosomal membrane Na+, K+-ATPase activation by K+

In previous papers, the isolation of brain soluble fractions able to modify neuronal Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity has been described. One of those fractions-peak I-stimulates membrane Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase while another-peak II-inhibits this enzyme activity, and has other ouabain-like properties. In the present study, synaptosomal membrane Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase was analyzed under several experimental conditions, using ATP orp-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP) as substrate, in the absence and presence of cerebral cortex peak II. Peak II inhibited K⁺-p-NPPase activity in a concentration dependent manner. Double reciprocal plots indicated that peak II uncompetitively inhibits K⁺-p-NPPase activity regarding substrate, Mg²⁺ and K⁺ concentration. Peak II failed to block the known K⁺-p-NPPase stimulation caused by ATP plus Na⁺. At various K⁺ concentrations, percentage K⁺-p-NPPase inhibition by peak II was similar regardless of the ATP plus Na⁺ presence, indicating lack of correlation with enzyme phosphorylation. Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity was decreased by peak II depending on K⁺ concentration. It is postulated that the inhibitory factor(s) present in peak II interfere(s) with enzyme activation by K⁺.