去甲基万古霉素菌种低温冷冻、冷干保藏条件优化及10 年菌种保藏效果

【目的】针对去甲基万古霉素产生菌不耐保藏的问题,改进菌种保藏方法,对超低温液氮保藏、-80°C低温冷冻保藏、冷干保藏方法跟踪考察10年保藏稳定性,评价不同保藏方法对去甲基万古霉素产生菌的保藏适用性。【方法】采用甘油作基础保护剂进行超低温液氮保藏和-80°C低温冷冻保藏,采用脱脂牛奶作基础保护剂进行冷干保藏,针对超低温液氮保藏进行降温速率考察,研究非渗透性冷冻保护剂海藻糖、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)等对3种保藏方法的冻存影响,对优选出的保藏方法进行10年跟踪考察。【结果】3种保藏方法冻后菌种存活率依次为:-80°C低温冷冻保藏超低温液氮保藏冷干保藏。液氮保藏最适降温速率为快速冷冻。优选出最佳保护剂配方:超低温液氮保藏为甘油8.0%,海藻糖3.5%;-80°C低温冷冻保藏为甘油6.0%,PVP 5.0%;冷干保藏为脱脂牛奶,6.0%海藻糖。采用优化保藏条件,液氮保藏10年存活率稳定在70.6%,菌种发酵水平为入藏水平的92.9%。【结论】在优化条件下,尤以超低温液氮保藏适合于去甲基万古霉素产生菌长期保藏。     

芽孢杆菌冷冻真空干燥法和砂管法保藏过程中存活率的变化

以芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)为材料,用冷冻真空干燥法和砂管法,在4℃条件下进行了六年的菌种保藏对比试验.结果表明,冷冻真空干燥法比砂管法保藏的菌种存活率高,存活率下降速率小;建立了菌种保藏过程中菌种相对存活率随时间变化规律的数学模型L′_f(t)=e~(-0.1323t)和L′s(t)=e~(-0.2900t).该模型的模拟结果能与试验结果较好地吻合.在室温条件下,砂管法的菌种存活率下降速率比4℃条件下大,三个月时存活率为零或接近零;而冷冻真空干燥法保藏菌种存活率与4℃的效果接近.因此冷冻真空干燥法是芽孢杆菌的比较有效的保藏方法.     

雨生红球藻FACHB-712营养细胞和厚壁孢子低温保藏效果及优化

以高产虾青素的雨生红球藻（Haematococcus pluvialis Flotow）FACHB-712藻株为材料,研究2种细胞形态（营养细胞和厚壁孢子）在低温保藏下的复苏率及其差异原因。结果显示,采用两步法（先预冻降温后再投入液氮中）冻存其营养细胞,在不同冻存条件下,其存活率均低于5%,以10%甘油作为保护剂、冻存速率为0.5℃/min、预冻温度为-40℃、保留30 min,然后再投入液氮罐（-196℃）中保藏,其存活率可达到13.3%。采用两步法冻存厚壁孢子,其复苏存活率高达66.13%,复苏萌发后细胞的生长特性、虾青素含量与液氮保藏前无明显差异（P > 0.05）。对液氮保藏前后藻细胞形态和超微结构观察结果表明,超低温保藏后,营养细胞的结构受到较大损伤,而厚壁孢子受到的损伤相对较小。当添加不同保护剂后,直接将厚壁孢子分别冻存在-20℃、-80℃低温及液氮中,发现-80℃低温冻存处理组的复苏存活率相对较高,可达27%。研究表明采用两步法先预冻降温后再投入液氮中冻存厚壁孢子,是长期保藏雨生红球藻FACHB-712的最佳方法,也可采用一步法将厚壁孢子冻存于-80℃冰箱中。     

响应面法降低肝细胞冷冻保护液中的二甲基亚砜浓度

为有效降低干细胞冷冻保护液中的二甲基亚砜(Me2SO,DMSO)浓度,减少其作为冷冻保护剂对细胞低温保存时产生的毒性,提高细胞存活率,以肝细胞为目标,采取响应面法对冷冻保护剂配方进行了优化。结果表明：冷冻保护剂的最佳配比为DMSO浓度3%、甘油浓度6%、海藻糖浓度0.1%,在此条件下肝细胞复温存活率可达到84.35%,研究结果有效地降低了DMSO的浓度,减少了由此带来的对肝细胞造成的毒性损害,为后续的研究奠定了基础。     

极端嗜盐菌的保藏研究

研究了在极端嗜盐菌的液氮超低温冻结保藏和真空冷冻干燥保藏中,不同种类的保护剂和保护剂的不同盐浓度对存活性的影响．结果表明：在极端嗜盐菌的保藏中,一定浓度的NaCl是保护剂中不可缺少的组成成分之一,但保护剂的盐浓度没有必要达到或接近生长需要的最适盐浓度（20％—25％NaCl）;在真空冷冻干燥保藏中,用6％的海藻糖代替脱脂牛奶作为保护剂,可以得到较高的细胞存活率。77株嗜盐古细菌保藏12个月后检测,全部存活,其中19株菌保藏24个月,检测结果为全部存活．     

金针菇菌种中短期保藏因素的正交分析

【背景】金针菇(Flammulina velutipes)是我国一种重要的栽培食用菌,年产量超过250万t,规模已跃居世界首位。菌种保藏技术是金针菇栽培和新品种研发的基础,但相关研究十分薄弱,已成为制约我国金针菇产业进一步发展的瓶颈问题。【目的】探索不同保藏因素对金针菇优良菌种中短期保藏的影响,为建立高效、低成本、易操作的保藏方法奠定基础。【方法】以温度、甘油、海藻糖、甘露醇以及保护剂体积5个因素进行正交试验。经12个月保藏,考察金针菇菌种在木屑培养基中的菌丝生长速度,通过极差分析和回归分析解析保藏因素的效应。【结果】温度、海藻糖、甘油和甘露醇对金针菇菌种的中短期保藏有极显著的影响,保护剂体积的影响不显著。温度是最重要的影响因子,与其它4个因素的互作效应均达到极显著水平。20°C是较好的短期保藏温度,-80°C为理想的中期保藏温度。渗透型与非渗透型保护剂间的互作效应对金针菇菌种的中短期保藏有极显著影响,海藻糖和甘露醇间的互作效应不显著。高浓度的海藻糖、甘油及甘露醇均不利于金针菇菌种的中短期保藏。保藏效果较佳的保护剂为10%甘油和0.3 mol/L甘露醇混合液。【结论】建立的菌种中短期保藏方法填补了金针菇产业发展的空白,研究结果可为其它大型真菌的中短期保藏提供重要参考。     

海藻糖对草菇菌种的低温保护效应研究

以生存活力和生长速度、厚垣孢子形成、次生代谢产物变化和基因指纹图谱方法分析了采用海藻糖溶液低温保藏草菇菌种的效果.结果显示:不耐受低温的草菇菌种在海藻糖溶液的保护下,能够在4～6 ℃下具有生存活性至少8个月以上,而且经过低温的草菇菌种其分泌的次生代谢产物种类与采用目前常规保藏方法保藏的草菇菌种一致,遗传稳定性测试结果也显示经过了海藻糖溶液低温保护的草菇菌种的基因指纹图谱没有发生改变;同时采用海藻糖溶液保护的草菇菌种,在4～6 ℃低温下保藏8个月后活化,活化后的菌种采用清水低温保藏,1个月后仍然具有生存活性,并能产生厚垣孢子.     

不同冷冻保藏条件对Glarea lozoyensis生长及产纽莫康定B_0能力的影响

棘白菌素类化合物纽莫康定B_0生产菌株Glarea lozoyensis,在其连续传代和发酵过程中都观察到菌株的变异,给科研、生产带来极大困扰。因此,采用低温冷冻保藏对G.lozoyensis Q1进行长期保存。采用单因素实验法研究了低温保护剂类型、保藏温度以及低温保护剂浓度对G.lozoyensis Q1菌体形态和发酵性能的影响。以作用于全细胞的80 g/L甘油和作用于细胞壁外的200 g/L PEG-6000作为低温保护剂,在-80℃保藏3个月后,纽莫康定B_0产量达到1.6 g/L,与保藏前基本一致。并且,当菌体保藏过后菌丝形态能维持一定褶皱的实验组产量均能保持在1 g/L以上,当表面趋于光滑时产量急剧下降,仅为初始的25%左右。结果表明,以甘油及PEG-6000作为冷冻保护剂,在-80℃条件下可实现G.lozoyensis Q1长期保藏。     

蔗糖和海藻糖对水牛卵母细胞玻璃化冷冻保护效果的比较

本实验比较蔗糖或海藻糖作为非渗透性保护剂对水牛成熟卵母细胞冷冻效果的影响。将体外成熟的水牛卵母细胞随机分成对照组、蔗糖组、海藻糖组,研究玻璃化冷冻后的存活率、细胞骨架和孤雌激活后发育潜能的变化。结果表明:玻璃化冷冻中蔗糖组(89.68%)与海藻糖组(91.81%)的存活率差异不显著;冻融后的卵母细胞在细胞骨架方面的表现为:蔗糖组和海藻糖组的纺锤体结构、染色体形态与微丝分布正常率分别为34.69%、42.83%、39.13%和39.51%、49.43%、42.61%,两组间差异不显著(p0.05),但均明显低于对照组(66.40%,71.82%,76.18%,p0.01);在进一步研究发育潜能中发现,冻融后卵母细胞的卵裂率、囊胚率和囊胚细胞数在实验组中均无显著性差异(p0.05),但两组的卵裂率、囊胚率均显著低于对照组(p0.01)。综上所述,玻璃化冷冻时添加蔗糖或海藻糖作为非渗透性保护剂对水牛成熟卵母细胞的保护作用差异不明显,表明两者均可在冷冻时添加使用。     

L-干燥法和冷冻真空干燥法保藏放线菌效果的比较

L-干燥法和冷冻真空干燥法保藏不同放线菌效果是不一致的。在低温5℃多数放线菌用L-干燥法保藏,无论是干燥后及保存11个月以后其成活率均比冷冻真空干燥法高,但L-干燥法对温度较敏感,在温度37℃保藏成活率有下降的趋势。而冷冻真空干燥法在短期内保藏受温度影响较小。两种方法使用三种保护剂:10%脱脂牛奶粉,3%谷氨酸钠,1%蛋白胨+10%蔗糖,其中以10%脱脂牛奶粉为最理想。因此,采用L-干燥法以10%脱脂牛奶粉为保护剂,在低温5℃长期保存放线菌是较理想的方法之一。两种方法三种保护剂保存11个月后对葡萄糖异构酶     

渗透压调控对裂殖壶菌发酵产DHA的影响

考察了不同渗透胁迫(0、10、20、30和40 g/L NaCl)对裂殖壶菌HX-308发酵产DHA及脂肪酸构成的影响。结果表明:20 g/L NaCl最有利于裂殖壶菌生长和DHA积累,生物量、总脂肪酸含量、DHA产量及DHA占生物量的比值分别为73 g/L、10.7 g/L、5.0 g/L和68 mg/g,并且DHA在总脂肪酸中所占百分比最高,为45.2%。此外,在低渗透压(10 g/L NaCl)条件下,添加40 mmol/L甘氨酸甜菜碱,DHA产量与未添加相比提高了28.21%;在高渗透压(40 g/L NaCl)条件下添加40 mmol/L海藻糖,DHA产量提高了46.84%;表明添加适量的外源相容性溶质能有效地促进裂殖壶菌积累DHA。     

嗜碱细菌的液氮超低温冻结保藏

本文报道7株嗜碱细菌的液氮超低温快速冻结保藏的试验结果。从细胞存活率看,冻结保藏3个月,自然pH的10%甘油、5%二甲基亚砜保护剂保藏嗜碱细菌的效果相似于该方法用于一般细菌保藏的保存结果,说明液氮超低温冻结保藏法用于嗜碱细菌的保藏是安全有效的。如选择pH值接近嗜碱细菌的最适生长pH值的保护剂,则可以提高细胞存活率。     

海洋中海藻糖产生菌的筛选及发酵条件优化

从180余份海水、海泥样品中筛选得到60株产海藻糖较高的菌株,编号为2-14的菌株海藻糖产量最高,为127.9mg/g cell。对2-14菌株进行形态特征、培养特征及生理生化试验,鉴定该菌株为红酵母属(Rhodotorula sp.)。研究摇瓶发酵条件对红酵母海藻糖产量的影响,结果为:初始pH5.5,发酵温度28℃,装液量75mL(250mL三角瓶中)。采用优化后发酵条件红酵母海藻糖产量为193.3mg/g cell,优化前对照值为132.1mg/g cell,优化后的结果是优化前的1.46倍。在5L发酵罐中培养得到最佳发酵时间为54h,发酵罐培养发酵液中海藻糖含量最高达2.5g/L,为摇瓶培养的1.6倍。     

Cryopreservation and microencapsulation of a probiotic in alginate-chitosan capsules improves survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions

The aim of the present study was to focus on the impact of two different methods and the effects of cryoprotectants on the survival of a probiotic bacterium, Streptococcus phocae PI80, during storage. For the protection of freeze dried cells, the optimal storage conditions were determined with a high survival rate. After the freeze drying process, all cryoprotectants exhibited a protective effect on cell viability at all storage temperatures. High relative cell viability was observed when cells were incubated at ?20°C, which was optimum for the protection of S. phocae PI80. Trehalose was the most promising cryoprotectant at all temperatures during the storage period of bacterial cells. The combination of trehalose + skim milk showed more than 85% survivability compared to other combinations at ?20°C for 60 days. In addition, encapsulation of probiotic cells into alginate-chitosan gel capsules showed better survival of S. phocae cells (5.468 ± 0.15 LogCFU/mL) with high bacteriocin activity at ?20°C for six months. The cell-loaded microcapsules remained stable when treated with simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. After 6 h in vivo treatment, the capsules were found to be broken, releasing the probiotic cells directly into the intestinal system of rats. Therefore, microencapsulation was found to be the most efficient technique, which not only protected the cells for a longer time but also released the cells into the in vivo intestinal system.     

Optimization of a protective medium for enhancing the viability of freeze-dried Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1408 based on response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) is a commonly used system to optimize cryoprotectants of biocontrol strains when they are subjected to preparations. Various kinds of cryoprotectants and centrifugal conditions were tested to improve the survival of biocontrol agents after freeze-drying. To determine the optimum levels of incorporation of three cryoprotectants (glucose, trehalose and xylitol) in the freeze-drying process of strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens B1408, a range of experiments based on Box-Behnken Design (BBD) were conducted. The results indicated that the suitable centrifugation conditions were 5000 r/min,10 min and the optimum concentrations of cryoprotectants were glucose 1.00%, trehalose 4.74% and xylitol 1.45%. The proven survival rate of cells after freeze-drying was 91.24%. These results convincingly demonstrated that freeze-drying could be used to preparation of biocontrol strain B1408. This study provides a theoretical basis for commercial possibilities and formulation development.     

基于多种微生物的毒性检测MTOXPlate冻干板制备及优化

[目的]制备基于多种微生物的生物毒性检测MTOXPlate冻干板,从而简化操作程序,使其能更灵敏、方便、快速地进行生物毒性测试.[方法]采用真空冷冻干燥法将指示微生物固定在微孔板中.以存活率为指标,利用荧光分光光度法确定冻干保护剂的组成.通过分析毒性响应灵敏度对检测条件进行优化.[结果]MTOXPlate的冻干保护剂组成为8％海藻糖、2％葡萄糖、2％甘露醇、1％谷氨酸钠.在此组成下,11株菌株的平均存活率最高,可达89.41％.复活介质与测试样品同时加入,在缩短了测试时间的同时也提高了检测灵敏度.该冻干板具有良好的灵敏度和重现性,能较好地满足污染物生物毒性测试的需要.[结论]MTOXPlate冻干板可作为一种新型的生物毒性测试技术,在生态毒理检测领域推广应用.     

海藻糖载入红细胞及其冷冻干燥的实验研究

冷冻干燥保存是长期保存人体红细胞的理想方案之一。冻干保护剂海藻糖渗入细胞内后,对细胞膜和细胞内物质有保护作用,其中的一个作用是增加细胞质的浓度,使冻干过程容易形成稳定的玻璃态。应用高渗法处理红细胞,通过考察胞内海藻糖含量、红细胞冻干后的存活率、腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力以及细胞形态变化,研究胞内海藻糖含量对红细胞冻干后活性的影响。结果显示:海藻糖对红细胞冻干具有明显的保护作用,随胞内海藻糖浓度升高,其保护性能逐渐增强;43.8mmol/L的胞内海藻糖浓度对红细胞保护最好,细胞存活率达到53.6%,形态保持良好,ATP和SOD活力均在正常的范围内。     

Use of β-galactosidase liposome model as a novel method to screen freeze-drying cryoprotectants

This study developed a novel method of screening cryoprotectants used to improve the survivability of lyophilized Lactobacillus helveticus. To develop a liposome encapsulated β-galactosidase (β-gal) as a cell membrane model, the β-gal liposome was characterized in terms of mean size, poly dispersity index, zeta potential, along with transmission electron microscopy. 800 W of ultrasonic power and 10 min of sonication time were the optimal experimental conditions to obtain the desirable β-gal liposome. Subsequently, different cryoprotectants were mixed with the β-gal liposome during freeze-drying. After freeze-drying, liposomes were hydrolized, and the protective effect of cryoprotectants was assessed as the release rate of encapsulated β-gal. The lowest release rate of β-gal was obtained using 10 mg/100 ml trehalose and 0.2 mg/100 ml hyaluronic acid.     

High-cell-density cultivation of Schizochytrium sp. in an ammonium/pH-auxostat fed-batch system

Thraustochytrids, in particular Schizochytrium spp., are used for the production of the valuable polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3). Growth of Schizochytrium sp. G13/2S in a defined medium was initially made in shake-flask cultures to determine the optimum concentrations of glucose (100-200 g l(-1)) and ammonia ( approximately 300 mg l(-1)) that could be used by this microorganism. In subsequent fermenter cultures, a pH-auxostat method was used to maintain NH(3) from 200-300 mg l(-1). During the first 49 h of fermentation, 150 g glucose l(-1) produced 63 g cell dry wt l(-1). Although growth was not limited by the supply of nitrogen, total fatty acids were at 25% cell dry wt which is more than half the final lipid content of commercially-grown Schizochytrium biomass which uses N-limited medium in the final stages for maximum lipid accumulation. This strategy is therefore useful for the cultivation of Schizochytrium to a high cell density up to the point when lipid accumulation can be triggered by N exhaustion.