新型仓贮超声雾化熏蒸装置的研制

针对目前粮食仓贮熏蒸剂(即磷化氢)防虫不防霉,且施用时对环境和操作人员均存在安全隐患的现状,为将具有自主知识产权的纯天然驱虫抗霉复合精油产品很好地应用于仓储领域,一款新型仓贮超声雾化熏蒸装置被设计研制,并在国家级标准粮库微缩模型(1∶200)中进行相关功能技术参数测定。结果显示,样机在常温下能连续工作48h,远大于实际所需要的工作时间;样品雾化后,工作区中分布的雾滴粒径为几个微米级;GC-MS分析证明雾化后复合精油的组分种类、比例及功效组分浓度没有改变,就整体而言具有一定的纯化作用;雾化的精油量与功率和时间均呈良好线性关系。上述数据说明,所研制的超声雾化装置完全适用于新型防虫抗霉复合精油的雾化,实际应用时若配合仓库鼓风系统雾化效果会更好。     

乳酸钠、茶多酚与壳聚糖协同抑制铜绿假单胞菌的效果

以铜绿假单胞菌为研究对象,通过常量肉汤稀释法和琼脂扩散法探讨乳酸钠和茶多酚、壳聚糖复配后对铜绿假单胞菌是否有协同抑制效果。利用响应面方法对3种复合防腐剂的抑菌效果进行优化。应用BoxBehnken试验设计,建立3种防腐剂的二次多项式回归方程模型并进行分析。结果表明:三者对铜绿假单胞菌的抑菌效果(从大到小)顺序为乳酸钠、壳聚糖、茶多酚;乳酸钠和茶多酚交互作用极显著(p0.01),存在明显的拮抗作用;乳酸钠和壳聚糖交互作用显著(p0.05),二者存在明显的协同作用;而茶多酚和壳聚糖之间交互作用不显著(p0.05)。在乳酸钠62.50 mg/mL、壳聚糖3.17 mg/mL的条件下复合防腐剂对假单胞菌的抑菌圈达到最大,抑菌效果最好。     

载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料体外抗菌性能研究

目的探讨新型载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料(TiO2-Ag-nHA/PA66)的体外抗菌性能。方法采用抑菌环试验及菌落总数测定法检测不同纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料(A1、A2、A3)对金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠埃希菌的体外抗菌效果;扫描电镜观察其对细菌的抗粘附作用。结果抑菌环试验显示,不同载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌均形成明显的抑菌环,以作用24 h抑菌环直径最大,并随作用时间延长,抑菌环直径逐渐缩小。其中银含量为0.64%(质量比)的材料A3的抗菌作用最明显,持续时间最长,其对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抑菌作用持续时间分别达到33 d和24 d;菌落总数测定法显示细菌与材料A3接触24 h后,对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希菌的抗菌率分别为94.18%和85.96%;扫描电镜发现载银材料能够明显减少细菌在材料表面的粘附。结论载银纳米抗菌复合骨填充材料体外对金黄色葡萄球菌及大肠埃希菌有明显抗菌作用,为其应用于慢性骨髓炎术后骨缺损修复提供理论依据。     

百里香提取物抑菌特性的研究

以百里香水和酒精提取物及百里香芳香油作为抑菌剂进行抑菌试验 ,结果表明 ,所用抑菌物对供试菌金黄色葡萄球菌 (Staphalococcusaureus)、枯草芽孢杆菌 (Bacillussubtilis)和大肠杆菌 (Escherichiacoli)均有不同程度的抑制作用 ,可望将其用于食品工业作为防腐和抑菌剂。     

为害仓贮的四种米象的识别

<正> 米象属Sitophilus包括了几种很重要的仓贮害虫,其中玉米象S.zeamais(Motschulsky)和米象S.oryzae(Linnaeus)是我国仓贮害虫中危险性很大的2种害虫。谷象S.granarius(Linnaeus)为我国现行对外检疫对象,我国有的口岸在进口粮食中时常有截获。罗望子象S.linearis(Herbet)则在从云南瑞丽口岸进口的罗望子上常有截获。 这4种仓贮害虫在形态上很相似,容易混淆,为了方便口岸检疫和仓库保管人员快速、准确地鉴定这4种害虫,我们对这4种害虫成虫     

复合生物保鲜剂对松鼠葡萄球菌的抑菌性能及其作用机理研究

以冷藏带鱼中分离出的革兰氏阳性优势菌——松鼠葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus sciuri)为试验菌,研究复合生物保鲜剂(配比浓度为:壳聚糖10.0 g/L,溶菌酶0.3 g/L与茶多酚3.0 g/L)对松鼠葡萄球菌的抑菌效果与作用机理。通过牛津杯法确定复合保鲜剂对松鼠葡萄球菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC),结合抑菌活力、细菌生长曲线、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性、细胞膜完整性、膜通透性与细菌超微结构观察等,综合评价不同浓度复合保鲜剂在不同处理时间内对松鼠葡萄球菌的作用效果。结果表明,复合保鲜剂对松鼠葡萄球菌的MIC与MBC分别为0.8与1.6 mg/mL,随着处理时间的延长,复合生物保鲜剂明显抑制松鼠葡萄球菌的生长,使菌体细胞外的AKP量增多,造成细菌菌体细胞壁通透性增大,细胞结构的完整性受到破坏,菌液电导率值显著升高,菌体电解质等内容物外泄,影响细胞内环境和细胞膜的稳定性,菌体皱缩变形,表面粗糙,细胞壁塌陷,细胞质外泄渗出,导致菌体死亡。     

葡萄、鲜枣采后贮期脱落酸（ABA）变化与呼吸非跃变性研究

以葡萄,鲜枣为材料研究了果实采且贮期ABA的变化与呼吸非跃变性,结果表明;葡萄,鲜枣均为呼吸非跃变型果实,贮期ABA的变化呈抛物经形,有明显的高峰出现,对于呼吸非跃变型果实,ABA尽管不导致呼吸高峰的出现,但贮期ABA峰值高的果实,呼吸强度高,三碘苯果酸处理后低温贮藏葡萄,鲜枣,抑制ABA形成作用明显,具有良好的保鲜效果。     

山苍子核油的新用途

山苍子(Litsea Cubeba(Lour.)Pers.)的果实主要用来提取芳香油。鲜果含芳香油2.5～5.5％;油呈淡黄色,具柠檬醛油香气,醛铜含量75～85％,主要成份为柠檬醛(60～80％)及甲基庚烯酮。过去对提过芳香油后的核,一般是不用的。近几年来开展综合利用,山苍子的核仁油的用途越来越多,现就新近研究的二项新用途简报如下:     

江苏省仓贮害虫的种类及分布（一）鞘翅目

江苏省仓贮鞘翅目害虫共有７７ 种, 分属２２ 科５４ 属, 其中２０ 种为江苏省新记录。并对该目害虫在江苏省的分布、种类组成及变化进行了初步分析。     

五倍子提取物抑菌效果及稳定性研究

采用琼脂打孔法和平板涂布法,观察五倍子提取物对常见致病菌的抑菌效果,并以金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌的抑菌环直径为参考指标,考察紫外光照时间、温度及介质pH值对五倍子提取物抑菌活性的影响。结果表明,五倍子提取物对革兰氏阳性菌的抑菌效果明显强于革兰氏阴性菌,在稳定性研究过程中发现,光照时间、温度及介质pH值对五倍子提取物的抑菌效果影响较大,因此在选用五倍子提取物作植物抑菌剂时应现配现用。     

沉水植物中挥发性物质对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

比较了两种淡水沉水植物金鱼藻和苦草中挥发性物质对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用,在100mg／L浓度下,新鲜植物挥发油的抑藻作用非常显著,两种植物抑藻活性相近,但是在干粉材料中金鱼藻挥发油的抑藻活性明显强于苦草,且挥发油浓度与抑藻活性呈正相关。不同植物之间以及新鲜植物和植物干粉之间挥发油的成分和相对含量差别较大,新鲜植物挥发油中含有40％的邻苯二甲酸酯,而在于粉挥发油中70％为脂肪族化合物和萜类物质。在新鲜植物挥发油中约占20％的是不稳定的未知物,其化学结构和生物活性有待进一步研究。     

Evaluation of chemical composition and anti-inflammatory,antioxidant, antibacterial activity of essential oil of Sardinian Santolina corsica Jord. & Fourr.

Santolina corsica Jord. & Fourr. Corsican-Sardinian is an endemism almost present all around Corsica; in Sardinia, it can only be found in Monte Albo (calcareous substratum and poor in nutrients). The aim of our study is to investigate the chemical composition of S. corsica essential oils from plants growing in three different stations located at different altitudes and evaluate the biological activity using anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial test. The composition of the essential oils was determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The essential oils of the Sardinian-Corsican endemism S. corsica, growing in Monte Albo, showed a great variability, probably due to genetic characters different from the Corsican type. We found three different chemotypes: artemisia ketone-β-fellendrene; myrcene and β-fellandrene-myrcene. Standard microbiological assays demonstrated that the essential oils collected in the selected stations, compared with oil and compound with demonstrated antibacterial activity, don’t have any antibacterial activity. DPPH test carried out on the tree samples, compared with chatechin, demonstrated that the oils don’t have antioxidant activity.Regarding anti-inflammatory activity the study demonstrated that the essential oils have a good anti-inflammatory activity on the bronchial tract.The addition of essential oil make easy the exocytose and the histiocytes can expel the anthracotic pigment into the culture medium, purifying its cytoplasm and restoring its ability to phagocytize more material. With a higher concentration of granulocytes in the sample, the incubation of cells shows a non-specific inflammatory pattern in which the addition of the essential oils has a positive impact on the decrease of granulocytes.More experiments are requested to confirm the data, but on the basis of these first results S. corsica essential oil showed potential activity against respiratory infections.     

Antimicrobial activity of lavender,tea tree and lemon oils in cosmetic preservative systems

Aims: The aim of the study was to verify the antimicrobial activity of commercial essential oils: lavender, tea tree and lemon as the components of a preservative system in oil in water body milks. Methods and Results: The inhibition efficacy of essential oils alone (0·5%), in mixtures (1%) as well as combined with the synthetic preservative 1,3‐dimethylol‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin and a 3‐iodo‐2‐propynyl butyl carbamate mixture (0·1% and 0·2%) was tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, Candida sp. ?OCK 0008 and Aspergillus niger ATCC 16404 in compliance with the standards of the European Pharmacopoeia Commission. The in vitro activity of oils determined by an impedimetric method was also compared with their activity in cosmetic preparations. Criterion A for bacteria (reduction in the inoculum by 3 logarithmic units within 7 days with no increase up to the 28th day) and fungi (reduction in the inoculum by 2 logarithmic units within 14 days with no increase up to the 28th day) was fulfilled for cosmetic formulations containing the tested essential oils with 0·2% of the synthetic preservative. The preservative concentration could be decreased to 0·1% (with preserving the same efficacy) in combination with lavender and tea tree oils at a concentration of 0·5% each. Conclusions: In all combinations of essential oils with the synthetic preservative, a synergistic effect of the preservative system components was observed, which made it possible to reduce the usable level of the synthetic preservative up to 8·5 times. Significance and Impact of the Study: To develop an effective preservative system in cosmetics in which a synthetic chemical preservative is replaced by natural essential oils.     

The effects of plant essential oils on escape response and mortality rate of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus

The High Throughput Screening System (HITSS) has been applied in insecticide behavioral response studies with various mosquito species. In general, chemical or natural compounds can produce a range of insect responses: contact irritancy, spatial repellency, knock‐down, and toxicity. This study characterized these actions in essential oils derived from citronella, hairy basil, catnip, and vetiver in comparison to DEET and picaridin against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles minimus mosquito populations. Results indicated the two mosquito species exhibited significantly different (P<0.05) contact irritant escape responses between treatment and control for all tested compound concentrations, except with the minimum dose of picaridin (P>0.05) against Ae. aegypti. Spatial repellency responses were elicited in both mosquito species when exposed to all compounds, but the strength of the repellent response was dependent on compound and concentration. Data show that higher test concentrations had greatest toxic effects on both mosquito populations, but vetiver had no toxic effect on Ae. aegypti and picaridin did not elicit toxicity in either Ae. aegypti or An. minimus at any test concentration. Ultimately, this study demonstrates the ability of the HITSS assay to guide selection of effective plant essential oils for repelling, irritating, and killing mosquitoes.     

Usage of agricultural DAP-fertilizer and Eucalyptus essential oils as potential attractants against the mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Tephritidae)

In Tunisia, oasis ecosystem is characterized by fragility due to the abusive application of insecticides and fertilizers. Moreover, in oasis Ceratitis capitata is a major pest. Its control relied on synthetic pesticides. This work aims to assess the efficiency of the two formulations based on the combination of DAP and Eucalyptus essential oils. X-Ray Diffraction and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area were used to characterize DAP fertilizer. GC–MS analysis were performed for analyze oils composition and adsorption of oil compounds. Kinetics adsorption/desorption was determined by measuring the mass of solid samples over time. Repellent/attractant and contact toxicity tests of Eucalyptus cinerea and E. maidenii oils and their formulations were evaluated against Medfly adults. GC–MS analysis indicated that 1,8-cineole was the dominant major common compound (E. cinerea: 74.58%, E. maidenii 66.70%). Moreover, the adsorption efficacy depends on the abundance of each compound in crude essential oils and the polarity of terpenic components. Indeed, percentage of 1,8-cineole adsorption in the formulation was 76.15%for E. cinerea and 65.24% for E. maidenii. Results indicated the attractant potential of both essential oils (class III) and that DAP/essential oils formulations accomplished better attractant performance (class IV). Besides, formulations were toxic towards C. capitata adults (80% and 100% mortality for E. cinerea and E. maidenii). Results pointed out that the commercial lure Ceratrap®, traps baited with DAP/E. maidenii and DAP/E. cinerea formulations were attractant against C. capitata adults under field conditions. This work supports the use of essential oils and fertilizers-based formulations as an innovative tool for the management of Medfly.     

Antifungal activities of essential oils and their constituents from indigenous cinnamon (Cinnamomum osmophloeum) leaves against wood decay fungi

Cinnamomum osmophloeum Kaneh is one of the hardwood species indigenous to Taiwan that possesses significant antifungal activity. To examine the antifungal activity of leaf essential oils and dominant constituents from C. osmophloeum, the essential oils of leaves from three clones (A, B, and C) collected from Haw-Lin experimental forest were extracted and their components analyzed by gas chromatography. Results from the antifungal tests demonstrated that the essential oils of both B and C leaves had strong inhibitory effects. The antifungal indices of these two leaf oils at 100 ppm against five strains of white rot fungi and four strains of brown rot fungi were all 100%. Cinnamaldehyde, the major compound in C. osmophloeum leaf essential oils, possessed the strongest antifungal activities compared with the other components. Its antifungal indices against both Coriolus versicolor and Laetiporus sulphureus were 100%. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of cinnamaldehyde against C. versicolor and L. sulphureus was 50 and 75 ppm, respectively. In addition, comparisons of the antifungal indices of cinnamaldehyde's congeners proved that cinnamaldehyde exhibited the strongest antifungal activities.     

In Vitro Synergistic Activities of Essential Oils and Surfactants in Combination with Cosmetic Preservatives Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus

The aim of this study is to evaluate possible synergistic antimicrobial interactions between common cosmetic preservatives and selected essential oils or surfactants. The antimicrobial efficacy of six essential oils, three surfactants and five preservatives against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43387 was assessed by a broth micro-dilution assay. MICs for individual and combined antimicrobials were determined and then transformed to fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes. All essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity; among surfactants, bacteria resulted most susceptible to the cationic agent. Synergy was observed when essential oils of eucalyptus and mint were combined with methylparaben against P. aeruginosa, while essential oils of mint, oregano and sage combined with propylparaben and imidazolidinyl urea acted against S. aureus. Many binary mixtures of preservatives and surfactants produced synergistic activity with the most effective interactions involving the cationic and amphoteric compounds under study. FIC indexes demonstrated synergistic effects when preservatives were combined with either essential oils or surfactants against both bacterial strains. These results highlight the potential usefulness of essential oils and surfactants to enhance the activities of conventional biocides. This kind of study should contribute to the selection and optimization of preservative systems for cosmetic preparations.     

Synergistic repellent and irritant effect of combined essential oils on Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes

This study was designed to compare the behavioral responses of Aedes aegypti to a single essential oil and to a mixture of two or three essential oils using an excito‐repellency test chamber. Mixtures were prepared from essential oils extracted from Litsea cubeba (LC), Litsea salicifolia (LS), and Melaleuca leucadendron (ML). In general, the mixture of essential oils produced a much stronger escape response by Ae. aegypti, regardless of the test conditions. No significant difference in escape responses was seen when the mixture of oils was compared with a standard commercial product containing DEET. Greater contact irritancy was seen from mixed oils of LC and LS than with other mixed oils. Mixtures of LC and LS at 0.075% showed the highest synergistic action (65.5% escaped) compared to that with unmixed oil alone at the same concentration (LC/20% and LS=32.2%). In addition, mixtures of LC and LS at 0.075% demonstrated the highest non‐contact repellency (62.7%) and showed a greater effect than the use of LC (20%) or LS (20.3%) alone. We conclude that mixtures of two essential oils show potential as active ingredients for mosquito repellents.     

Repellent and insecticidal activities of essential oils from Artemisia princeps and Cinnamomum camphora and their effect on seed germination of wheat and broad bean

Repellent and insecticidal activities of essential oils extracted from leaves of Artemisia princeps Pamp and seeds of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. against storage pests Sitophillus oryzae L. and Bruchus rugimanus Bohem were investigated. Results showed that the two individual oils displayed good, but their mixture (1:1) exhibited much better repellent activities at concentrations from 250 to 1000 microg g(-1) and insecticidal actions at concentrations 1000 microg g(-1) against the test beetles S. oryzae and B. rugimanus. Oils from A. princeps and C. camphora applied individually were significantly toxic to seed germination of wheat at 500 microg ml(-1). However, no toxic effects were found when the two oils were mixed (1:1 w/w) at the same concentration. These observations indicated that the mixture of the two plant-derived oils had a synergic effect and could be used in the control of storage pests.     

贮存年份对北艾和蕲艾精油成分与抑菌活性的影响研究

本文采用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取了贮存0、1、2年的北艾和蕲艾精油,采用GC-MS检测精油化学成分,选取10种常见细菌,检测了其抗菌谱和最小杀菌浓度。结果发现:0、1年份北艾精油中小分子挥发性物质较多,随着贮存年份的增加,大分子挥发性物质随之增加;侧柏酮为蕲艾的特有成分。0年份艾叶精油的抑菌活性较高,对沙门菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、沙门菌耐药菌、绿脓杆菌均具有抑制作用。综上,不同贮存年份和品种的艾叶精油在化学成分、抗菌谱和抑菌活性方面均存在差异,综合考虑精油含量和抑菌活性,以0年份的北艾为原料提取精油最佳。