温度对烟草甲生长发育的影响

在２０－３２．５℃范围内,烟草甲卵期、幼虫期、肾期、成虫产卵前期及全世代的发育速率与温度呈逻辑斯蒂曲线关系,但高温（３５℃以上）对烟草甲的生长发育有明显的抑制作用。烟草甲各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为卵：１５．４８６６℃,３５．９８９２日度;幼虫：１０．３５５３℃,４２２．０４６２日度;蛹：１５．４２３９℃,７２．３８０８日度;产卵前期：１４．７００７℃,２０．８４２７日度;全世代：１２．５     

鲁西南甘薯天蛾发生规律及防治研究

甘薯天蛾在鲁西南一年发生３－４代,以蛹在土中７－１５ｃｍ深处越冬。各代幼虫发生期：第１代发生在５月下旬至６月下旬,第２代于７月上旬至下旬,第３代８月上旬至９月上旬,而第４代则于９月上旬至１０月下旬。发育起点温度１５．６±１．３℃,有效积温３７０．６±１３日度。温度、天敌、降水是影响此虫发生的重要因素。采用高效低毒农药、点灯诱杀、保护利用天敌等措施综合防治甘薯天蛾,有较好的防治效果。     

美洲斑潜蝇发育始点及有效积温研究

室内设置５种温度对美洲斑潜蝇卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫和全世代的发育速率进行了观察,测得其发育始点和有效积温分别为１４．４、１２．８、１１．１、１５．０、１２．５Ｃ和２９．０、４８．９、１３６．６、２３．７、２３８．２日度,同时对１９９７年进行了发生检验。     

根田鼠的最大同化能量

本文利用逐步降温诱导，以食物平衡法对青海高原的根田鼠（Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓ ｏｅｃｏｎｏｍｕｓ）的最大同化能量进行了测定，设有５个实验温度；２３℃，１５℃，１０℃，５℃和３℃，结果显示每个动物每天能量摄入于 ５℃大， １９７． １４±８．６６ＫＪ；同样，消化能、消化率、同化能和同化率也于 ５℃８大，分别为１２３．９６±１３．０５ＫＪ，６３．０±４．８％，１２１．７７±１３．５２ＫＪ和５１．４±５．２％；消化率与同化率３℃最小，分别为５１．５±３．９％和５０．４±４．０％．根田鼠的最大同化能量为基础代谢率（ＢＭＲ）的３．２—３．５倍，明显高于以平均每日代谢率（ＡＤＭＲ）估测的每日能耗，故在自然生境中根田鼠的能量收支很少达到其生理上限，其生存价较高．     

维生素A缺乏胎鼠作为先天性心脏病动物模型的实验研究

目的　探讨将维生素Ａ缺乏（ＶＡＤ）胎鼠作为先天性心脏病动物模型的可行性。方法取１１－１９ｄ不同胎龄正常及ＶＡＤ胎鼠心脏经石蜡包埋、切片及 ＨＥ染色观察其发育情况。结果 １．实验组饲料含维生素Ａ（ＶＡ）７μｇ／１００ｇ,经ＶＡＤ饮食喂养后实验组大鼠血清ＶＡ水平明显低于对照组［（０．１６８±０．０５９）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ Ｖｓ（２．１８±０．２３）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,ｔ＝３２．８８, Ｐ＜０．００１］。 ２．大鼠死亡百分比：饲养于屏障系统的ＶＡＤ大鼠死亡百分比较饲养于开放系统中的要低４．６倍（１０％ Ｖｓ ４５．８３％．ｘ ２＝１６．６４, Ｐ＜０．００１）,对照组为０。 ３．实验组大鼠受孕百分比及每只孕鼠产仔数均低于对照组［５８．３３％ Ｖｓ ８１．５％, ｘ ２＝４．３７,Ｐ＜０．０５：（６．９７±２．７９） Ｖｓ（１３ ±１．０５）,ｔ＝７．１６, Ｐ＜０．００１］。 ４．经切片观察１１～１５ ｄ胎龄胎鼠实验组心脏出现明显发育延迟的占３６．６７％, １６～１９ ｄ胎龄胎鼠实验组心脏畸形占４１．４３％,血管异常占１８．５７％。结论ＶＡＤ胎鼠可用来作为先天性心脏病动物模型,但需改进饲养环境以减少异常死亡。     

对虾的不同发育阶段对有机磷农药的敏感性及其机理初探

对硫磷、甲基异柳磷和久效磷对中国对虾无节幼虫、蚤状幼虫、糠虾幼虫、仔虾的２４ｈＬＣ５０分别为６．０、４．０、３．８、１８×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;８．０、３．５、３．５、３０×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;２４、２４、２４、０．９ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;敌敌畏均为４８×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１;对硫磷对南美白对虾为８．６、８．２、８．０、２．０×１０－３ｍｇ·Ｌ－１．研究结果表明,对虾的幼虫前期对硫代磷酸酯类农药的抗性强,仔虾及以后各期抗性弱,而各幼虫期对磷酸酯类农药的敏感性基本相同．     

旋幽夜蛾发育有效积温的研究

1988年在室内恒温条件下饲养旋幽夜蛾,测定了其各发育阶段的发育起点温度和有效积温:卵期8.4±2.4℃和75.0±10.1日度、幼虫期10.4±1.9℃和193.1±23.8日度、蛹期11.9±1.3℃和180.9±15.7日度、成虫(产卵前期)1.8±1.1℃和54.3±6.1日度、全世代9.6±0.8℃和519.2±24.7日度。依据积温,推算出旋幽夜蛾在武威地区一年发生3代,与1975～1982年、1988年室内外生活史饲养结果相符。     

哈尔滨地区大猿叶虫发育历期与生物学特性

在哈尔滨对白菜上的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的生活史和生物学习性进行观察研究。结果表明,大猿叶虫在哈尔滨地区绝大多数个体1年发生1代,少部分个体1年发生2代。主要以成虫入土在2～27cm土层中滞育越冬。越冬成虫翌年4月下旬开始出土活动。第1代发生在5上旬至7月上旬,第2代发生于6月中旬至7月中旬。所有成虫在7月下旬以后均滞育越冬。在25℃条件下,雌虫产卵期为6～55d,平均为30.95d,单雌平均产卵量为454.9粒。在25℃各虫态的发育历期为:卵(4.46±0.33)d,幼虫(8.22±0.26)d,蛹(4.17±0.22)d。各虫态发育起点温度卵为10.80℃,幼虫为10.95℃,蛹为9.79℃;有效积温卵为64.82日.度,幼虫为117.37日.度,蛹为64.36日.度。     

无忧花茸毒蛾的生物学习性

无忧花茸毒蛾（Ｄａｓｙｃｈｉｒａ ｈｏｒｓｆｉｅｌｄｉ　Ｓａｕｎｄｅｒｓ）在山东１年发生３代,以蛹越冬。翌年４月中、下旬成虫羽化、产卵,幼虫６～７龄,一生可食泡桐叶片１～２．６片（２５０－６５０ｃｍ~２）。各虫态历期分别为：卵１０～２２天;幼虫２５～５０天;蛹８～１５天（越冬蛹１６０－１８０天）。其生长发育受寄主植物,空气温、湿度的影响,种群数量的消长则受天敌、降雨和冬季低温的制约。防治可采用在树干基部打孔注入内吸农药,既不伤害天敌,也可减少对环境的污染。     

红基盘瓢虫生活习性和捕食效能

在实验于30.1±0.8℃及70.1±4.5%R 1的平均温湿度下,红基盘瓢虫世代平均历期为26.06天,其中卵期1.99±0.12,幼虫期第一龄至第四龄周期依次为1.28±0.45、1.45±0.57、1.33±0.47、4.33±0.53天,蛹期2.31±0.52天,雌虫产卵前期平均达13.37±4.02天,产卵期为12.11±7.17天,一生产卵82.37±38.02粒,日平均产卵量为8.17±3.09粒。雌雄成虫平均寿命分别为26.92±14.26、20.60±14.50天,雌雄性比为1.60：1。各龄幼虫对橄榄星室术虱若虫（2-4龄）的平均捕食量依次为96.2±72.4、125.9±78.0、169.2±91.8、427.3±91.3头,成虫则为420.0±11.9头。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.