汉、藏、回族地区农户的环境影响——以甘肃省张掖市、甘南藏族自治州、临夏回族自治州为例

农户作为我国最主要的经济活动主体与最基本的决策单位,已成为影响生态环境的最重要单元,当前急需理解农户的环境影响,并依此为依据找寻缓解环境压力的对策.以甘肃省张掖市、甘南藏族自治州、临夏回族自治州为研究区,以生态足迹作为测度环境影响的指标,利用入户调查资料,基于成分法核算了农户的生态足迹,对比分析了汉、藏、回族地区农户的环境影响,并利用STIRPAT模型分解了各因素对农户环境影响的作用.研究发现:(1)甘南州农户的人均生态足迹高于张掖市与临夏州,其中甘南州农户的人均草地足迹远高于张掖市与临夏州,而张掖市农户的人均化石能源地足迹远高于甘南州与临夏州；(2)3个地区农户对耕地影响的差距均较小,但对水域、林地、草地影响的差距都较悬殊；(3)农户的家庭规模、富裕水平、受教育程度、非农化水平是影响生态环境的主要驱动因子,扩大家庭规模、提高富裕水平将加剧对环境的影响,而提高农户的受教育程度及非农化水平将减缓对环境的影响,但它们引起的环境影响变化速度均低于其自身的变化速度；(4)民族属性对农户的环境影响具有显著作用,张掖市、甘南藏族自治州、临夏回族自治州的现有样本数据支持环境Kuznets曲线假说.

Comparison environmental impact of the peasant household in han, zang and hui nationality region:case of zhangye, Gannan and Linxia in Gansu Province

As the main economic activity body and the basic decision-making unit, the peasant household has been become the important element which influence the environment. Now, we should understand environmental impact of the peasant household in order to find the measures to solve the complex environment problem. In the paper, the study area includes Zhangye,Gannan Tibetan autonomous prefecture and Linxia Hui autonomous prefecture, the ecological footprint was taken as the index of the environmental impact. Using the field survey data, we calculate the ecological footprint of the peasant household, then compare environmental impact of peasant household in the Han,Tibetan and Hui nationality region, and use correlation analysis and the STIRPAT model to break down the function of human factors in the environmental impact. The results show: (1)Environmental impact of the peasant household in Gannan is higher than that of in Zhangye and Linxia, per capita ecological footprint of the peasant household in Gannan is 1.538ghm²/person. Moreover, impact of the peasant household on arable land, grassland and forestland in Gannan is higher than that of in Zhangye and Linxia, however, impact on water area, building area and fossil energy area in Zhangye is higher than the other area; (2) The diversity of the impact of the peasant household on arable land in these areas is also small, but that of the impact on grassland,forestland and water area is quite large; (3) The labour/householder education level, the affluence level, non-agricultural level and family size are the main driving factors of the environmental impact, increasing the labour/householder education level and non-agricultural level will slow down the environmental impact, but improving family size and affluence level will aggravation the environmental impact, however, the change speed of the environmental impact caused by them exceed that of themselves;(4) The national characteristics can significantly influence the peasant households' environmental impact. Within the range of calculated data, the analysis result supports the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis.