Micro-CT检测中等强度跑台运动对去卵巢大鼠腰椎微结构的影响

目的用micro-CT方法,评估中等强度跑台运动对去卵巢大鼠腰椎微结构的影响。方法将30只3月龄雌性SD大鼠按体重分层后随机分为假手术、去卵巢静止和去卵巢运动三个组。运动组每周进行4次45min、速度18 m/min、坡度5°的跑台训练。正式运动处理14周时,取第2腰椎检测骨密度,取第4腰椎行micro-CT分析及三维结构重建;取第3腰椎椎体进行椎体压缩实验。结果去卵巢运动组第2腰椎骨密度、第3腰椎最大载荷、最大应力和弹性模量以及第4腰椎骨小梁体积和骨小梁数目显著高于去卵巢静止组,骨小梁分离度显著低于去卵巢静止组,而骨小梁厚度无显著变化。结论中等强度跑台运动能改善去卵巢大鼠腰椎的微结构。     

骨保护素(Opg)基因敲除小鼠发生高转换型骨质疏松和动脉钙化

骨质疏松以及动脉钙化均是危害极大的临床常见病变,骨保护素(OPG)可能是联系两者的分子之一.构建替换型载体pXpPNT-OPG,利用同源重组,将编码前3个蛋白质结构域的小鼠Opg基因组第二外显子序列剔除掉.通过胚胎干细胞(ES)基因打靶获得了正确重组的ES细胞克隆,ES细胞显微注射后获得嵌合体小鼠,交配传代获得杂合子和纯合子小鼠.RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹实验结果显示,纯合子小鼠没有Opg基因的表达.纯合子小鼠骨量丢失明显,骨生物力学指标明显下降,发生严重的骨质疏松,此外,还有50%以上的纯合子小鼠在早期出现动脉中层钙化.小鼠破骨功能亢进,与此同时,成熟成骨细胞数量增加,矿化功能强于野生型.Opg基因缺失小鼠骨中钙和磷大量流失,而血清中水平没有变化,这提示钙磷代谢异常不是OPG缺失导致动脉钙化的原因.对建立的Opg基因敲除小鼠模型进一步深入的研究,将有助于说明动脉钙化和骨质疏松症相互联系的分子机制,为防治骨质疏松症和动脉钙化的并发提供理论基础支持.     

Smad4介导转化生长因子-β信号调节骨骼发育和稳态维持的功能

转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）是一个包括数十种TGF-βs、骨形态发生蛋白（BMPs）等配体在内的生长因子超家族,在哺乳动物整体和组织器官发育过程中具有广泛而重要的功能。Smad4是细胞内TGF-β信号通路的核心信号转导分子。为了深入研究Smad4介导的TGF-β信号在骨骼发育过程中的生理功能,我们利用转基因技术研制了软骨细胞、肥大型软骨细胞和成骨细胞分别特异性表达Cre重组酶的转基因小鼠,利用条件基因敲除技术研制了不同类型骨骼细胞Smad4基因敲除的小鼠模型。表型分析结果揭示了Smad4在软骨细胞增殖和分化、骨重塑以及稳态维持过程中的功能以及相关的分子机制,为理解人类相关骨骼疾病的发生及其机理提供了新的线索。     

动态调节Rad GTPase可以控制骨形成的平衡

小GTP结合蛋白Rad (Ras-related associated with diabetes)是小GTPases的RGK亚家族成员,其在心脏之外的细胞和生理功能仍有待阐明,本研究旨在探讨Rad对小鼠骨密度、破骨细胞分化和骨量的调节作用。本研究以Rad基因敲除小鼠为动物模型,野生(WT)小鼠为对照,通过微计算机断层摄影术(microscopic computed tomography,μCT)分析雄性和雌性小鼠的股骨小梁骨体积分数和骨小梁数量,以抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP)染色和抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)+多核细胞(multinucleated cell, MNC)计数检测破骨细胞的分化和表面积,使用组织形态计量学来考察骨形成速率。结果显示,与WT野生型小鼠相比,雌性Rad基因敲除小鼠的股骨表现出显著较低的小梁骨体积分数(BV/TV)。Rad缺失使小鼠股骨的皮质骨面积明显低于WT小鼠。抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)染色和TRAP+MNCs计数表明Rad的缺失显著增强了体外破骨细胞的分化。与正常野生小鼠相比,Rad缺失使小鼠的破骨细胞表面积减少。在Rad基因敲除小鼠中矿物沉积率(MAR)显著降低,矿化表面百分比(MS/BS)升高,骨形成速率/骨表面(BFR/BS)下降。本研究初步结论表明,Rad GTPase在骨代谢的调节中起着重要的作用,在小鼠中敲除Rad可导致骨密度降低,对Rad作用和调节机制的研究可能会找到骨质疏松症治疗的潜在靶点。     

SHBG基因敲除小鼠模型的建立及其表型分析

目的:建立性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)基因条件敲除小鼠模型,为探讨胎盘组织中SHBG在体内的生理功能及其与妊娠期糖尿病发病关系提供实验手段。方法:首先运用生物信息学手段确定小鼠SHBG基因组序列,构建SHBG打靶载体,以电穿孔方法将其导入小鼠ES细胞,筛选培养阳性ES细胞并行PCR鉴定,并将正确同源重组的ES细胞注射进小鼠囊胚,移入受体小鼠子宫;将获得的嵌合体小鼠与C57BL/6J小鼠交配,筛选后获得Flox小鼠,该小鼠与EIIa-Cre转基因小鼠杂交,子代多次自交获得SHBG全身基因敲除(SHBG~(-/-))的小鼠。结果:运用同源重组及ES细胞技术建立了SHBG基因的Flox小鼠,并利用Cre/Loxp重组酶系统建立了SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠模型,PCR方法从基因水平证明了SHBG基因Flox小鼠及SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠模型建立成功。对基因敲除鼠进行初步表型分析发现:SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠的生长发育与野生型小鼠相比无明显肉眼所见异常,SHBG基因全身敲除雌雄小鼠均具有生殖能力。结论:成功建立SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠模型,通过对基因敲除鼠进行初步表型分析,发现SHBG基因全身敲除小鼠外观上发育正常,为进一步研究SHBG在妊娠期糖尿病中的作用奠定了基础。     

骨保护素(Opg)基因敲除小鼠发生高转换型骨质疏松和动脉钙化

骨质疏松以及动脉钙化均是危害极大的临床常见病变，骨保护素 (OPG) 可能是联系两者的分子之一. 构建替换型载体pXpPNT-OPG，利用同源重组，将编码前3个蛋白质结构域的小鼠Opg基因组第二外显子序列剔除掉. 通过胚胎干细胞 (ES) 基因打靶获得了正确重组的ES细胞克隆，ES细胞显微注射后获得嵌合体小鼠，交配传代获得杂合子和纯合子小鼠. RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹实验结果显示，纯合子小鼠没有Opg基因的表达. 纯合子小鼠骨量丢失明显，骨生物力学指标明显下降，发生严重的骨质疏松，此外，还有50%以上的纯合子小鼠在早期出现动脉中层钙化. 小鼠破骨功能亢进，与此同时，成熟成骨细胞数量增加，矿化功能强于野生型. Opg基因缺失小鼠骨中钙和磷大量流失，而血清中水平没有变化，这提示钙磷代谢异常不是OPG缺失导致动脉钙化的原因. 对建立的Opg基因敲除小鼠模型进一步深入的研究，将有助于说明动脉钙化和骨质疏松症相互联系的分子机制，为防治骨质疏松症和动脉钙化的并发提供理论基础支持.     

镉染毒大鼠胫骨骨微结构的活体Micro-CT观察

目的应用Micro-CT研究不同剂量CdCl2染毒后大鼠胫骨松质骨骨小梁密度和骨微结构的差异。方法 24只3月龄雄性SD大鼠随机分成4组,对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,分别背部皮下注射生理盐水(0.5 mL)和0.1、0.5、1.5 mg/(kg.bw)CdCl2,每周称体重,并根据体重调整注射量。染毒后第8周对所有大鼠左侧胫骨近端进行活体Micro-CT扫描及三维重建。选取距生长板远端0.8、1.2 mm厚的骨组织为感兴趣区域,进行骨形态计量分析。结果镉染毒组大鼠体重和对照组相比有不同程度下降,高剂量组和其他组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05);镉染毒组大鼠骨密度、骨体积分数及骨小梁数量较对照组明显减少,高剂量组与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.01);镉染毒组大鼠胫骨骨小梁分离度及骨结构模型指数都较对照组有明显增高,并且随着染毒剂量的增加而升高。二维及三维图象显示,镉作用后大鼠胫骨骨髓腔增宽,骨量、骨小梁数量及骨小梁连接明显减少,板状骨数量减少,杆状骨数量增加。结论镉染毒对大鼠胫骨骨量及骨微观结构有明显损害。     

Tbx18对小鼠心脏冠状血管及室壁结构发育的影响

利用Tbx18谱系示踪小鼠模型及Tbx18条件性基因敲除小鼠模型,探讨转录因子Tbx18对小鼠心血管结构发育的影响.实验建立Tbx18-Cre/Rosa26R-EYFP和Tbx18-Cre/Rosa26R-Lac Z两种基因敲入谱系示踪小鼠模型和Tbx18:Cre/Cre基因敲除小鼠模型;通过免疫荧光及X-gal染色技术,示踪Tbx18在心血管系统结构形成中的命运;通过小鼠心脏整体血管免疫组化及切片HE染色、免疫组化、免疫荧光技术,比较Tbx18:Cre/Cre基因敲除小鼠与野生型对照小鼠心脏室壁结构及冠状血管结构发育情况.示踪结果提示,Tbx18参与小鼠冠状血管及室间隔结构的形成,并与冠脉平滑肌细胞共表达;对Tbx18基因敲除小鼠及野生型小鼠的心脏结构比较提示,Tbx18基因敲除后,仍能形成形态正常的冠状血管系统,小鼠心室肌及室间隔厚度较野生型无明显差异.结果表明,Tbx18参与小鼠心脏血管平滑肌及室间隔结构的形成,但其在小鼠心脏腔室结构及冠状血管结构形成过程中不是必需的.     

淫羊藿苷对小鼠骨溶解模型OPG/RANKL基因及其蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究不同剂量的淫羊藿苷对钛颗粒诱导小鼠骨溶解模型中OPG/RANKL基因及其蛋白表达的影响,探讨淫羊藿苷治疗关节置换术后骨溶解的作用机制.方法:取成年BALB/C小鼠40只,随机分为假手术组、阴性对照组、淫羊藿苷低剂量组及高剂量组,每组10只,除假手术组外,其余建立骨溶解模型后,各组按各自药物及剂量给予每日1次灌胃,共8周.停药次日取颅骨组织及外周血,运用real-time PCR及ELISA技术测定OPG/RANKL基因及其蛋白表达情况.结果:与阴性对照组相比,高剂量组OPG基因及蛋白表达显著上升(P＜0.01),RANKL基因及蛋白表达显著下降(P＜0.01);低剂量组无显著差异.结论:淫羊藿苷可以改变OPG/RANKL基因及蛋白表达量从而抑制骨溶解,这可能是淫羊藿苷治疗关节置换术后骨溶解的作用机制之一.     

去卵巢大鼠腰椎骨微结构变化的动态观察

目的:动态观察去卵巢大鼠腰椎骨微结构的变化。方法:将90只3月龄雌性SD大鼠按体重进行分层随机抽样分组,分为基础组(10只)、假手术组(40只)和去卵巢组(40只)。手术前(0周)处死基础组大鼠,手术后3、6、12、24周时,分批处死假手术和去卵巢组大鼠各8-10只。从每组随机取6只大鼠的第5腰椎行micro-CT扫描及三维结构重建,选取椎体1 mm处,2.0 mm×3.5mm,厚0.9 mm的骨组织为感兴趣区域(interesting area),进行骨形态计量学分析。结果:与同一时间点假手术组大鼠比较,去卵巢3周时,第5腰椎体积骨密度(v BMD)、骨体积分数(BV/TV)、骨小梁数目(Tb.N)、骨小梁厚度(Tb.Th)、骨小梁间隙(Tb.Sp)和结构模型指数(SMI)均无显著变化;去卵巢6周时,Tb.Th显著下降(P0.05),而其他指标均无显著变化;从去卵巢12周到24周时,不仅Tb.Th显著下降(P0.05),而且v BMD、BV/TV和Tb.N也显著下降(P0.05),同时Tb.Sp和SMI显著增加(P0.05)。结论:3月龄大鼠在去卵巢后的6周时骨小梁厚度变薄,12周以后,体积骨密度和骨体积分数下降,骨小梁数目减少。     

Disuse-related decline in trabecular bone structure

Sedentary life style may degrade bone mass and microstructure resulting in osteoporosis. We characterized trabecular bone structural properties to determine if the LRP5 G171V mutation will protect against disuse-related bone loss. Forty-eight adult male mice representing three genotypes (WT = wild type, KO = LRP5-knockout +/−, HBM = High bone with the LRP5 G171V mutation) were each randomly divided between control and disuse (4 week hindlimb suspension) groups. Trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) declined in all the three genotypes. Trabecular thickness was lower in the HBM and LRP5 (+/−) KO disuse groups when compared to their respective controls. While the remaining measures of bone structure (Trabecular number, connectivity density, apparent and tissue density) were lower, the trabecular separation increased in the LRP5 (+/−) with disuse. Although the absolute loss in BV/TV was similar, the relative loss due to disuse was far greater in the LRP5 (+/−) mice (67%) than in the HBM mice (14%). The disuse caused 20% decrease in trabecular number and thickness for LRP5 (+/−), while the decline was between 6 and 11% for the HBM and WT mice.     

Gender specific LRP5 influences on trabecular bone structure and strength

A mutation in LRP5 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5) has been shown to increase bone mass and density in humans and animals. Transgenic mice expressing the LRP5 mutation (G171V) demonstrate an increase in bone mass as compared to non-transgenic (NTG) littermates. This study evaluated LRP5 gene and gender-related influences on the structural and biomechanical strength properties of trabecular and cortical bone in femurs and vertebrae (L5) of 17-week-old mice. Micro-computed tomography was used to evaluate the trabecular bone structure of distal femurs and vertebrae ex vivo. Mechanical testing of the trabecular bone in the distal femur was done to determine biomechanical strength. Differences due to genotype and gender were tested using two-way ANOVA at a significance level of p<0.05. Trabecular bone structural parameters (BV/TV, trabecular thickness, number, etc.) at the distal femur, femoral neck, and vertebral body sites were greater in the transgenic as compared to the NTG mice. In addition, vertebral cortical thickness and trabecular strength parameters (ultimate and yield loads, stiffness, ultimate and yield stresses) in the distal femur were greater in the transgenic mice as compared to NTG. The increasing trends of cortical thickness were also noted in the transgenic mice as compared to NTG. Within LRP5 (G171V) mutant mice, there were significant gender-related differences in some of the trabecular bone structural parameters at all the sites (distal femur, femoral neck, and vertebral body). However, unlike trabecular structural parameters, the gender-specific differences were not found in the trabecular strength of LRP5 transgenic mice. In summary, these findings suggest that the LRP5 (G171V) mutation results in greater trabecular bone structure and strength at both the distal femurs and vertebral bodies as compared to NTG. In addition, only the trabecular structure parameters were affected by gender within the LRP5 (G171V) mutation.     

Gender-related changes in three-dimensional microstructure of trabecular bone at the human proximal tibia with aging

Despite increasing interest in age- and gender-related bone alterations, data on trabecular microstructure at the proximal tibia are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify trabecular microstructural change at the human proximal tibia with age and gender, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fifty-six proximal tibias from 28 Japanese men and women (57-98 years of age) were used in this study. The subjects were chosen to give an even age and gender distribution. Both women and men were divided into three age groups, middle (57-68 years), old (72-82 years) and elderly (87-98 years) groups. The trabecular bone specimens from the medial compartment of the proximal tibial metaphysis were examined. Trabecular bone mineral density (BMD), bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) decreased between the middle-aged and elderly groups similarly in women and men. However, trabecular number (Tb.N) decreased by 13% between the middle-aged and elderly groups in women and nearly double that in men. As compared with women, men had higher BV/TV and lower trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) in the old age and elderly groups, and higher Tb.N and connectivity density (Conn.D) in the elderly group. Increased trabecular resorbing surfaces, perforated or disconnected trabeculae and microcallus formations were observed with age. These findings indicate that both BMD and BV/TV decreased at the proximal tibia with age similarly for women and men, but significant differences between women and men were observed for some microstructural parameters. These findings illustrate potential mechanisms underlying osteoporotic proximal tibial fracture.     

Loss of PiT-2 results in abnormal bone development and decreased bone mineral density and length in mice

Normal bone mineralization requires phosphate oversaturation in bone matrix vesicles, as well as normal regulation of phosphate metabolism via the interplay among bone, intestine, and kidney. In turn, derangement of phosphate metabolism greatly affects bone function and structure. The type III sodium-dependent phosphate transporters, PiT-1 and PiT-2, are believed to be important in tissue phosphate metabolism and physiological bone formation, but their requirement and molecular roles in bone remain poorly investigated. In order to decipher the role of PiT-2 in bone, we examined normal bone development, growth, and mineralization in global PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice. PiT-2 deficiency resulted in reduced vertebral column, femur, and tibia length as well as mandibular dimensions. Micro-computed tomography analysis revealed that bone mineral density in the mandible, femur, and tibia were decreased, indicating that maintenance of bone function and structure is impaired in both craniofacial and long bones of PiT-2 deficient mice. Both cortical and trabecular thickness and mineral density were reduced in PiT-2 homozygous knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. These results suggest that PiT-2 is involved in normal bone development and growth and plays roles in cortical and trabecular bone metabolism feasibly by regulating local phosphate transport and mineralization processes in the bone. Further studies that evaluate bone cell-specific loss of PiT-2 are now warranted and may yield insight into complex mechanisms of bone development and growth, leading to identification of new therapeutic options for patients with bone diseases.     

Dietary boron supplementation enhanced the action of estrogen, but not that of parathyroid hormone, to improve trabecular bone quality in ovariectomized rats

This study investigated whether boron would enhance the ability of 17beta-estradiol (E2) or parathyroid hormone (PTH) to improve bone quality in ovariectomized OVX rats. Adult OVX rats were treated for 5 wk with vehicle, boron (5 ppm as boric acid), E2 (30 microg/kg/d, sc), PTH (60 microg/kg/d, sc), or a combination of boron and E2 or PTH, respectively. The E2 treatment corrected many adverse effects of OVX on bone quality, increased bone Ca, P, and Mg contents, and decreased trabecular plate separation. Dietary boron supplementation had no effects on these bone parameters in OVX rats. When OVX rats were treated with boron and E2 together, trabecular bone volume (Tb.BS/TV) and plate density were increased significantly more than that caused by E2 alone. The boron and E2 combination also increased trabecular bone surface (Tb.BV/TV) and decreased trabecular plate separation in OVX rats. In contrast, whereas daily PTH injection also increased bone Ca, Mg, and P contents, Tb.BV/TV, Tb.BS/TV, trabecular plate density and thickness, and decreased trabecular plate separation in OVX rats, the combination of boron and PTH had no additional improvement in bone quality over that achieved by PTH alone. In summary, this study shows for the first time that boron enhanced the action of E2, but not that of PTH, to improve trabecular bone quality in OVX rats.     

Targeted disruption of ephrin B1 in cells of myeloid lineage increases osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in mice

Disruption of ephrin B1 in collagen I producing cells in mice results in severe skull defects and reduced bone formation. Because ephrin B1 is also expressed during osteoclast differentiation and because little is known on the role of ephrin B1 reverse signaling in bone resorption, we examined the bone phenotypes in ephrin B1 conditional knockout mice, and studied the function of ephrin B1 reverse signaling on osteoclast differentiation and resorptive activity. Targeted deletion of ephrin B1 gene in myeloid lineage cells resulted in reduced trabecular bone volume, trabecular number and trabecular thickness caused by increased TRAP positive osteoclasts and bone resorption. Histomorphometric analyses found bone formation parameters were not changed in ephrin B1 knockout mice. Treatment of wild-type precursors with clustered soluble EphB2-Fc inhibited RANKL induced formation of multinucleated osteoclasts, and bone resorption pits. The same treatment of ephrin B1 deficient precursors had little effect on osteoclast differentiation and pit formation. Similarly, activation of ephrin B1 reverse signaling by EphB2-Fc treatment led to inhibition of TRAP, cathepsin K and NFATc1 mRNA expression in osteoclasts derived from wild-type mice but not conditional knockout mice. Immunoprecipitation with NHERF1 antibody revealed ephrin B1 interacted with NHERF1 in differentiated osteoclasts. Treatment of osteoclasts with exogenous EphB2-Fc resulted in reduced phosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin. We conclude that myeloid lineage produced ephrin B1 is a negative regulator of bone resorption in vivo, and that activation of ephrin B1 reverse signaling inhibits osteoclast differentiation in vitro in part via a mechanism that involves inhibition of NFATc1 expression and modulation of phosphorylation status of ezrin/radixin/moesin.     

Soluble rank ligand produced by myeloma cells causes generalised bone loss in multiple myeloma

Patients with multiple myeloma commonly develop focal osteolytic bone disease, as well as generalised osteoporosis. The mechanisms underlying the development of osteoporosis in patients with myeloma are poorly understood. Although disruption of the RANKL/OPG pathway has been shown to underlie formation of focal osteolytic lesions, its role in the development of osteoporosis in myeloma remains unclear. Increased soluble RANKL in serum from patients with myeloma raises the possibility that this molecule plays a key role. The aim of the present study was to establish whether sRANKL produced by myeloma cells contributes directly to osteoporosis. C57BL/KaLwRij mice were injected with either 5T2MM or 5T33MM murine myeloma cells. 5T2MM-bearing mice developed osteolytic bone lesions (p<0.05) with increased osteoclast surface (p<0.01) and reduced trabecular bone volume (p<0.05). Bone volume was also reduced at sites where 5T2MM cells were not present (p<0.05). In 5T2MM-bearing mice soluble mRANKL was increased (p<0.05), whereas OPG was not altered. In contrast, 5T33MM-bearing mice had no changes in osteoclast surface or trabecular bone volume and did not develop osteolytic lesions. Soluble mRANKL was undetectable in serum from 5T33MM-bearing mice. In separate experiments, RPMI-8226 human myeloma cells were transduced with an human RANKL/eGFP construct, or eGFP alone. RPMI-8226/hRANKL/eGFP cells, but not RPMI-8226/eGFP cells, stimulated osteoclastic bone resorption (p<0.05) in vitro. Sub-cutaneous injection of NOD/SCID mice with RPMI-8226/hRANKL/eGFP or RPMI-8226/eGFP cells resulted in tumour development in all mice. RPMI-8226/hRANKL/eGFP-bearing mice exhibited increased serum soluble hRANKL (p<0.05) and a three-fold increase in osteoclast number (p<0.05) compared to RPMI-8226/eGFP-bearing mice. This was associated with reduced trabecular bone volume (27%, p<0.05), decreased trabecular number (29%, p<0.05) and increased trabecular thickness (8%, p<0.05). Our findings demonstrate that soluble RANKL produced by myeloma cells causes generalised bone loss, suggesting that targeting RANKL may prevent osteoporosis in patients with myeloma.     

The role of estrogen receptor-beta, in the early age-related bone gain and later age-related bone loss in female mice

The molecular and cellular mechanism of estrogen action in skeletal tissue remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to understand the role of estrogen receptor-beta, (ERbeta) on cortical and cancellous bone during growth and aging by comparing the bone phenotype of 6- and 13-month-old female mice with or without ERbeta. Groups of 11-14 wild-type (WT) controls and ERbeta knockout (BERKO) female mice were necropsied at 6 and 13 months of age. At both ages, BERKO mice did not differ significantly from WT controls in uterine weight and uterine epithelial thickness, indicating that ERbeta does not regulate the growth of uterine tissue. Femoral length increased significantly by 5.5% at 6 months of age in BERKO mice compared with WT controls. At 6 months of age, peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT) analysis of the distal femoral metaphysis (DFM) and femoral shafts showed that BERKO mice had significantly higher cortical bone content and periosteal circumference as compared with WT controls at both sites. In contrast to the findings in cortical bone, at 6 months of age, there was no difference between BERKO and WT mice in trabecular density, trabecular bone volume (TBV), or formation and resorption indices at the DFM. In 13-month-old WT mice, TBV (-41%), trabecular density (-27%) and cortical thickness decreased significantly. while marrow cavity and endocortical circumference increased significantly compared with 6-month-old WT mice. These age-related decreases in cancellous and endocortical bone did not occur in BERKO mice. At 13 months of age, BERKO mice had significantly higher total, trabecular and cortical bone, while having significantly lower bone resorption, bone formation and bone turnover in DFM compared with WT mice. These results indicate that deleting ERbeta protected against age-related bone loss in both the cancellous and endocortical compartments by decreasing bone resorption and bone turnover in aged female mice. These data demonstrate that in female mice, ERbeta plays a role in inhibiting periosteal bone formation, longitudinal and radial bone growth during the growth period, while it plays a role in stimulating bone resorption, bone turnover and bone loss on cancellous and endocortical bone surfaces during the aging process.     

IL-23 inhibits osteoclastogenesis indirectly through lymphocytes and is required for the maintenance of bone mass in mice

IL-23 stimulates the differentiation and function of the Th17 subset of CD4(+) T cells and plays a critical role in chronic inflammation. The IL-23 receptor-encoding gene is also an inflammatory disease susceptibility gene. IL-23 shares a common subunit with IL-12, a T cell-dependent osteoclast formation inhibitor, and we found that IL-23 also dose-dependently inhibited osteoclastogenesis in a CD4(+) T lymphocyte-dependent manner. When sufficiently enriched, gammadelta T cells also mediated IL-23 inhibition. Like IL-12, IL-23 acted synergistically with IL-18 to block osteoclastogenesis but, unlike IL-12, IL-23 action depended on T cell GM-CSF production. IL-23 did not mediate IL-12 action although IL-12 induced its expression. Male mice lacking IL-23 (IL-23p19(-/-)) had approximately 30% lower bone mineral density and tibial trabecular bone mass (bone volume (BV)/total volume (TV)) than wild-type littermates at 12 wk and 40% lower BV/TV at 26 wk of age; male heterozygotes also had lower bone mass. Female IL-23p19(-/-) mice also had reduced BV/TV. IL-23p19(-/-) mice had no detectable osteoclast defect in trabecular bone but IL-23p19(-/-) had thinner growth plate hypertrophic and primary spongiosa zones (and, in females, less cartilage remnants) compared with wild type. This suggests increased osteoclast action at and below the growth plate, leading to reduced amounts of mature trabecular bone. Thus, IL-23 inhibits osteoclast formation indirectly via T cells in vitro. Under nonpathological conditions (unlike inflammatory conditions), IL-23 favors higher bone mass in long bones by limiting resorption of immature bone forming below the growth plate.