珠江三角洲陈村水道航道整治工程声环境影响分析

根据水道沿线周围地区的声环境质量现状,通过模式计算,对珠江三角洲陈村水道整治工程施工期和运行期间航道200m以内区域进行声环境影响预测与评价。施工期噪声在厂界以内基本符合标准,对周围环境造成的影响不大;营运期噪声对周围环境造成一定影响,噪声影响以林岳村最大,腰古农场最小,昼间等效声级最大为66.2dB(A),最小为63.5dB(A);夜间等效声级最大为58.8dB(A),最小为54dB(A),超标值昼间为5.8%～10.2%,夜间为8%～17.6%。     

转基因植物检测体系在环境污染物突变性评价中的应用The

很多环境污染物都能对生物体产生诱变性,可利用多种测试材料与方法对其基因毒性进行检测。转基因植物检测体系不仅能对环境污染的诱变性大小进行评价,而且还可以进一步分析其突变的分子机理。本文介绍了转基因植株检测体系的应用前景。 Abstract: Environmental contaminants are powerful mutagenic factors for organisms. Several testing materials and methods have been used to assess the genotoxicity of environmental factors. Transgenic plants testing system can not only evaluate the level of genotoxicity, but also provide information on the genetic effects at molecular level. We introduce the use of transgenic plants in biomonitoring environmental factors.     

A Case Study in Hierarchical Modeling: Agriculture and Prostate Cancer in Iowa

Epidemiologists who study cancer etiology are often asked to conduct etiologic investigations of environmental agents and cancer in populations. The difficulty in estimating the effects of relevant exposures arises because environmental data are usually available only on an aggregate level, such as by county. Individual exposures to chemical agents are usually unknown, as is the joint distribution between the environmental exposure level and disease status. Frequently, some information on the cancer cases themselves is available from a disease registry which typically includes age at diagnosis, gender, and race, and these factors may require control in the analysis. An appropriate statistical model which incorporates this nested data structure is needed. This paper illustrates application of a special case of mixed model, namely hierarchical model, to the study of agricultural factors and prostate cancer in Iowa.     

井冈山长柄双花木种群形态分化的数量分析

利用多种数量分析方法研究了长柄双花木种群形态分化状况,结果表明：长柄双花木5个种群的53个个体的20项形态特征中,只有7项性状的变异达显著水平,其中2个性状达极显著水平,方差分析及多种聚类分析结果都表明,总体形态分化在个体和种群水平上均未达到显著,形态分化与环境因子的灰色关联分析结果表明,在所引用的环境因子中,无一可起绝对主导作用,不同的环境因子对同一性状所起的作用不同,且同一环境因子对不同性状的影响效应也有差异,影响其生长的潜在主导因子是海拔高度,土壤pH值和乔木层透光率。     

汉、藏、回族地区农户的环境影响——以甘肃省张掖市、甘南藏族自治州、临夏回族自治州为例

农户作为我国最主要的经济活动主体与最基本的决策单位,已成为影响生态环境的最重要单元,当前急需理解农户的环境影响,并依此为依据找寻缓解环境压力的对策.以甘肃省张掖市、甘南藏族自治州、临夏回族自治州为研究区,以生态足迹作为测度环境影响的指标,利用入户调查资料,基于成分法核算了农户的生态足迹,对比分析了汉、藏、回族地区农户的环境影响,并利用STIRPAT模型分解了各因素对农户环境影响的作用.研究发现:(1)甘南州农户的人均生态足迹高于张掖市与临夏州,其中甘南州农户的人均草地足迹远高于张掖市与临夏州,而张掖市农户的人均化石能源地足迹远高于甘南州与临夏州;(2)3个地区农户对耕地影响的差距均较小,但对水域、林地、草地影响的差距都较悬殊;(3)农户的家庭规模、富裕水平、受教育程度、非农化水平是影响生态环境的主要驱动因子,扩大家庭规模、提高富裕水平将加剧对环境的影响,而提高农户的受教育程度及非农化水平将减缓对环境的影响,但它们引起的环境影响变化速度均低于其自身的变化速度;(4)民族属性对农户的环境影响具有显著作用,张掖市、甘南藏族自治州、临夏回族自治州的现有样本数据支持环境Kuznets曲线假说.     

Fitness Effects of Chlorpyrifos in the Damselfly Enallagma cyathigerum Strongly Depend upon Temperature and Food Level and Can Bridge Metamorphosis

Interactions between pollutants and suboptimal environmental conditions can have severe consequences for the toxicity of pollutants, yet are still poorly understood. To identify patterns across environmental conditions and across fitness-related variables we exposed Enallagma cyathigerum damselfly larvae to the pesticide chlorpyrifos at two food levels or at two temperatures and quantified four fitness-related variables (larval survival, development time, mass at emergence and adult cold resistance). Food level and temperature did not affect survival in the absence of the pesticide, yet the pesticide reduced survival only at the high temperature. Animals reacted to the pesticide by accelerating their development but only at the high food level and at the low temperature; at the low food level, however, pesticide exposure resulted in a slower development. Chlorpyrifos exposure resulted in smaller adults except in animals reared at the high food level. Animals reared at the low food level and at the low temperature had a higher cold resistance which was not affected by the pesticide. In summary our study highlight that combined effects of exposure to chlorpyrifos and the two environmental conditions (i) were mostly interactive and sometimes even reversed in comparison with the effect of the environmental condition in isolation, (ii) strongly differed depending on the fitness-related variable under study, (iii) were not always predictable based on the effect of the environmental condition in isolation, and (iv) bridged metamorphosis depending on which environmental condition was combined with the pesticide thereby potentially carrying over from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. These findings are relevant when extrapolating results of laboratory tests done under ideal environmental conditions to natural communities.     

Environmental benefits and sustainable land‐use options in the Jambi transect,Sumatra

Abstract. Loss of environmental services provided by forests is a non‐linear process in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Intermediate‐intensity land‐use types in the form of complex agroforests have maintained global environmental benefits under a sustainable and profitable land use regime. Conversion to tree crop monocultures, however, poses a challenge to the environmental stakeholders and an opportunity from to stakeholders in the private economy. We quantified environmental indicators, as well as profitability and sustainability of a range of existing and possible production systems. Criteria and indicators were used at plot to landscape scales, taking into account local, national and global perspectives. Agronomic sustainability and profitability were assessed at plot level as they are of primarily local concern, while environmental services of forests, such as plant species and functional type richness, carbon stocks, greenhouse gas emissions, and trans‐boundary haze, which are of national and global concern, were assessed at landscape level. Quantitative trade‐offs and complementarities were analysed between global environmental benefits and local profitability. The current trend towards simplification of the complex agro‐ecosystems and inherent loss of environmental services of forests is driven by profitability. The sequence in which environmental services of forests are lost is: standing carbon stocks, biodiversity, and low or negative greenhouse gas emissions.     

Reducing effort in the use of benthic bioindicators

Hard-bottom invertebrates were visually sampled in a man-modified bay during a harbour enlargement scheme. Several environmental variables were repeatedly measured. Faunal assemblages were analysed using classification and ordination (MDS) techniques at different levels of resolution (species, families and indicators). Indicator taxa were selected from the full species data set by performing preliminary correlations between faunal and environmental variables. Similar results were observed at the three levels investigated. This suggests the existence of redundant information in the species level data set when applied to this case study. The implications of our findings for environmental monitoring are discussed.     

Causes and consequences of variation in competitive ability in plant communities

Abstract. Several factors may define the cause and pattern of variation in competitive ability among individuals within a plant community. Variation may be a consequence of genetic or environmental variability. These two sources of variation may vary in their relative magnitudes. The relevant scale of genetic variation may occur at the individual genotype level or at the species level. The relevant scale of environmental variation may occur at the individual plant level or at the neighbourhood (or community) level. Relative competitive abilities may be effected by genotype-environment interaction or by genotype-genotype (or species-species) interaction. The complex relationship among these factors reveals the mechanistic basis for establishing a clear distinction among five specific hypotheses for species coexistence and diversity that are all variations of the general hypothesis that competitive abilities do not differ sufficiently among coexisting species to cause any competitive exclusion at the community level. These hypotheses are compared in terms of the degree to which they are restricted by assumptions and supported by existing data, and in the extent to which they involve evolutionary consequences of competition.     

Effect of error in the DEM on environmental variables for predictive vegetation modelling

Question: Predictive vegetation modelling relies on the use of environmental variables, which are usually derived from abase data set with some level of error, and this error is propagated to any subsequently derived environmental variables. The question for this study is: What is the level of error and uncertainty in environmental variables based on the error propagated from a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and how does it vary for both direct and indirect variables? Location: Kioloa region, New South Wales, Australia Methods: The level of error in a DEM is assessed and used to develop an error model for analysing error propagation to derived environmental variables. We tested both indirect (elevation, slope, aspect, topographic position) and direct (average air temperature, net solar radiation, and topographic wetness index) variables for their robustness to propagated error from the DEM. Results: It is shown that the direct environmental variable net solar radiation is less affected by error in the DEM than the indirect variables aspect and slope, but that regional conditions such as slope steepness and cloudiness can influence this outcome. However, the indirect environmental variable topographic position was less affected by error in the DEM than topographic wetness index. Interestingly, the results disagreed with the current assumption that indirect variables are necessarily less sensitive to propagated error because they are less derived. Conclusions: The results indicate that variables exhibit both systematic bias and instability under uncertainty. There is a clear need to consider the sensitivity of variables to error in their base data sets in addition to the question of whether to use direct or indirect variables.     

Synthesis and degradation of nitrite reductase in pea leaves

We have shown in a previous publication (Gupta, Beevers 1983 J Exp Bot 34: 1455-1462) that the level of extractable nitrite reductase activity in pea (Pisum sativum cv Burpeeana) leaves is subject to environmental perturbations. In the current study, we have used rocket immunoelectrophoresis to quantitate the level of nitrite reductase protein in extracts from pea plants subjected to various environmental treatments. The level of nitrite reductase cross-reacting material closely followed the level of assayable nitrite reductase activity. The environmental conditions which enhanced the level of extractable nitrite reductase activity resulted in an increased level of nitrite reductase cross-reacting material in the extracts. In contrast, environmental conditions which resulted in a decrease in the level of extractable nitrite reductase activity produced a decline in cross-reacting material. These results indicate that the environmentally induced modulation of extractable nitrite reductase activity involves alteration of enzyme level and is not mediated by a reversible activation-inactivation of the existing enzyme.     

Using lichen biomonitoring to assess environmental justice at a neighbourhood level in an industrial area of Northern France

Environmental inequalities are based on the proximity of socio-economically disadvantaged populations to sources of environmental and public health risks, and have recently been extended to environmental contamination. We evaluated such inequalities using a novel approach, at the scale of neighbourhoods in the industrial area of Dunkerque, France, by associating an index of social disadvantage with environmental biomonitoring measurements.A Localised Disadvantage Index (LDI), which characterises the socio-economic status of populations at a neighbourhood level, was developed using an eco-sociological approach. The burdens of 18 trace elements (TE) were recently determined using samples of epiphytic lichens, collected within the study zone. A mean value of TE burden was modelled for each neighbourhood and an integrated index (Mean Impregnation Ratio, MIR) was generated to assess the level of multi-metallic contamination.LDI mapping reveals socio-economic disparities. The neighbourhoods situated near to factories are the most disadvantaged. Environmental maps reveal high contaminations in the vicinity of the industrial zones. The LDI is significantly correlated with the MIR, and with 16 of 18 TE. Significant differences in the level of contamination are observed between high- and low-deprived neighbourhoods.Our results uncover the presence of environmental inequalities. The most disadvantaged populations live in a strongly contaminated environment. We have pioneered the use of biomonitoring data and an integrated index of contamination for the prospection of environmental inequalities.     

MicroRNA在环境毒理学中的研究进展

MicroRNA（miRNA）是一类长为20～24nt的非编码单链小分子RNA,主要存在于真核生物中,具有组织特异性、无开放阅读框等特点,在转录或翻译水平调控基因表达,参与细胞增殖、分化、凋亡,并与炎症、肿瘤等疾病发生、发展密切相关。环境毒理学研究表明,当生物暴露于环境化学物质时,会引起相关miRNA表达发生变化,进而导致其靶基因表达发生改变。因此,有必要明确环境化学物质、miRNA和相关靶基因三者问的作用关系。在环境毒理学研究和环境监测中,miRNA可作为识别环境中化学物质基因毒性和致癌性的生物标记物,并可用于预测环境化学物质对生物体的毒性。     

Molecular approach for assessing responses of microbial-feeding nematodes to burning and chronic nitrogen enrichment in a native grassland

A substantial proportion of the primary productivity in grassland ecosystems is allocated belowground, sustaining an abundant and diverse community of microbes and soil invertebrates. These belowground communities drive many important ecosystem functions and are responsive to a variety of environmental changes. Nematodes, an abundant and diverse component of grassland soil communities, are particularly responsive to altered environmental conditions, such as those associated with reduced fire frequency and nitrogen enrichment, with the most consistent responses displayed by microbial-feeding nematodes. However, much of the available research characterizing nematode responses to environmental change has been carried out at the taxonomic level of family or by broad trophic categories (e.g. fungivores, bacterivores). The extent to which differential responses to environmental change occurs at the genus level or below is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use molecular methods to quantify the response of microbial-feeding nematodes, at the lowest levels of taxonomic resolution, to nitrogen enrichment and changes in fire frequency. Using sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) probes for the 18S ribosomal RNA gene and the ITS1 region, we identified 19 microbial-feeding nematode taxa across four families. When nematodes were sampled across treatments, we found that some nematode taxa within a family responded similarly to nitrogen and burning treatments, while other taxa within the same family respond quite differently. Additionally, although nematodes from different families on average responded differently to nitrogen enrichment and burning, similar responses were seen in nematode taxa that span three taxonomic families. Thus, if nematodes are to be used as indicators of environmental change, care should be taken to assess the response at the lowest taxonomic level possible.     

Pursuing More Sustainable Consumption by Analyzing Household Metabolism in European Countries and Cities

Bringing about more sustainable consumption patterns is an important challenge for society and science. In this article the concept of household metabolism is applied to analyzing consumption patterns and to identifying possibilities for the development of sustainable household consumption patterns. Household metabolism is determined in terms of total energy requirements, including both direct and indirect energy requirements, using a hybrid method. This method enables us to evaluate various determinants of the environmental load of consumption consistently at several levels—the national level, the local level, and the household level.
The average annual energy requirement of households varies considerably between the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Sweden, as well as within these countries. The average expenditure level per household explains a large part of the observed variations. Differences between these countries are also related to the efficiency of the production sectors and to the energy supply system. The consumption categories of food, transport, and recreation show the largest contributions to the environmental load. A comparison of consumer groups with different household characteristics shows remarkable differences in the division of spending over the consumption categories.
Thus, analyses of different types of households are important for providing a basis for options to induce decreases of the environmental load of household consumption. At the city level, options for change are provided by an analysis of the city infrastructure, which determines a large part of the direct energy use by households (for transport and heating). At the national level, energy efficiency in production and in electricity generation is an important trigger for decreasing household energy requirements.     

延河流域植物群落功能性状对环境梯度的响应

研究群落水平上的植物功能性状特征及其随环境梯度的变化规律,对认识不同环境梯度下植物群落的形成及其对环境的适应机制具有重要意义。以延河流域不同环境梯度下的稳定的自然植物群落为对象,测量了植物群落组成物种的叶厚度、比叶面积、叶组织密度、比根长、根组织密度、单位质量叶氮含量、单位质量根氮含量、种子质量、种子体积等9个性状,然后以物种重要值为基础加权平均得到各个性状在群落水平上的平均值(即群落性状值);以现有的环境因子栅格图为基础,利用ArcGIS提出各群落对应的环境因子值,同时测定各个群落的土壤水分,分析群落各性状值与环境因子的关系,并建立关系模型。结果表明:在群落水平上,9个植物功能性状分别与13个环境因子存在不同程度的相关性,同时这9个植物功能性状对8个环境因子梯度(土壤水分、年4-10月平均气温、年7-9月总降雨量、降雨季节变化、年平均降雨量、年平均蒸发量、坡度、坡向)的响应特征较好,不同植物功能性状间具有较好相关性。群落水平上植物功能性状及其组合随环境梯度的规律性变化,反映了延河流域植被群落构建过程中环境对功能性状的筛选效应。该研究结果对该区的植被恢复重建的物种选择及植被布局规划具有重要的实践意义。     

市县级限制开发区环境功能区划研究——以河北省张家口市为例

限制开发地区是我国主体功能区划中划定的提供重要生态功能和农产品的地区,对其进行环境功能区划对于推动环境功能区划制度落地与实施,以及限制开发区的保护与发展有着重要意义。当前国家及省级的环境功能区划研究已经相对成熟,而市县尺度的限制开发地区环境功能区划相关研究较少。在总结现有环境功能区划研究方法的基础上,以河北省张家口市为例,探讨了市县级限制开发地区环境功能区划体系设计和技术方法,提出了以公里格网作为分析单元,结合县域行政边界,基于环境功能综合评价的结果,从自然生态安全、维护人群健康和区域环境支撑能力等3个方面,开展环境功能区划。基于该方法,将张家口市分为自然生态保留区、生态功能保持区、生态功能恢复区、农产品安全保障区、环境开发准入区、聚居发展维护区6类环境功能区,并根据各环境功能区的主要功能及生态环境特点提出相应的发展建议,以期为该区域管理提供可行的操作手段。本文提出的方法也可为其他限制开发地区的环境功能区划提供参考。     

Differential survival among genotypes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Daphnia pulex</Emphasis> differing in reproductive mode,ploidy level,and geographic origin

The distributional pattern of geographical parthenogenesis has not yet been clearly explained. In Daphnia pulex, asexuals are found at higher latitude and in more marginal habitats than their sexual relatives. In addition, some asexual lineages, especially northern ones, are polyploid. This study aimed to test if polyploid clones are more resistant than sympatric diploid clones to a wide range of environmental factors and if asexual Daphnia (diploid clones) are more tolerant of extreme environmental conditions than sexual ones. We report significant differences in survivorship after short-term exposure to acute pH, conductivities, and temperature in 12 lineages of the Daphnia pulex complex. Ploidy level, reproductive mode, geographic origin, and heterozygosity level had a significant effect on survival but their effect varied depending on environmental factors.     

The release of nutrients and organic matter from aquaculture systems in Nordic countries

The extent of the environmental impact of an aquaculture development is mainly dependent on husbandry, feeding technique, feed composition and site selection. Feed composition, digestibility and feed conversion coefficient are of paramount importance for the level of discharge of wastes derived from fish farming. These determine the release of nutrients (e.g. phosphorus and nitrogen) and organic material. Excretion products (in particular waste feed and faeces) may cause changes in the ecosystem. However, the overall environmental load derived from aquaculture is comparatively small when compared to other waste loads from communities, industries, agriculture and forestry. The amount of phosphorus and nitrogen in feeds has decreased to 1 % and 7%, respectively, while feed conversion efficiency due to high energy feeds has improved to values around 1.2 in most salmon farming operations. This has greatly reduced overall environmental loads, which are presently calculated with 10 kg phosphorus and 60 kg nitrogen per tonne of fish produced. The organic wastes per tonne produced are presently estimated to reach 2500 kg wet weight per tonne live weight fish. System design and site selection are additional important considerations which influence greatly the level of environmental impact. The advantage of land-based systems over water-based systems is the fact that water treatment of effluents is possible in such systems, thereby greatly reduction total loads to receiving waters. The paper mainly focusses on nutritional aspects of environmental load.